The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between autonomous motivation and training frequency. The study conducted was a cross sectional study in the form of a digital questionnaire survey, in which the participants filled in three different self assessment questionnaires that measured dispositional mindfulness (FFMQ), Autonomous motivation (BREQ-4) and average training frequency during a 7-day period (GODIN). The selection of participants consisted of 134 individuals (73.9% women and 26.1% men) between the ages of 18-58 (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6). The result of the study was non-significant, which indicates that dispositional mindfulness does not moderate the relationship between autonomous motivation and training frequency. The relationship between these three variables is in previous studies relatively underrepresented, therefore more studies (e.g. experimental and longitudinal studies) should be conducted to be able to draw a definitive conclusion about the effect mindfulness has on the relationship between motivation and training frequency. Since this study diminishes the statement of training frequency being positively affected by mindfulness, future studies could suggestively shift focus and conduct deeper investigations about whether mindfulness affects other aspects of training (e.g. performance or regulation of emotions). This study does not indicate any practical implications, but in the long term, the result of this study could be used as a building block to conclude how mindfulness could be a useful and low-cost tool for sustainable practice of physical activity in the long term, which WHO (2020) demands. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida dispositionell mindfulness kan moderera självbestämmande motivation gentemot motionsmängd. Undersökningen som genomfördes var en digital enkätundersökning i tvärsnittsdesign, där samtliga deltagare under ett tillfälle fyllde i tre olika formulär som representerade respektive variabel, det vill säga dispositionell mindfulness (FFMQ), självbestämmande motivation (BREQ-4) och genomsnittlig motionsmängd på en sju dagars-period (GODIN). Urvalet bestod av 134 individer (73,9% kvinnor och 26.1% män) mellan åldrarna 18-58 (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6). Resultatet blev icke-signifikant, vilket indikerar att dispositionell mindfulness inte modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motion och motionsmängd. Denna relation mellan dessa tre specifika variabler är relativt outforskad, därav behövs fler framtida studier i form av exempelvis experimentella och longitudinella studier för att kunna dra en definitiv slutats kring mindfulness effekt på relationen mellan motivation och motionsmängd. Eftersom denna studie försvagar påståendet att just motionsmängd blir positivt påverkat av mindfulness, kan framtida studier förslagsvis skifta fokus och djupare undersöka huruvida mindfulness påverkar andra aspekter av motion, exempelvis prestation eller emotionsreglering. Denna studie ger inga direkta praktiska implikationer, men långsiktigt kan detta resultat agera som en byggsten kring huruvida mindfulness eventuellt kan användas som ett hjälpmedel till vad WHO (2020) efterfrågar, nämligen ett priseffektivt verktyg till främjandet av långsiktigt och hållbart utövande av fysisk aktivitet.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between self-determined motivation and exercise amount. The current study consisted of a Swedish population with a total of 134 participants (73.9% women) between 18-58 years of age (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) who practiced a varied amount of physical activity. There were no specific requirements for participation as a general population was sought. The study was of a cross-sectional design and the data was gathered through a digital survey and was published on several different Facebook groups, a variety of Facebook groups was sought and thereby the groups consisted of everything from training specific to culture specific. The dependent variable was measured by the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), the independent variable was measured by the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) and the moderating variable was measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). All forms consisted of the Swedish translated version. The result of the moderation analysis was non-significant, which indicates that mindfulness does not moderate the relationship between self-determination and exercise frequency and was analysed through the SPSS add-on Process v.4.1. This specific relationship within the research field is undeveloped and it is therefore recommended that the results of the current study are used cautiously, until more studies contribute to a justified conclusion. / Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om dispositionell mindfulness modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Föreliggande studie bestod av en svensk population på totalt 134 deltagare (73,9% kvinnor) mellan 18-58 år (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) som utövade en varierad grad av fysisk aktivitet. Det krävdes inga specifika krav för att delta eftersom en generell population eftersträvades. Studien var av tvärsnittsdesign och datainsamlingen skedde genom en digital enkät och publicerades på flera olika facebook-grupper, där variation eftersträvades och berörda grupper bestod av allt från träning- till kulturspecifika. Beroendevariabeln mättes genom Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), den oberoende variabeln mättes genom Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) och den modererande variabeln mättes genom Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Samtliga formulär bestod av den svensköversatta versionen. Modereringsanalysen utfördes genom SPSS tillägget Process v.4.1 och resultatet framkom som icke-signifikant, vilket innebär att mindfulness inte modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Denna specifika relation är inom forskningsområdet outforskat och det rekommenderas därför att resultatet beaktas med varsamhet, tills mer belägg kontribuerar till en befogad slutsats.

“Can the three psychological needs predict motivation, leisure time exercise and anxiety?” is a quantitative study that investigates if and how the three basic psychological needs predict the variables; motivation, leisure time exercise and anxiety. The main aim of the study is to increase the understanding of how the three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) are met, how it predicts motivation (autonomic- and controlled motivation), leisure time exercise and anxiety, this due to the fact that many Swedes do not meet the recommendations for physical activity, which increases the risk of mental illness. Data was collected through a digital survey consisting of four different questionnaires; LTEQ, BREQ-4, BPNES and HAD-A. 108 people participated in the study with an age span between 19-64 years (M= 28,65 SD= 9,07). The results show that satisfaction of the three psychological needs indicate self-determining motivation. The results also show that lack of competence and relatedness predicts anxiety and that exercising contributes to less anxiety and lastly the results show that only autonomy and competence show a positive connection to and predicts leisure time exercise. The study partly supports previous research and indicates that there is still a lot to explore when it comes to leisure time exercise, anxiety and the relevance of the three different needs. / “Kan de tre psykologiska grundbehoven predicera motivation, motion och ångest?” är en kvantitativ studie som undersöker om och hur de tre psykologiska grundbehoven predicerar variablerna; motivation, motion och ångest. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur de tre psykologiska grundbehoven (autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet) predicerar motivation (kontrollerad och självbestämmande), motion samt ångest, detta på grund av att många svenskar inte uppnår rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet vilket ökar risken för psykisk ohälsa. Datainsamlingen utfördes via en digital enkät bestående av fyra olika frågeformulär; LTEQ, BREQ-4, BPNES och HAD-A. I studien deltog 108 personer med ett åldersspann på 19-64 år (M=28,65 SD=9,07). Resultatet visar att grundbehoven predicerar självbestämmande motivation. Resultatet visar även att avsaknad av kompetens och tillhörighet predicerar ångest samt att motion har negativt samband med ångest. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet att det enbart är autonomi och kompetens som har en positiv koppling och predicerar motion. Studien stöder delvis tidigare forskning men indikerar att det fortfarande finns mycket att utforska när det kommer till motion, ångest och de olika behovens relevans.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelser av bedömningsmöten för äldre med demenssjukdom, vilka eventuella utmaningar som uppstår samt hur dessa hanteras. Vidare syftar studien även till att utifrån begreppen empowerment, advocacy och paternalism skapa förståelse för hur biståndshandläggarnas beskrivna arbetssätt förhåller sig till uppdraget om värnandet av den enskildes självbestämmanderätt. Detta undersöktes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med biståndshandläggare i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige, varefter empirin analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys samt beskrivna teoretiska begrepp. Studien visar att biståndshandläggarna möter en rad utmaningar vid dessa möten i form av kommunikationssvårigheter, bristande sjukdomsinsikt och motstånd samt utmaningen att som biståndshandläggare finna en balansgång mellan brukar- och anhörigperspektivet och att biståndshandläggarna tillämpar kommunikationsanpassning, strategier för samtycke, strategier vid motstånd och samverkan, för att hantera utmaningarna. En övergripande slutsats är att biståndshandläggarnas arbetssätt inrymmer tendenser av såväl empowerment som paternalism, vilket i viss mån kan anses stärka den enskildes egenmakt men i viss mån även motverka detta genom att professionella och anhöriga övertar beslutsansvaret för den demenssjuke på grund av nedsatt beslutsförmåga. Av analysen framkommer det även att biståndshandläggarna, i enlighet med begreppet advocacy, ofta intar positionen att företräda den äldre med demenssjukdom i syfte att värna om dennes självbestämmanderätt. / The purpose of this study is to investigate case managers experiences of assessment meetings for old people with dementia, which challenges arise and how these are handled. The study also aims to create an understanding of how the case managers described working methods relate to the task of protecting the individual's right to self-determination, based on the concepts of empowerment, advocacy and paternalism. This was investigated through semi-structured interviews with case managers in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden. The interviews were then analyzed based on a thematic analysis and described theoretical concepts. The study shows that the case managers face a series of challenges in terms of communication difficulties, lack of disease insight and resistance, as well as finding a balance between the perspective of the user and the relatives, and that the case managers apply communication adaptation, strategies for consent, strategies for resistance and cooperation to deal with these challenges. An overarching conclusion is that the working methods of case managers contain tendencies of both empowerment and paternalism, which to a certain extent can be considered to strengthen the individual's empowerment but to a certain extent also counteract this by having professionals and relatives take over decision-making responsibility for the person with dementia due to reduced decision-making capacity. The analysis also shows that the case managers, in accordance with the concept of advocacy, often take the position of representing the person with dementia to protect their right to self-determination.

Studiens syftet är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar socionomer i ett klient-eller patientnära arbete och som kan bidra till förståelse för vad som kan bidra till ett långt och hållbart yrkesliv i det sociala arbetet. Socionomen tillhör kontaktyrkena vilket innebär att det finns risker som kommer med yrket. Socionomen kan till exempel drabbas av psykisk ohälsa på grund av att ej kunna bemästra den stress som kan uppstå i mötet med patienten eller klienten när egna känslor väcks, men, hen kan också påverkas negativt av brister som finns i organisationen. Studiens frågeställningar har varit att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan främja och vilka faktorer som kan försämra förutsättningarna för ett långvarigt och hållbart yrkesliv i ett patient-eller klientnära arbete. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med socionomer som har arbetat minst femton år i det sociala arbetet där resultatet sedan har analyserats med självbestämmande teori (Self determination theory, SDT). Resultatet visar att det finns både främjande och försämrande faktorer som kan påverka ett långvarigt yrkesliv beroende på hur organisationen väljer att agera i frågor som kan underlätta arbetsvillkoren, men, också att socionomen själv kan bidra genom eget agerande som att förstå hur egna livserfarenheter kan påverka i mötet, lära sig att reflektera och utveckla självkännedom tillsammans med kollegor och genom handledning. När socionomen upplever behovstillfredsställelse av autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet i organisationen och i det patient-och klientnära arbetet bidrar det till att öka motivation vilket leder till bättre förutsättningar för socionomen att kunna arbeta länge och hållbart i det sociala arbetet. En slutsats av studien är att socionomen fortsättningsvis kommer att möta både känslomässiga och organisatoriska utmaningar i det patient-och klientnära arbetet. Sammantaget behöver hen förstå hur hen kan förhålla sig till båda och lära sig att bemästra dessa då det leder till yrkeskompetens. Beroende på hur bra socionomen förstår att tillgodose egna behov, lära sig att sätta gränser, använder sig av reflektion samt har tillgång till bra handledare och socialt stöd på arbetsplatsen så kan det bidra till goda strategier som underlättar för ett långvarigt arbetsliv, till exempel att regelbundet använda sig av egenvårdsstrategier som ger återhämtning. / The purpose of this study is to examine which factors that affect the social worker in client- or patientrelated work and which can contribute to an understanding of what can contribute to a long and sustainable professional life in social work. The social worker belongs to the human care professions, which means that there are risks that come with the profession. The social worker can for example suffer from mental illness due to not being able to master stress that can arise in the meeting with the patient or client when their own feelings are aroused, but the can also be negatively affected by shortcomings that exist in the organization. The study´s questions have been to examine which factors ca promote and which factors can worsen the conditions for a long-term and sustainable professional life in patient- or client related work. Five semi-structured interviews have been conducted with social workers who have worked at least fifteen years in social work, where the results have been analyzed using Self determination theory, SDT. The results show that there are both promoting and deteriorating factors that can affect a long-term professional life depending on how the organization chooses to act in matters that can facilitate working conditions, but also that the social worker can contribute through his own actions such as understanding how his/her/they own life experiences can affect in the meeting, learning to reflect and develop self-awareness togehter with colleagues and through supervision. When the social worker experience need satisfaction of autonomy, comptence and belonging in the organization and in the work close to the patient and client, it contributes to increase motivation which leads to better conditon for the social worker and to have a sustainably work life A conclusion of the study is that social workers will continue to face both emotional and organizational challenges in patient- and client related work. All in all, the social worker needs to understand how to both relate and learn to master this as they lead to professional competence. Depending on how well the social workers understand  their own needs, can set boundaries, learn to reflect and have access to supervisors and social support, this will contribute to strategies that promote factors that facilitate a long-term working life, for exemple self-care strategies.

I de gymnasieprogram där moderna språk ingår som ett obligatoriskt ämne kan elever antingen fortsätta med språket som de läste på grundskolan eller börja om med ett nytt språk på steg ett. Denna uppsats fokuserar på dessa elevers målsättningar, attityder och målorienteringar för språkinlärning utifrån perspektiven av självbestämmande teori och målorienteringsteori. Ett urval av gymnasieelever som läser moderna språk steg 1 på en gymnasieskola i Malmö fick besvara ett frågeformulär om deras motivation för språkkursen som de går. Resultaten visar att autonoma målsättningar samt en känsla av kompetens och samhörighet är nödvändiga för hög motivation. Urvalsgruppens målorientering visar däremot att även högmotiverade elever tenderar att uppvisa kontrollerade motivationsmönster vilket tyder på att moderna språk förblir, i många elevers ögon, ett skolämne snarare än en möjlighet att utvidga sina språkliga och kulturella horisonter. Det görs flera språkdidaktiska rekommendationer för att arbeta motivationsfrämjande med elever som läser moderna språk på steg 1 på gymnasiet. Det rekommenderas bland annat att skapa betydelsefulla kommunikationssituationer eller att arbeta strategiutvecklande för att öka elevernas självupplevda effektivitet och känsla av kompetens. / In high-school programs where a second language is included as a compulsory subject, students can either continue with the language they studied in middle school or start anew with a new language at level one. This paper focuses on these students' goals, attitudes, and goal orientations in relation to language acquisition from the perspectives of self-determination theory and goal orientation theory. A selection of high-school students studying a second language at a beginner level in a high school in Malmö answered a questionnaire about their motivation for the language course they were taking. The results show that autonomous goals, as well as a sense of competence and relatedness, are essential for high motivation. However, the goal orientation of the selected group indicates that even highly motivated students tend to exhibit controlled motivation patterns, suggesting that the second language remains, in the eyes of many students, a school subject rather than an opportunity to broaden their linguistic and cultural horizons. Several didactical recommendations are made to enhance students’ motivation when studying a second language at a beginner level in high school. This includes, among other things, creating meaningful communication situations or working to help students develop learning strategies that will enhance their self-efficacy and feeling of competence.

The aim of this qualitative study is to explore how staff members within daily activities forpeople with intellectual disabilities experience and implement the right to self-determination.Through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, the study aims to understand thechallenges and facilitators that influence staff members' attitudes and behaviors towardspromoting client autonomy. Data from six staff members working in daily activities havebeen analyzed using Michel Foucault's power-theory, Miranda Frickers theory abouthermeneutical injustice and empowerment theory. Findings reveal a complex interplay ofpersonal thoughts, organizational structures, and client needs shaping the way autonomy isunderstood and practiced. Key themes include empowerment through choice-making, barriersto autonomy fulfillment, and the need for supportive environments. An overall conclusion ofthe study is the importance of training and ongoing support for staff in enhancing theautonomy of individuals with disabilities. Implications for policy and practice underscore thenecessity of creating inclusive and empowering environments that embrace and prioritizeindividual autonomy.

The aim in this study was to create an understanding of how staff within agencys connected to The Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS) work to realize the individual's self-determination through work with implementation plans. In order to enable a deeper understanding of how self-determination is realized, we used the theory of empowerment, with a focus on the transfer of power from staff to the individual. The above was done through a qualitative study where we interviewed eight staff who work in daily activities or residential arrangements with special service. The findings indicatesthat staff are positive about working with implementation plans and can see how these can ensure the individual's self-determination. Other findings were that staffexperience communication as something that both limits and enables selfdetermination. Some of the conclusions that were drawn are that flexibility in formulations of goals enables the individual to maintain power even after the implementation plan has been established, and that the staff's approach shows how much and what power they want to transfer to users in both the work with implementation plans and in general.

Despite laws and guidelines, documentation within social work among individuals with disabilities has been subject to continuous criticism due to its inadequacy. Documentation tends to focus on the administration´s need for documentation rather than the professional´s need to describe actual circumstances. Professionals, whether consciously or not, have the power to construct and perpetuate a reality that both colleagues and the individuals with disabilities must navigate. Documentation may not always align with the fundamental principles of the law and principles of social work, which emphasize participation and self-determination.  A qualitative research method has been used to study implementation plans and journal entries written by professionals in work with individuals with disabilities. Through discourse analysis, several conclusions can be drawn. The results have contributed to a broader understanding of how communication difficulties and other circumstances can pose challenges for employees to meet the individual's autonomy. Despite these challenges, it can be seen that different ways of documenting can present the individual as an object of care or a subject of rights. Seeing individuals as care objects risks dehumanization and undermines autonomy, hindering their active participation. Therefore, professionals have a great responsibility in the formulation of documentation and wording to ensure that self-determination and participation are more prominent than expressions of power.

People with disabilities often have limited communication abilities. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is a widely spread method that allows people with communication difficulties to express themselves. People with disabilities are often reliant on care from people in their environment. The law ensures that everyone has the right to a communication and that people with disabilities have a right to self-determination and complicity. However the implementation and outcomes of AAC depend on the conditions in the users environment. The purpose of our study is thereby to understand how personal, relational and organizational conditions can affect care-staffs work with AAC. Data has been gathered doing semi-structured interview with nine informants who work in organizations that carefor people with disabilities. The data has then been analyzed using a thematic analysis. The main result of our study shows that care-staff perceive their role as an enabler for communication. The study also concludes that there are various organizational factors, such as access to resources, that affect the care-staffs work with AAC.