Syftet med denna studie är att granska och undersöka de underliggande orsakerna till ungdomsbrottslighet samt att skaffa en fördjupad förståelse för de faktorer som bidrar till ungdomars deltagande i kriminella nätverk. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med företrädare för KRIS (Kriminellas Revansch i Samhället) och SSPF Grupp (skola, socialtjänst, polis och fritid i samverkan), har specifika faktorer som ligger till grund för ungdomsbrottsligheten kunnat identifieras och granskas. En kvalitativ forskningsansats har antagits för studien genom tillämpningen av två fokusgruppsintervjuer samt fyra individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med sammanlagt tio respondenter. Denna studie har omfattat tillämpning av teorier såsom sociala bandteorin, social identitet och konformitet. Dessa väletablerade teorier har använts som ramar för att tolka och analysera resultatet. För att skapa en djupare förståelse för fenomenet har vi använt en socialpsykologisk ansats. Resultatet av studien präglas av upplevelser och erfarenheter hos våra intervjupersoner, vilka är yrkesverksamma på samhällsinstanser som arbetar med personer som antingen vill lämna eller har lämnat kriminalitet bakom sig. Slutsatsen i denna studie belyser faktorer som lockar ungdomar till kriminella sammanhang. Dessa inkluderar gemenskap, identitetssökande, grupptillhörighet, familjestruktur, skolgång, effekten av ungdomars vänskap, behovet av status, digitala lockbeten och rekrytering till kriminella nätverk. / The aim of this study is to explore the root causes of youth delinquency and gain deeper insights into the factors contributing to youths' involvement in criminal networks. Through interviews with representatives from KRIS (Criminals' Revenge in Society) and SSPF Group (School, Social Services, Police, and Leisure in Collaboration), specific factors underlying youth delinquency were identified and examined. This qualitative research utilized two focus group interviews and four individual semi-structured interviews with ten respondents in total. The study employed theories such as social bond theory, social identity, and conformity as analytical frameworks to interpret findings. By applying a social psychological approach, we aimed to understand the phenomenon more deeply. The results of our study are characterizedby the experiences and insights of our interviewees, who are professionals in social institutions working with individuals who either want to leave or have left criminality behind. The findings underscore various factors that attract youths to criminal contexts, including community, identity-seeking, group affiliation, family dynamics, schooling, peer influence, the pursuit of status, digital incentives, and recruitment into criminal networks. Through this research, we aim to contribute to a better understanding of youth delinquency and inform strategies for intervention and prevention.

Introduktion: Clostridium difficile är en bakterie som bildar tåliga sporer som kan överleva länge i sjukhusmiljön trots goda rutiner. De flesta Clostridium difficile-infektioner (CDI) är sjukhusförvärvade. Att tarmen koloniseras av sporer eller bakterier är en förutsättning för infektion, risken att sedan insjukna beror på tarmflorans och immunförsvarets tillstånd. I modern sjukvård sker regelmässigt patientomflyttningar inom och mellan avdelningar, vilket gör att patienten exponeras mot en större del av sjukhusmiljön där C. difficile-sporer kan finnas. Syfte: Att undersöka om byte av vårdplats inom och/eller mellan avdelningar är en riskfaktor för att insjukna i CDI när hänsyn tas till andra kända riskfaktorer. Metod: En fall-kontroll-studie på alla sjukhusförvärvade fall hos vuxna på Södra Älvsborgs Sjukhus i Borås under två år, 2012 och 2015. Beräkning av odds ratio med univariat logistisk regression följt av multivariat logistisk regression för statistiskt signifikanta variabler. Resultat: Vårdplatsbyten var inte vanligare i fallgruppen när hänsyn togs till övriga riskfaktorer. I den multivariata modellen var vårdtid innan provtagning den enda variabel som utföll statistiskt signifikant (OR per vårddygn: 1,07, konfidensintervall: 1,02–1,12). Slutsats: Studien kunde inte påvisa att vårdplatsbyten är en oberoende riskfaktor för CDI, men att genomföra undersökningen på ett större studiematerial kan vara av värde. / Introduction: Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacterium; the spores are highly resilient and can survive for long periods of time in the hospital environment. Most Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are hospital-acquired. Colonization of spores or vegetative bacteria in the large intestine is necessary for infection to occur; the risk of infection is modulated by the state of the intestinal microbiome and the host´s immune status. Patient-to-patient transmission within and between wards are commonplace in modern healthcare, exposing patients to more of the hospital environment where spores may exist. Aim: To determine whether changing room and/or ward is a risk factor for developing CDI when adjusted for other known risk factors. Method: A case-control study of all hospital-acquired CDI cases at Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden, during two years: 2012 and 2015. Odds ratios were calculated using univariate logistic regression analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate statistically significant (p<0,05) variables identified by the univariate analysis. Results: Patient transfers were not more common in the case group when data was adjusted for other known risk factors. In the multivariate model, length of stay [A1] alone was the only statistically significant variable (OR per additional day of care: 1.07, 95 % confidence interval: 1.02-1.12). Conclusion: The study could not demonstrate patient transfers as an independent risk factor for CDI, though replicating the study on a larger patient sample might be valuable.

<p>Every year many individuals became sick listed, it could be for a long time, or a short time but irrespective there will be</p><p>effects on the individuals life and on the society. The aim of this study was to describe some relevant psychosocial relationships in the workplace that effect that women become sick listed. The method of the study was a literary study which was based on a number of scientific articles. The result of the study showed that many different factors effects the risk of becoming sick listed. Factors that causes sick leave where many and individual, but lack of social support, bullying, unstructured work environment and the</p><p>workplaces management, imbalance between demands and control and the women's situation were factors that had a big influence. Women had the greatest number of sick leave, and for a better answer to why it is mostly women who are sick listed more</p><p>research is needed. The answer we found was that it was not about the sex, it was more about where you work or in which profession</p><p>you are. To reduce the number of sick listed, big achievements are needed from the individual, the employer and the society. More research on how to reduce the number of people on sick leave is also needed.</p>

Every year many individuals became sick listed, it could be for a long time, or a short time but irrespective there will be effects on the individuals life and on the society. The aim of this study was to describe some relevant psychosocial relationships in the workplace that effect that women become sick listed. The method of the study was a literary study which was based on a number of scientific articles. The result of the study showed that many different factors effects the risk of becoming sick listed. Factors that causes sick leave where many and individual, but lack of social support, bullying, unstructured work environment and the workplaces management, imbalance between demands and control and the women's situation were factors that had a big influence. Women had the greatest number of sick leave, and for a better answer to why it is mostly women who are sick listed more research is needed. The answer we found was that it was not about the sex, it was more about where you work or in which profession you are. To reduce the number of sick listed, big achievements are needed from the individual, the employer and the society. More research on how to reduce the number of people on sick leave is also needed.

Inledning: I dagens moderna, välutvecklade och allt mer digitaliserade samhälle ges människor en ökad möjlighet till att leva sina liv betydligt mer stillasittande än tidigare. Allt mer forskning pekar idag på att långvarigt stillasittande som enskild riskfaktor är en bidragande orsak till utvecklingen av ohälsa samt vällevnadssjukdomar såsom diabetes, hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar samt fetma. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att undersöka hur ett stillasittande beteende som enskild riskfaktor påverkar vuxna människors hälsa samt belysa vilka faktorer som bidrar till ett stillasittande beteende. Metod: För att besvara syftet har en litteraturöversikt gjorts utifrån tio vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Sökningarna har gjorts via databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och PsycARTICLES. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades sedan med hjälp av Whittemore och Knafl (2005) analysmetod. Resultat: Längre stunder av stillasittande hade en tydlig koppling mellan flera fysiologiska effekter i kroppen. När pauser togs genererade det i flera hälsofrämjande effekter så som ett ökat upptag av glukos i blodet, ökad kaloriförbrukning samt minskat BMI. Hos de personer som var mindre stillasittande sågs även en minskad risk av att dö i t.ex. hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Riskfaktorer så som en dålig arbetsmiljö, vart en bor samt ett förhöjt BMI sågs ha negativa effekter som ledde till ett ökat stillasittande. Slutsats: Att så mycket som 60 % av den vakna tiden spenderas stillasittande kan ses som en riskfaktor för att i förlängningen kunna utveckla vällevnadssjukdomar. Viktiga aspekter som sågs för att motverka detta var att regelbundet ta kortare pauser för att avbryta längre stunder av stillasittande.Trots att en hälsosam nivå av fysisk aktivitet uppnås är det inte tillräckligt om resten av dagen spenderas stillasittande. Detta utgör ett behov av nya tydligare och uppnåeliga riktlinjer för hur personer bör begränsa sitt stillasittande. / Introduction: In today's modern, well-developed and increasingly digitized society, people are given the opportunity to live much more sedentary lives than before. More research today indicates that long-term sedentary as a single risk factor is a contributing factor in developing illness and public health diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Aim: The aim of the literature review is to investigate how sedentary behavior as an individual risk factor affects adult human health as well as highlight the factors that contributes to sedentary behavior. Method: In order to respond to the aim, an integrated literature survey has been conducted based on ten scientific original articles. The searches have been made through the databases Pubmed, Cinahl and PsycARTICLES. The articles were then examined and analyzed using the Whittemore and Knafl (2005) analytical method. Results: Longer moments of sedentary had a clear connection between several physiological effects in the body. When breaks were taken, it generated several health-promoting effects such as increased blood glucose absorption, increased calorie consumption, and reduced BMI. In those who were less seated, there was also a reduced risk of dying in e.g. Heart disease. Risk factors such as a poor work environment, where one lives, and an elevated BMI, were found to have adverse effects that led to increased sedentary behaviors. Conclusion: As much as 60% of the waking time is spent sedentary this is considered a risk factor in order to develop public health diseases in the long run. Important aspects that were seen to counteract this were to regularly take shorter breaks to interrupt longer moments of sedentary. Although a healthy level of physical activity is achieved, it is not enough if the rest of the day is spend sedentary. This constitutes a need for new, clearer and achievable guidelines for how people should limit their sedentary behavior.

Denna studie undersöker om periodiseringskvalitet är en prissatt riskfaktor för nordiska företag som är noterade på en reglerad marknad under perioden 2010–2019. Tidigare studier menar att periodiseringskvalitet utgör en proxy för informationsrisk, men olika författare framställer olika slutsatser i frågan huruvida periodiserings­kvalitet är en prissatt riskfaktor eller inte. Med den av McNichols (2002) modifierade Dechow &amp; Dichev modellen (2002) mäter vi periodiseringskvalitet som standard­avvikelsen av residualer från regressioner som kopplar periodiseringar till kassaflöden. Vi mäter riskpremien genom att dela in företagen i kvintiler baserad på periodiseringskvalitet och tillämpar en likaviktad portfölj som säljer företagen i de två kvintilerna med högst periodiseringskvalitet och köper företagen i kvintilerna med lägst periodiseringskvalitet. Vi finner en signifikant negativ koefficient i en två-stegs tvärsnittsregressionen som visar att periodiseringskvalitet inte utgör en prissatt riskfaktor för nordiska företag. / This study investigates if accruals quality is a priced risk factor for Nordic countries being traded on a regulated market in the Nordic countries during 2010–2019. Earlier studies argue that accruals quality is a proxy for information risk, but different authors find different results regarding whether accruals quality is a priced risk factor or not. By using the Dechow &amp; Dichev model (2002), modified by McNichols (2002), we measure accruals quality as the standard deviation of regressions that match accruals to cash flow. We measure the risk premium by dividing the entities into quintiles and use an equal-weighted portfolio that sells the stocks in the two quintiles with the highest accruals quality and buys the two quintiles with the lowest accruals quality. We find a significant negative coefficient in a two-stage cross-sectional regression which shows that accruals quality is not a priced risk factor in the Nordic countries.

The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about leisure leaders' experiences of and opportunities to counteract exclusion and crime among young people in socially disadvantaged suburban areas, and what risk and protection factors they perceive to be important for exclusion and crime. The study is of a qualitative method based on hermeneutic theory of science. Four interviews were conducted with leisure leaders divided into three leisure centers. The correspondents consisted of three men and a woman of different ages and with varying work experience and varying ethnicities. The intention with the correspondents and the choice of a semi-structured interview guide was to gain an increased perspective on the chosen topic. The results indicate that the various systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory have a strong impact on young people in socially disadvantaged areas. The different system theories have protective and risk factors for the youth.

The objective of this study was to examine how a child's attachment is influenced by having an alcohol- or drug-abusing mother. The importance of secure attachment for a child's positive development, made exploring the issues surrounding substance abuse, and its impact on the child's essential attachment, of great interest. A systematic literature review was conducted to analyze the published research on the topic. The results provide valuable insights into attachment, maternal substance abuse, and related risks and protective factors.  Furthermore, the findings shed light on the increased vulnerability of children whose mothers have engaged in substance abuse before, during, and after pregnancy, indicating a higher likelihood of developing insecure attachment patterns. However, it is important to note that there is no consensus among researchers. Some results suggest that children growing up with substance-abusing mothers do not necessarily exhibit insecure attachment or develop problems later in life due to the substance abuse. The gathered empirical evidence, however, supports the effectiveness of interventions targeting substance-abusing mothers in promoting security in the child's attachment. Nevertheless, it is crucial not to solely focus on interventions for mothers, but also to consider the measures that can be offered to children in unfavorable home environments, with the best interests of the child as a central principle in social work.

Inledning: Antibiotikaresistens är ett av de största hoten mot global folkhälsa. Meticillinresistent Staphylococcus aureus, tidigare främst associerat med sjukhusvård, överförs nu mellan individer i samhället (samhällsförvärvad meticillinresistent staphylococcus aureus). Att identifiera riskfaktorer är centralt för att kunna bedriva effektivt preventivt arbete mot smittöverföring. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att identifiera och beskriva riskfaktorer associerade med förekomst av samhällsförvärvad meticillinresistent staphylococcus aureus. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på 20 internationella artiklar. Huvudfynden i artiklarna kategoriserades i teman. Resultat: Riskfaktorer på samhälls-, hushålls- och individnivå kunde identifieras, bland annat rörande klimat, tidigare antibiotikaanvändning och samsjuklighet.  Diskussion: Ett fåtal enkelt påverkbara riskfaktorer kunde identifieras. Av de identifierade riskfaktorerna är troligen inte alla generaliserbara till en svensk kontext. I flera tidigare studier framhålls att samhällsförvärvad meticillinresistent staphylococcus aureus främst drabbar individer som sedan tidigare är friska, vilket fynden i föreliggande uppsats delvis motsäger då samsjuklighet i exempelvis HIV, diabetes och fetma identifierades som riskfaktorer associerade med samhällsförvärvad meticillinresistent staphylococcus aureus. / Introduction: Antibiotic resistance a threat to global public health. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, previously primarily associated with hospital care, is now being transmitted in the community (community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus). Identifying risk factors is central to enable effective preventive efforts against transmission of community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.   Aim: The aim of this essay was to identify and describe risk factors associated with occurrence of community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.    Methods: Literature study based on 20 international studies. The main results from the articles were categorized into themes. Results: Risk factors at community-, household- and individual level could be identified, for instance concerning climate, previous antibiotic treatment and comorbidity. Discussion: A few easily affectable risk factors could be identified. Perhaps not all of the identified risk factors are generalizable to a Swedish context. Previous research demonstrates that community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus usually affects healthy individuals, which the findings in this essay partly contradict: comorbidity, for instance with HIV, diabetes or obesity, is a risk factor associated with community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.

Syskonrelationen är den längsta relationen i livet. Därtill utgör syskonrelationen en viktig arena för barns utveckling. Trots detta finns det få studier där syskonrelationen undersöks i relation till barnmisshandel. I följande studie undersöktes skillnader i den självskattade stöd- och konfliktnivån i syskonrelationen, mellan barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel och barn i en kontrollgrupp, samt om kön förändrade dessa skillnader. Vidare undersöktes om stöd- och konfliktnivån påverkade den upplevda nivån av psykosomatiska problem hos barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel. Studien genomfördes på ett urval av 1 392 pojkar och flickor mellan 15-16 år, med data från projektet Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA). Barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel upplevde signifikant lägre stödnivå och signifikant högre konfliktnivå i sin syskonrelation, än barnen i kontrollgruppen. Skillnaderna var signifikanta både för pojkar och flickor, men pojkar upplevde ett signifikant lägre stöd i sin syskonrelation än flickor. Nivån av syskonstöd och syskonkonflikt påverkade emellertid inte nivån av psykosomatiska problem hos barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel. Effektstorlekarna var små i majoriteten av resultaten, vilket tyder på att syskonrelationer är komplexa fenomen som vid sidan av barnmisshandel och kön, även påverkas av en rad andra faktorer. Resultaten diskuteras i ljuset av tidigare forskning och i relation till anknytningsteori, kompensationshypotesen, kongruenshypotesen och könssocialisation. / The relation between siblings is one of the longest throughout the life span. Moreover, the sibling relationship constitutes an important context for children’s development. Nevertheless, in the context of child maltreatment, it remains largely understudied. In this study, we examined the differences in self-reported sibling support and sibling conflict, between children who reported severe child maltreatment and children in a control group, as well as if these differences were affected by gender. Furthermore, we examined whether the level of sibling support and sibling conflict affected the extent of psychosomatic problems experienced by children who reported severe child maltreatment. The study was conducted on a sample of 1 392 boys and girls between the ages of 15-16, using data from the research project Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA). Children who reported severe child maltreatment experienced significantly less sibling support and significantly higher sibling conflict than the control group. These differences were significant for both boys and girls, although boys experienced significantly less sibling support than girls. The level of sibling support and sibling conflict, however, did not affect the extent of psychosomatic problems in children who reported severe child maltreatment. Effect sizes were small in the majority of the results, suggesting that sibling relationships is a complex phenomenon that, besides child maltreatment and gender, may be affected by a number of other factors as well. The results are discussed in light of previous research, and in relation to attachment theory, the compensation hypothesis, the congruence hypothesis, and gender socialization.