En el presente estudio se investiga la importancia de la comunicación no verbal (CNV) en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. En relación con el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de verbos de rutina identificamos un posible problema que surgía durante la enseñanza de ciertos momentos gramaticales cuando estos se introducían de manera exclusivamente lingüística. El objetivo de esta tesina es por tanto analizar y describir cómo podría favorecer al aprendizaje de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) el uso de la gesticulación como estrategia didáctica no lingüística en el salón escolar sueco; ya que este tipo de comunicación no verbal es común entre los hispanoparlantes y hace parte del contexto cultural de la lengua meta. Nuestro estudio nace tras la observación realizada durante las prácticas pedagógicas que tuvieron lugar en Suecia, país en el que la CNV está presente en los planes curriculares. Con base en las observaciones de campo se hizo posible constatar que el docente ante problemáticas asociadas con la comprensión y la fluidez comunicativa, utilizaba inmediatamente el sueco cuando surgía un problema de comprensión (Skolinspektion, 2010). Este tipo de deficiencias podrían ser solventadas mediante el uso de gestos corporales ilustrativos (Cestero, 2017), como una estrategia compensatoria, esto es un conjunto de técnicas de aprendizaje que solventan un problema comunicativo (Rodríguez Ruiz y Merás García, 2005). En nuestro estudio han colaborado seis grupos de alumnos pertenecientes a cuatro escuelas suecas además de los respectivos docentes de cada grupo. También se realizaron encuestas a algunos alumnos y entrevistas a parte del equipo docente. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos muestran como el aprendizaje de verbos reflexivos es más efectivo cuando se utiliza la CNV como estratégica didáctica en el aula de ELE mejorando también el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. / This study investigates the importance of non-verbal communication (CNV) in learning foreign languages. In relation to learning and teaching routine verbs, we identified a possible problem that arose when, during the teaching of certain grammatical moments, these were introduced exclusively linguistically. The objective of this dissertation is therefore to analyze and describe how the use of gesturing as a non-linguistic teaching strategy in the Swedish school classroom could favor learning Spanish for foreigners (ELE); since this type of nonverbal communication is common among Spanish speakers and is part of the cultural context of the target language. Our study was initiated after the observation made during the pedagogical practices that took place in Sweden, a country where the CNV is present in the curricular plans. Based on the field observations, it became possible to verify that when the teacher faced problems associated with comprehension and communicative fluency, she usually turned to the mother tongue immediately when a comprehension problem arose (Skolinspektion, 2010). These types of deficiencies could be solved through the use of illustrative body gestures (Cestero, 2017), as a compensatory strategy understood as a type of learning technique that solves a communication problem (Rodríguez Ruiz and Merás García, 2005). Six groups of students belonging to four Swedish schools have collaborated in our study in addition to the respective teachers of each group. Surveys were also carried out with some students and interviews with part of the teaching team. Finally, the results obtained show how the learning of reflexive verbs is more effective when the CNV is used as a didactic strategy in the ELE classroom, also improving the teaching-learning process.

Traducir textos antiguos es un desafío para un traductor, porque además de ser competente en las lenguas tratadas, hay que poder interpretar el contexto cultural del texto original y reproducirlo para los lectores del texto meta. En esta tesina se ha analizado una traducción al sueco de la novela antigua La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades, de los traductores Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin. El objetivo fue analizar cómo los traductores han superado los problemas y dificultades que se pueden encontrar al traducir un texto antiguo, y qué fue el resultado de una traducción así. Se ha usado una metodología para la traducción de Vinay y Darbelnet y la teoría de skopos de Vermeer, para llevar a cabo el análisis. En el resultado se ha visto que la traducción oblicua fue el método más usado, y el texto meta se diferencia del texto original en varias maneras. A pesar de esto, los traductores han logrado conservar la esencia del texto original en el texto meta. / Translating ancient texts is a challenge for the translator. It is not enough to be competent in the languages in question, it is also necessary to be able to interpret the cultural context and reproduce it for the readers of the target text. In this thesis, the Swedish translation of La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades by the translators Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin has been analyzed. The purpose was to analyze how the translators have overcome the problems and difficulties that can be encountered whilst translating an ancient text, and what was the result of such translation. A methodology for translation by Vinay and Darbelnet and the skopos theory by Vermeer have been used to carry out the analysis. As a result, it was seen that oblique translation was the most common method, and the target text is different than the original text in many ways. Despite this, the translators have succeeded with conserving the essence of the original text in the target text.

The current thesis is based on four individual studies which aim to account for the expression of motion events (ME) in Spanish and Swedish as first languages (L1), in Swedish as a second language (L2), and in Spanish as a heritage language (SHL). The data, resulting from audio-recordings of different sorts of stimuli, have been analyzed with special focus on (1) the most common structures used for referring to various types of ME, (2) the types and amount of information provided by the participants, in particular as regards the semantic components Path, Manner and Ground, and (3) grammatical aspect and types of syntactic structures resorted to, including the correlation between the two latter factors and speakers’ discursive preferences.      Study 1 sets out to explore how Spanish and Swedish native speakers convey information about motion. The results show that the Swedish L1 speakers produced a wider range of descriptions concerning Manner and Path than the Spanish L1 speakers; furthermore, both groups delivered detailed Ground descriptions, although the Swedish native speakers expressed final destinations (endpoints) of ME to a greater extent.      Study 2 aims to investigate to what extent Swedish L1 patterns for motion encoding are still at play in the acquisition of Spanish L2 even at advanced stages of L2 acquisition. The results show that the learner group used a larger amount of Path particles and Ground adjuncts (in particular those referring to endpoints) than did the Spanish natives; this finding supports the claim that L2 learners rely on the lexicalization patterns of their L1 when describing ME in an L2. As for Manner, the L2 speakers were found to express this component mainly outside the verb, and to deliver more information about Manner than the Spanish natives.      Study 3 addresses the construal of ME in Swedish speakers of L2 Spanish, in particular concerning the encoding of motion endpoints and Manner of motion. The results show that the Swedish learners of Spanish exhibited the same, high frequencies of endpoint marking as did their monolingual Swedish peers, thus deviating from the Spanish native pattern. Moreover, the L2 speakers used the same amount of Manner verbs as did the Spanish natives but tended consistently to provide additional Manner information in periphrastic constructions.      Finally, Study 4 sets out to analyze the ways in which L1 Spanish/L2 Swedish early and late bilinguals express ME in SHL. The aim is to show in which ways and to what extent the typological patterns for motion encoding in the L2 may impact on motion encoding in the L1 with regard to three parameters: (1) age of onset (AO) of the acquisition of L2, (2) length of residence (LoR) in the L2 environment and (3) contact level with the L1 (CL). The focus data, consisting of oral re-tellings produced by the bilinguals, were compared to analogous data produced by two control groups (native speakers of Spanish and Swedish) in order to analyze conflation patterns regarding Manner, Path and Ground information. The analysis points to the conclusion that both the individuals’ AO of L2 acquisition and their LoR in the L2 environment have affected their L1 conceptualization patterns while their CL plays a subordinate role.      In summary, the findings lend support to the idea that the habitual conceptualization of events in the L1 influences L2 acquisition; conversely, the conceptual patterns of the L2 have an impact on L1 usage in bilinguals, especially in combination with an early AO and a long LoR. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press.</p>

Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka varför människor i ålderskategorin 35-49 år inte lyssnar på radiokanalen P4 Västmaland, en av Sveriges Radios 26 st P4 kanaler. Den andra punkten som analyserats är, varför P4 Västmanlands publik lyssnar på kanalen. Med hjälp av fokusgruppsintervjuer via sociala media Facebook undersöks 15 personer uppdelade i två fokusgrupper: P4s lyssnare och icke lyssnare. Det gemensamma för båda grupperna är radiolyssnande som intresse och ålderskategorin. Tillsammans har grupperna genererat ca 234 facebook-inlägg, som utgör grundmaterialet till denna studie. En kompletterande enkät finns med som stöd inför analysdelen samt en intervju med P4 Västmanlands programledare, Annika Nordin. Denna studie använder sig främst av medieteoretikern, Barbara Thomass (2003) teoretiska perspektiv om public sphere (Habermas, 1989) och knowledge society sammankopplat till Public Service. Studiens resultat visar att majoriteten i målgruppen icke-lyssnare uppfattar kanalen som omodern. Denna uppfattning delas även av P4s egna lyssnare. Studien visar att Icke-lyssnarna inte tycker att lokala nyheter är viktiga.  När det gäller hur man tar reda på nationella och internationella nyheter är det framförallt webben, inte radio, som är det prioriterade alternativet för den sistnämnda gruppen. Studien visar även att för båda grupperna är datavana avgörande för hur man interagerar med medier och konsumerar nyheter. Slutsatsen av studien är att om P4 Västmanland upplevs som omodern, så kan detta vara ett hinder för radiokanalen att rekrytera nya lyssnare. Kanalen måste hitta en balans för att främja både sin egen publik, som efterfrågar variation i lokala nyheter, och samtidigt nå flera lyssnare i åldersgruppen mellan 35 och 49 år. Båda grupperna signalerar att möjligheten till interaktion via nya medier bör tas tillvara i dessa nya tider. / The main purpose of this thesis is to examine why people aged between 35-49 years are not listening to the Public Service radio channel P4 Västmanland, one of Swedish Radio´s 26 local channels. The second point has been analyzed is why P4 Västmanland audience listens to the channel. With the help of focus group interviews via social media site Facebook we examined 15 individuals divided into two focus groups: P4 listeners and non-listeners. Listening to the radio for pleasure is common to both groups, who are in the same age category. Together the groups are generated from about 234 Facebook posts, which are the basic material for this study. A supplemental questionnaire is included as a pre-analysis portion as well as an interview with P4 Västmanland journalist, Annika Nordin. This study mostly uses Barbara Thomass' (2003) theoretical perspectives on the public sphere (Habermas, 1989) and knowledge society linked to the Public Service. Our results demonstrate that the majority of the target non-listeners perceive the channel as outdated; this view is also shared with the P4's listeners. The study shows that non-listeners do not think local news is important. When it comes to how to get in contact with national and international news, it is primarily the Web, not the radio, which is the priority choice for the latter group. The study also shows that for both groups, computer access is crucial to how people interact with media and consume news. The conclusion of this study is that if the P4 Västmanland channel is perceived as outdated, so this may be an obstacle to the radio channel to recruit new listeners. The channel must find a balance in order to promote it´s own audience, which require the variation in local news, while reaching more listeners in the  35 and 49 age group. Both groups indicate that the potential for interaction through new media should be utilized in these new times. / A função principal deste estudo é analisar a razão pela qual pessoas na faixa etária de 35 a 49 anos não têm interesse na programação da emissora pública de rádio, P4 Västmanland, um dos 26 canais locais da Suécia. Em contrapartida, a outra questão a ser analisada refere-se à razão pela qual os ouvintes do canal citado, têm interesse na programação.  Este estudo utiliza-se do método de entrevista de foco realizado através da mídia social Facebook e tem como participantes 15 pessoas divididas em dois grupos: ouvintes da P4 Västmanland e ouvintes de outras emissoras de rádio suecas. O fator comum entre os grupos é o interesse por programas de rádio e o fato de serem da mesma faixa etária. A base do material de estudo é composta por aproximadamente 234 comentários realizados através da mídia social Facebook. O estudo dispõe também de uma enquete feita com os participantes e uma entrevista com a jornalista Annika Nordin,  locutora de um dos programas da rádio P4 Västmanland. O estudo se utiliza, em primeiro plano, das perspectivas teóricas de Barbara Thomass (2003) a respeito de public sphere ( Habermas, 1989) e knowledge society acopladas ao ideal de emissoras púbicas de rádio e TV. O resultado do estudo mostra que a maioria dos não -  ouvintes da P4 Västmanlands consideram o canal como antiquado, fator que também foi verificado entre os próprios ouvintes da rádio. Além disso, os não-ouvintes relatam não considerarem importante o noticiário local. A respeito do consumo de notícias nacionais e internacionais, o estudo mostra que a internet, para o último grupo citado, é o meio de comunicação priorizado para se ter acesso à informação. O estudo mostra ainda que o acesso à internet define o modo de interação com os meios de comunicação  e consumo de notícias, de modo geral. O estudo chega à conlusão de que se a emissora de rádio P4 Västmanland é vista como antiquada, torna-se, assim, difícil o recrutamento de novos ouvintes. A emissora em questão necessita de um equilíbrio para agradar seus próprios ouvintes , que estão em busca de um conteúdo variado no que diz respeito à abordagem de notícias locais e, ao mesmo tempo, adquirir novos ouvintes na faixa etária de 35 a 49 anos. Os dois grupos de participantes mostram também que as novas possibilidades de interação mediática precisam ser utilizadas em maior escala na atualidade.

The current thesis is based on four individual studies which aim to account for the expression of motion events (ME) in Spanish and Swedish as first languages (L1), in Swedish as a second language (L2), and in Spanish as a heritage language (SHL). The data, resulting from audio-recordings of different sorts of stimuli, have been analyzed with special focus on (1) the most common structures used for referring to various types of ME, (2) the types and amount of information provided by the participants, in particular as regards the semantic components Path, Manner and Ground, and (3) grammatical aspect and types of syntactic structures resorted to, including the correlation between the two latter factors and speakers’ discursive preferences.      Study 1 sets out to explore how Spanish and Swedish native speakers convey information about motion. The results show that the Swedish L1 speakers produced a wider range of descriptions concerning Manner and Path than the Spanish L1 speakers; furthermore, both groups delivered detailed Ground descriptions, although the Swedish native speakers expressed final destinations (endpoints) of ME to a greater extent.      Study 2 aims to investigate to what extent Swedish L1 patterns for motion encoding are still at play in the acquisition of Spanish L2 even at advanced stages of L2 acquisition. The results show that the learner group used a larger amount of Path particles and Ground adjuncts (in particular those referring to endpoints) than did the Spanish natives; this finding supports the claim that L2 learners rely on the lexicalization patterns of their L1 when describing ME in an L2. As for Manner, the L2 speakers were found to express this component mainly outside the verb, and to deliver more information about Manner than the Spanish natives.      Study 3 addresses the construal of ME in Swedish speakers of L2 Spanish, in particular concerning the encoding of motion endpoints and Manner of motion. The results show that the Swedish learners of Spanish exhibited the same, high frequencies of endpoint marking as did their monolingual Swedish peers, thus deviating from the Spanish native pattern. Moreover, the L2 speakers used the same amount of Manner verbs as did the Spanish natives but tended consistently to provide additional Manner information in periphrastic constructions.      Finally, Study 4 sets out to analyze the ways in which L1 Spanish/L2 Swedish early and late bilinguals express ME in SHL. The aim is to show in which ways and to what extent the typological patterns for motion encoding in the L2 may impact on motion encoding in the L1 with regard to three parameters: (1) age of onset (AO) of the acquisition of L2, (2) length of residence (LoR) in the L2 environment and (3) contact level with the L1 (CL). The focus data, consisting of oral re-tellings produced by the bilinguals, were compared to analogous data produced by two control groups (native speakers of Spanish and Swedish) in order to analyze conflation patterns regarding Manner, Path and Ground information. The analysis points to the conclusion that both the individuals’ AO of L2 acquisition and their LoR in the L2 environment have affected their L1 conceptualization patterns while their CL plays a subordinate role.      In summary, the findings lend support to the idea that the habitual conceptualization of events in the L1 influences L2 acquisition; conversely, the conceptual patterns of the L2 have an impact on L1 usage in bilinguals, especially in combination with an early AO and a long LoR. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press.</p>

Os prefixos germânicos de alguns verbos suecos serão comparados numa análise contrastiva com as relativas equivalências em português e em italiano num corpus paralelo escrito composto por um romance de língua sueca, um de língua portuguesa e um de língua italiana e pelas suas respectivas traduções. As funções desenvolvidas pelos prefixos germânicos dos verbos suecos analisados serão examinadas e depois confrontadas com as relativas equivalências, com o resultado que também nas duas línguas românicas relevam-se, de maneira bastante constante, procedimentos gramaticais parecidos aos desenvolvidos pelos prefixos germânicos. / Germanic prefixes of which some Swedish verbs are composed are going to be compared in acontrastive analysis with their relative equivalences in Portuguese and Italian in a parallel written corpus characterized by a Swedish-language romance, a Portuguese-language romance and an Italian language romance, and by their relative translations. The functions executed by the German prefixes of the analysed Swedish verbs are going to be examined and then compared with their relative equivalences, with the result that even in the Romance languages it is possible to find in a quite constant way grammatical processes which are similar to those executed by the Germanic prefixes. / I prefissi germanici di alcuni verbi svedesi saranno comparati in un'analisi contrastiva con le relative equivalenze in portoghese e in italiano in un corpus parallelo scritto composto da un romanzo di lingua svedese, uno di lingua portoghese e uno di lingua italiana e dalle rispettive traduzioni. Le funzioni svolte dai prefissi germanici dei verbi svedesi analizzati saranno esaminate e poi confrontate con le relative equivalenze, con il risultato che anche nelle due lingue romanze si riscontrano in maniera abbastanza costante processi grammaticali simili a quelli svolti dai prefissi germanici. / De germanska prefix som återfinns i vissa svenska verb kommer att jämföras med sina motsvarigheter på portugisiska och italienska. Detta görs med hjälp av en skriven korpus bestående av en roman ursprungligen skriven på svenska, en skriven på portugisiska och en skriven på italienska samt översättningar av dessa romaner till de två andra språken. Funktionen hos de svenska verben med germanska prefix kommer att analyseras och sedan jämföras med verbens motsvarigheter. Resultatet av analysen visar att det är möjligt att finna systematiskt återkommande grammatiska processer i de romanska språken, som liknar de som förekommer i samband med de germanska prefixen på svenska.

Os prefixos germânicos de alguns verbos suecos serão comparados numa análise contrastiva com as relativas equivalências em português e em italiano num corpus paralelo escrito composto por um romance de língua sueca, um de língua portuguesa e um de língua italiana e pelas suas respectivas traduções. As funções desenvolvidas pelos prefixos germânicos dos verbos suecos analisados serão examinadas e depois confrontadas com as relativas equivalências, com o resultado que também nas duas línguas românicas relevam-se, de maneira bastante constante, procedimentos gramaticais parecidos aos desenvolvidos pelos prefixos germânicos. / Germanic prefixes of which some Swedish verbs are composed are going to be compared in a contrastive analysis with their relative equivalences in Portuguese and Italian in a parallel written corpus characterized by a Swedish-language romance, a Portuguese-language romance and an Italian-language romance, and by their relative translations. The functions executed by the German prefixes of the analysed Swedish verbs are going to be examined and then compared with their relative equivalences, with the result that even in the Romance languages it is possible to find in a quite constant way grammatical processes which are similar to those executed by the Germanic prefixes. / I prefissi germanici di alcuni verbi svedesi saranno comparati in un’analisi contrastiva con le relative equivalenze in portoghese e in italiano in un corpus parallelo scritto composto da un romanzo di lingua svedese, uno di lingua portoghese e uno di lingua italiana e dalle rispettive traduzioni. Le funzioni svolte dai prefissi germanici dei verbi svedesi analizzati saranno esaminate e poi confrontate con le relative equivalenze, con il risultato che anche nelle due lingue romanze si riscontrano in maniera abbastanza costante processi grammaticali simili a quelli svolti dai prefissi germanici. / De germanska prefix som återfinns i vissa svenska verb kommer att jämföras med sina motsvarigheter på portugisiska och italienska. Detta görs med hjälp av en skriven korpus bestående av en roman ursprungligen skriven på svenska, en skriven på portugisiska och en skriven på italienska samt översättningar av dessa romaner till de två andra språken. Funktionen hos de svenska verben med germanska prefix kommer att analyseras och sedan jämföras med verbens motsvarigheter. Resultatet av analysen visar att det är möjligt att finna systematiskt återkommande grammatiska processer i de romanska språken, som liknar de som förekommer i samband med de germanska prefixen på svenska.