Sammandrag Denna studie tar upp problematiken vid införande av administrativa stödprojekt vid Uppsala universitet, främst hur motstånd till förändring kan motverkas. Problemet definieras genom frågan: Hur kan Uppsala universitet effektivisera implementeringen av administrativa stödprojekt? Syftet med denna studie är att lyfta fram kritiska framgångsfaktorer vid genomförandet av projekt. Färdigimplementerade administrativa stödprojekt studerades genom personliga intervjuer med projektansvariga och administratörer på institutioner. Upptäckterna analyserades med hjälp av en processorienterad teori baserad på Demingcykeln. Erfarenheterna utkristalliserades till konkreta riktlinjer och råd för framtida projektimplementeringar vid Uppsala universitet. Den främsta riktlinjen var att i större utsträckning informera och motivera de som kommer att påverkas av projektet.

Sammanfattning En utmaning för många kommuner i dagens digitala samhälle är att skapa effektiva och samhällsnyttiga e-tjänster för medborgare. Dessa e-tjänster skall förenkla kommunikationen mellan kommun och medborgare men också bidra till mer öppnare förvaltningar i kommunerna. För att göra detta behöver först en utveckling och förankring ske internt hos förvaltningarna i kommunen. För att åstadkomma denna utveckling av e-tjänster kan ett processorienterat arbetssätt användas. Processorientering innebär att man upprättar effektiva processer internt genom att optimera och utveckla sin egen verksamhet. Detta görs genom processmodellering där man identifierar alla de aktiviteter som finns i verksamheten och sätter in dem i ett samband för att i slutändan kunna få ut ett högre värde och bättre service för medborgaren. Att verksamhetsutveckla och att tänka i processer är inget nytt men att automatisera detta tänk kan vara en utmaning för många kommuner, en utmaning som skall resultera i kompetenta e-tjänster. Uppsatsen grundar sig i en kvalitativ studie där syftet är att kartlägga betydande konsekvenser av att en kommun använder sig av processorienterad e-tjänsteutveckling. Vi har genom en fallstudie intervjuat ett flertal medarbetare på en kommun för att få fram dessa konsekvenser. Perspektiven som har studerats är hur den interna verksamheten påverkas som helhet och hur dess medarbetare berörs. Tillsammans med den empiriska basen (i form av fallstudie, intervjuer och dokumentstudier) återfinns även en teoretisk referensram som vi knutit an till och därmed kunnat komma fram till en slutsats. Kommunen som har studerats bedriver sin processorientering genom att arbeta efter en viss metodik som innebär att processmodellörer och representanter från olika förvaltningar möts i workshopsbaserade sittningar. Deras uppgift är att tillsammans ta fram verksamhetens och medborgarnas krav och behov som sedan skall resultera i stringenta och digitaliserade processer. I och med denna metodik har många konsekvenser kunnat identifieras. Huvudsakliga vinster som kan uppstå när man sätter verksamhet och medarbetare i fokus är dels att man långsiktigare kan få en mer flexibel och slagkraftigare verksamhet som både förbättrar arbetsmetoder och ökar delaktighet hos medarbetare. I slutändan skall medarbetarna själva utveckla sin verksamhet och därmed kan man enklare påverka sin egen arbetssituation och ständigt sträva efter förbättringar. Detta i sin tur kan leda till en mer kundorienterad kommunal verksamhet där konsekvenser av att arbeta med processorientering leder till en god bas för kommande utveckling av e-tjänster. Dock är det viktigt att tänka på att engagemang är en viktig faktor för framgång. För långa och för många workshops kan leda till negativitet som i sin tur kan minska detta engagemang. Därmed kan det sluta med att man får dåliga processer som varken ger förhöjd nytta till medborgare eller mot den interna verksamheten. Får man till en god mobilisering och organisatorisk förberedelse för att utveckla e-tjänster ger vi som förslag att man behöver tänka på efterdokumentering och utvärdering, något som kan vara till stor hjälp för andra kommuner som vill utöva intern processorientering. Delad kunskap ger ökad kunskap och blir därmed en viktig pusselbit i ansatsen att få hållbara och livskraftiga processer som genererar samhällsnyttiga e-tjänster. / Abstract A challenge for many municipalities in today's digital society is to create effective and societal useful e-services for citizens. These e-services are to facilitate communication between the municipality and citizens but also to contribute to more open government in the municipalities. To accomplish this, the municipalities first need to develop and secure the internal administrations. To achieve this development of e-services, a process-oriented approach can be used. Process orientation means that you set up efficient processes internally to optimize and develop their own activities. This is done through process modeling, identifying all the activities available in the business and put them in a relationship that ultimately will generate a higher value and better service for citizens. To develop the business and to think in processes is not new, but to automate this thinking can be a challenge for many municipalities, a challenge that will result in qualified e-services. The essay is based on a qualitative study that aims to identify significant implications that a municipality can get when using process-oriented e-service development. Through a case study we have interviewed several employees of a municipality to produce these implications. The approaches that have been studied are how the internal operations are affected as a whole and how its employees are affected. In addition to the empirical base (in the form of case studies, interviews and document studies) we have linked a theoretical framework and thus have been able to come to a conclusion. The municipality that has been studied conducts its process orientation by working with a specific methodology, which means that process modelers and representatives from various administrations meet in workshop-based sessions. Their task is to jointly develop the business and the citizens' demands and needs which will then result in stringent and digitized processes. With this methodology many implications has been identified. The main benefits that can arise when you put the business operations and employees in focus is partly that in the longer term you can have a more flexible and stronger organization, activities that both enhance working practices and increase participation among employees. In the end, the employees themselves develop their activities and thus can more easily influence their own work situation and constantly strive for improvement. This in turn can lead to a more customer-oriented business where the implications of working with process orientation lead to a good base for future development of e-services. However, it is important to note that involvement is a critical success factor. Too long and too many workshops can lead to negativity, which in turn may reduce this commitment. This may lead to that you can get bad processes that do not provide increased benefits to citizens or to the internal operations. I you get a good mobilization and organizational preparation for the development of e-services we provide as suggestions that it is important to think about documentation and evaluation of the project. This in turn could be of great assistance to other municipalities who wish to pursue internal process orientation. Shared knowledge equals increased knowledge and thus becomes an important factor in the approach to sustainable and dynamic processes that generate societal and useful e-services.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoBM_DISSERT.pdf: 3101078 bytes, checksum: fe2c43688064efe0c33697411f7aab8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / This work deals with teacher-student relationship (TSR), held in a very special moment: the semester of graduation of architecture and urbanism, where students prepare the final work called Graduation Final Work (GFW). That is the last stage to obtain the title of architect and urban planner in Brazil. The text discusses this problem in several ways, emphasing the relationship between graduated student and his/her mentors into the consolidation process of the student as an actor of the planning process, here defined as "autonomy". The work is focused on understanding the TSR in order to elucidate its importance for improvement of teaching bases on development of the GFW, more than the relation between curriculum and institution. Related with the exploratory characteristic of this master thesis, methodologically, the field work happened through: (i) observation of mentorship guidance, (ii) interviews, and (iii) application of questionnaires to teachers and students. Participated 10 pairs of student and mentors of two federal university of Northeast: 05 pairs of the Federal University of Cear? (UFC) and 05 pairs of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). The results presented the development of the GFW as a difficult process / fearful for students, highlighting the main problem situations: the difficulty in choosing the theme, the super-sizing of the process, students' insecurities, and parental relationship with the supervisor process. Summing up, the work indicates that the students has a limited autonomy on the GFW process, which calls for a revision in order to promote the consolidation of the student autonomy, which must be observed for some positions recognition of the role of each actor in the process of orientation / A presente disserta??o registra um estudo centrado na rela??o professoraluno (RPA) realizado em um momento muito particular: o semestre de conclus?o do curso de arquitetura e urbanismo, quando os estudantes elaboram o denominado Trabalho Final de Gradua??o (TFG), ?ltima etapa para a obten??o do t?tulo de arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil. O texto discorre sobre essa problem?tica sob diversos aspectos, com ?nfase para a rela??o orientador-orientando e para o processo de afirma??o do discente como sujeito do processo projetual, aqui definido como autonomia . Afastando-se de uma an?lise da rela??o curr?culo-institui??o, o trabalho est? focado no entendimento da RPA, de modo a elucidar sua import?ncia para melhoria das bases pedag?gicas relativas ao desenvolvimento do TFG. Assumindo seu car?ter explorat?rio, metodologicamente a pesquisa de campo ocorreu a: (i) observa??o de se??es de orienta??o; (ii) realiza??o de entrevistas e (iii) aplica??o de question?rios a professores e estudantes. Participaram 10 duplas orientador(a)/orientando(a) vinculadas a duas institui??es de ensino superior federais do nordeste: 05 da Universidade Federal do Cear? (UFC) e 05 da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Os resultados obtidos mostraram a elabora??o do TFG como um processo dif?cil/temeroso para os alunos, evidenciando como principais situa??es-problema: a escolha do tema; o superdimensionamento do processo; inseguran?as estudantis; e rela??o paternal do orientador com o processo. De modo geral, verificou-se que os discentes demonstraram ter uma autonomia ainda restrita; isso indica que a atividade projetual desenvolvida pelo aluno na produ??o do TFG ? um processo que merece ser revisto, de modo a promover a consolida??o da autonomia do discente, para o que precisam ser observadas algumas posturas relativas ao reconhecimento do papel de cada agente no processo de orienta??o

Em um ambiente de constante mudança, as organizações brasileiras precisam de ferramentas que lhes proporcionem vantagem competitiva no mercado. A gestão por processos de negócios ou BPM (Business Process Management) possibilita a execução da estratégia da organização, pois proporciona o alinhamento entre esta e os processos de negócio, sendo que este alinhamento pode colocar a organização em posições competitivas mais favoráveis. Neste contexto, de modo a verificar a importância desta abordagem de gestão no cenário atual, como diferencial para ganho de competitividade, o objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar um instrumento que verifique o estado atual da gestão por processos nas organizações brasileiras. Sua viabilidade se dá a partir da identificação de questionários utilizados em outras pesquisas e aplicados às organizações. Porém nessa busca não foram encontrados, na literatura, instrumentos aplicados às organizações brasileiras com o objetivo de analisar o estado atual da gestão por processos. Dessa forma, foi escolhido um questionário modelo considerando o objetivo da análise e, a partir deste, foram feitas adaptações para a aplicação ao caso brasileiro conforme necessidades levantadas e viabilidade científica. O instrumento de pesquisa proposto é o único que investiga a relação entre processos e estratégia de negócio, gestão dos riscos de processos, modelos de referência e contribuição de tecnologia da informação adaptado para a realidade das organizações brasileiras. Além disso, esse instrumento possibilita medir o estado atual da gestão por processos no mercado nacional, para que os esforços das empresas sejam direcionados no sentido que garantam sua competitividade no mercado em que estão inseridas, e para que seja possível traçar um comparativo entre o cenário nacional e internacional da gestão por processos. A partir desses resultados, outros estudos podem ser propostos para auxiliar no entendimento do estado atual da gestão por processos nas organizações brasileiras, assim como estas também podem verificar quais são as lacunas e suas oportunidades de melhoria com relação a essa abordagem de gestão. Por outro lado, além da relevância atual e da inovação, cabe destacar as limitações dessa pesquisa relacionadas aos ajustes e aperfeiçoamentos do instrumento proposto, que podem surgir com a aplicação e análises futuras do instrumento, devido ao desenvolvimento científico do tema gestão por processos, ou devido às possíveis lacunas na base da literatura científica utilizada para nortear a sua construção. / In an environment of constant change, Brazilian organizations need tools that give them a competitive advantage in the market. The business process management or BPM (Business Process Management) enables the execution of the organization\'s strategy as it provides the alignment between this and the business processes, and this alignment can put the organization in more favorable competitive positions. In this context, in order to verify the importance of this management approach in the current scenario, as a differential to gain competitiveness, the objective of this research is to develop an instrument to check the current status of process management in organizations. Its viability is given based on the identification of questionnaires used in other studies and applied to organizations. But in this search were not found in the literature, instruments applied to Brazilian organizations in order to analyze the current state of process management. Thus, a questionnaire was chosen model considering the purpose of the analysis and, from this, adjustments were made to the application to the Brazilian case raised as needs and scientific feasibility. The survey instrument proposed is the only one that investigates the relationship between processes and business strategy, risk management processes, reference models and contribution of information technology to the process management in organizations. Furthermore, this instrument allows measuring the current state of process management in the domestic market, so that companies\' efforts are directed towards ensuring its competitiveness in the market in which they operate, and to be able to draw a comparison between the scenario national and international process management. From these results, further studies may be offered to encourage the promotion of process management in organizations, as these can also check what are the gaps and opportunities for improvement with respect to this management approach. Moreover, beyond the current relevance and innovation, we highlight the limitations of this research related to adjustments and refinements of the proposed instrument, which may arise with the application and further analysis of the instrument, due to the scientific theme of management by processes, or due to possible gaps in basic scientific literature used to guide its construction.

Fragmentation in healthcare has led to a desire to align and integrate care processes horizontally. The concept of value-based healthcare has been introduced, suggesting a maximized value creation to occur when optimal conditions are created for selected patient segments, integrating all activities that jointly determine the success in meeting a set of patient needs. While targeting specialized segments has been shown to be beneficial, theories of diversification suggests that an increased scope may be an even more efficient approach to improve performance. By sharing resources and capabilities across several specialized units, coordination and knowledge sharing of a hospital’s ancillary services becomes important.   In this study, we examine how an ancillary service function, providing resources and capabilities that are shared across specialized units, can be organized to ensure contribution to the overarching goal of maximizing value for patients. This is done through a qualitative case study of the Karolinska University Laboratory – an ancillary service function of the Karolinska University Hospital. It is concluded that an ancillary service function can, in a diversified context, facilitate and support the value creation around medical conditions by developing a comprehensive structure for knowledge management and sharing, both externally towards medical conditions and internally within the ancillary service function. If structured properly, clear benefits, such as economies of scale, scope and knowledge spillovers, can be achieved by separating sharable resources from the patient flows.

Processorientering är en organisationsform som fokuserar på processer istället för hierarkier. Inom organisationsformen processorientering styrs organisationen med processtyrning som innefattar ett antal komponenter som ska ge styreffekter och driva företagets resultat. Tidigare undersökningar inom ämnet granskar organisationsformen i sin helhet och effekterna för organisationen. Det som dock inte tidigare har undersökts är vad denna organisationsform ger för effekter på en grupp medarbetare eller en enskild medarbetare.  Genom att studera detta vill vi erhålla en nyanserad bild och inblick i hur implementeringen av processer påverkar medarbetare i en organisation och hur processtyrning kan bidra till att realisera ett företags mål. Med utgångspunkt från befintlig teori gällande processorientering och dess komponenter har det identifierats tre centrala delar. Dessa centrala delar är prestationen både på medarbetares individuella nivå och företagsnivå, medarbetarnas synsätt och icke-finansiella nyckeltalsindikatorer. En webbaserad enkätundersökning genomfördes där medarbetares upplevelser om processtyrning samlades in. Enkäten delades upp i kategorierna medvetenhet, frekvens, samarbete, påverkan på medarbetare och effekter. Kategoriseringen gjordes med stöd av tidigare studier av processorientering.  Med grund i den teoretiska referensramen har vi analyserat vår data och kunde konstatera att effekterna i vissa fall stämmer väl överens med det från teorin förväntade resultatet och i vissa fall avviker resultatet från teorin. Vår studie bidrar till att utveckla och nyansera modellen för processorientering. Vi vill visa hur medarbetare upplever och hanterar de effekter som olika grader av processorientering kan få samt hur medarbetarnas upplevelser kan påverka företaget i sin helhet vad gäller möjligheten att uppnå sina mål. / Process orientation is a type of organisation that focuses on processes instead of hierarchies. Within the organisational form, the organisation is managed by process management which include several components providing control effects and driving the company's results. A web-based survey was conducted in which employees' experiences about process management were collected. The survey included the categories of awareness, frequency, collaboration, impact on employees and effects. The categorization was developed in line with previous studies of process orientation. Based on the theoretical frame of reference, we have analysed our data and found that in some cases the effects are well in line with the expected effects from the theory and in some cases, these differ from the theory. Our study is a contribution to the work of developing and nuancing the model of process orientation. Our study shows how employees are experiencing and managing the effects of different degrees of process orientation and how employees' experiences can affect the companies’ ability to achieve their goals. As a result, the role of process management is to increase the employee's degree of process orientation.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur en organisation kan skapa förutsättningar som underlättar för processägaren i samband med implementering av processledning. För att uppfylla syftet har studien försökt besvara frågeställningarna gällande vem som bör utsestill processägare och vilket ansvar och vilka uppgifter som ska läggas på processägaren. I studien har olika teorier och fallstudier analyserats mot ett företag som precis påbörjat sitt arbetemed processer. Intervjuer och dokument tillhandahållna ur det studerade företagets ledningssystem har använts för insamling av data. Analysen har skett med kategorier som författaren själv skapat. Dessa kategorier kan även användas för att analysera andra organisationer i liknande situation. Resultatet av studien visar att processägaren bör vara någon som förstått och förespråkar processtänket och med förmåga och formell befogenhet att genomdriva förbättringar. Kombinerar processägaren sin roll med rollen som linjechef är det viktigt att denne ser till processens bästa, även om det sker till bekostnad av den ”egna” avdelningen.  Resultatet visar också att organisationen bör etablera stödjande roller till processägaren, tydliggöra ansvaret samt fördela ut uppgifterna på de olika rollerna. Rollerna och fördelningen kan se olika ut för olika processer inom samma organisation, beroende på processens karaktär. Trots att de fördelade uppgifterna är många, är de nödvändiga för att täcka alla de delar som är fundamentala för processägarens organisation. / The purpose of this study is to examine how an organization can create a favourable environment for implementing a process management from the perspective of the process owner. The study has been conducted based on the following questions: Who should be appointed as process owner? What responsibility and tasks should be assigned to said process owner? The study compares various theories and case studies to a company that has just begun implementing a process management. The data that the study is based on consists of interviews and documents provided from the studied company's management system. The result of the study indicate that the process owner should be someone who understands and advocates in favor of process thinking as well as someone who has the ability and formal authority to drive improvements. The result also shows that if the process owner is confronted with a conflict of interest between their own department and the process, it is important that they rule in favor of the process. It is also made apparent that the organization should establish supporting roles for the process owner and distribute the tasks between them. It is important to note that the establishment of roles and delegation of tasks may look different depending on the nature of the process. Although the distributed tasks are many, they are necessary to cover all the elements that are fundamental to the process owner's organization.

My point in this essay has been to look beyond the regulations governing urban develop-ment - this by focusing on how the laws are interpreted and translated into physical action. Is there room for a more effective organization of urban development? By studying how Nacka municipality in Stockholm County has organized its urban con-struction process has three distinct areas with scope for efficiency improvements been identified. The political role in urban development  Increased public dialogue at an early stage in urban development process.  Focus political control towards this vision, the early stages and conceptual planning of urban construction.  Reduce the number of political detail decisions during the planning process. Purify the division of responsibility between management and policy. Urban planning as a process  City development is a process, with several stages. This should be reflected in the planning organization and management.  The vision phase before the formal planning process begins and management stage after the implementation stage ends should be more closely integrated into the ur-ban planning process. Knowledge management in urban development  Ensure that the right conditions are organizationally for a structured experience- reversal work - regarding quality and IT support, resources, incentives, and under-standing of the importance of the individual to the whole. / Min utgångspunkt i denna uppsats har varit att titta bortom regelverken som styr stadsbyg-gandet - detta genom att fokusera på hur lagarna tolkas och omsätts till fysisk handling. Finns det utrymme för en effektivare organisation av stadsbyggandet och dess ingående processer? Genom att studera hur framförallt Nacka kommun har organiserat sin stadsbyggnadspro-cess har tre avgränsade områden med utrymme för effektivisering kunnat utpekas. Den politiska rollen i stadsbyggandet  Ökad medborgardialog i tidiga skeden i stadsbyggandet.  Fokusera den politiska styrningen mot visionen, tidiga skeden och översiktliga pla-nering av stadsbyggandet.  Minska antalet politiska detaljbeslut under planprocessen. Renodla ansvarsfördel-ningen mellan förvaltning och politiken. Stadsbyggandet som en process  Stadsbyggandet är en process, med flera ingående skeden. Detta bör speglas i stadsbyggandes organisation och styrning.  Idéskedet innan den formella planprocessen börjar och förvaltningsskedet efter ge-nomförandeskedets slut, bör i större utsträckning integreras i stadsbyggnadsproces-sen. Erfarenhetsåterföring i stadsbyggandet  Säkerställ att rätt förutsättningar finns organisatoriskt för ett strukturerat erfaren-hetsåterföringsarbete – gällande kvalitets- och IT-stöd, resurser, incitament och för-ståelse av individens betydelse för helheten.

The initial motivation of this work was the understanding that the two views of competitive advantage of strategic management - the Market-based View (MBV) and the Resource-based View (RBV) - need a theoretically structured combination. Moreover, another problem considered is the perception that the literature on process-orientation does not explicate its linkages with strategic management. Following these theoretical demands, this work offered a proposal that integrates the process-orientation into a model of core competence management (CCM).

Submitted by Friederike Trautmann (friederike.trautmann@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T21:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertation_Trautmann.pdf: 3522003 bytes, checksum: 64f407b980b1713451aa1d8ec318da07 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-04-17T14:35:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertation_Trautmann.pdf: 3522003 bytes, checksum: 64f407b980b1713451aa1d8ec318da07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T14:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV_Dissertation_Trautmann.pdf: 3522003 bytes, checksum: 64f407b980b1713451aa1d8ec318da07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / This thesis investigates whether time orientation (long-term orientation versus short-term orientation) moderates the relationship between conscientiousness and planning orientation (process orientation versus outcome orientation) among Brazilians and Germans. According to Hofstede (2001), Brazilians are short-term oriented, whereas Germans are highly long-term oriented. An online survey was conducted with 103 Brazilian and 106 German participants. The survey included the HEXACO-60 model’s conscientiousness items, self-developed items based on Hofstede’s time orientation summary (Hofstede, 2001), and Woolley’s measures for planning orientation (Woolley, 2009a, 2009b). Regression analyses, frequencies, and independent samples t-tests were conducted with SPSS, with conscientiousness, time orientation and nationality as predictors and planning orientation as dependent variable. Demographic control variables were analyzed with ANOVA and multiple regression. Neither was there a significant relationship between conscientiousness and planning orientation, nor was this relationship moderated by time orientation or nationality. There was no significant positive relationship between conscientiousness and process orientation in either of the two country samples. Time orientation did also not have a direct impact on planning orientation. Brazilians were not more likely to display outcome orientation, and neither were Germans more likely to display process orientation. The demographic control variables failed to consistently and significantly predict planning orientation. A surprising finding was that other than proposed by Hofstede (2001), Germans scored as high on short-term orientation as Brazilians. Research limitations, implications for practice, and recommendations for future research were explored by the author. / Esta tese investiga se o foco temporal (foco no longo prazo versus foco no curto prazo) influencia a relação entre conscienciosidade e o foco do planejamento (foco no processo versus foco no resultado) entre brasileiros e alemães. De acordo com Hofstede (2001), brasileiros focam no curto prazo, enquanto alemães são altamente focados no longo prazo. Uma pesquisa online foi feita com 103 participantes brasileiros e 106 participantes alemães. A pesquisa incluiu os itens de consciência do modelo HEXACO-60, itens autodesenvolvidos baseados no sumário de foco temporal de Hofstede (Hofstede, 2001) e nas medidas para foco do planejamento de Woolley (Woolley, 2009a, 2009b). Análises de regressão, frequência e testes-t de amostras independentes foram conduzidos por meio do SPSS, com conscienciosidade, foco temporal e nacionalidade como preditores e foco do planejamento como variável dependente. Variáveis de controle demográfico foram analisadas por meio do ANOVA e múltiplas regressões. Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre conscienciosidade e foco no planejamento, tampouco foi esta relação influenciada pelo foco temporal ou pela nacionalidade. Não houve relação direta significativa entre conscienciosidade e foco no processo em ambos os países analisados. O foco temporal também não demonstrou um impacto direto no foco do planejamento. Brasileiros não demonstraram ser mais propensos ao foco no resultado e nem alemães demonstraram ser mais propensos ao foco no processo. As variáveis demográficas de controle falharam em predizer o foco do planejamento de forma significativa e consistente. Uma descoberta surpreendente foi que, diferentemente do proposto por Hofstede (2001), alemães pontuaram tão alto quanto brasileiros em foco a curto prazo. Limitações de pesquisa, implicações práticas e recomendações para o futuro foram exploradas pela autora.