Sverige befinner sig i en situation där omvärldsläget har förändrats. Det började med en pandemi, vilken har följts av militära konflikter i vår närhet. Detta har gjort att både politiker och medborgare har ett nytt omvärldsläge att ta ställning till.  Försvarsmakten har fått i uppgift att öka antalet värnpliktiga som genomgår grundutbildning. Den allmänna värnplikten återinfördes 2017 och gäller nu män som kvinnor. Volymen som behöver genomföra grundutbildning ökar varje år med innebörden att fler ungdomar behöver mönstra. När ungdomarna fyller i mönstringsunderlaget online framgår det att intresset och motivationen för att genomföra värnplikt är låg. Trots förändringarna i omvärldsläget, har ungdomarnas motivation till värnplikt förblivit oförändrad.  Studien fokuserar på att förstå ur ett individperspektiv, vad som motiverar unga människor att själva vilja genomföra mönstring och värnplikt. Genom att förvärva denna kunskap kan författarna utveckla förslag som kan motivera nuvarande och kommande generationer att mönstra och göra värnplikt, och på detta sätt försvara sitt land.  Syftet med denna studie är att söka förståelse och kunskap om vad som motiverar unga till att mönstra och göra värnplikt.  Studien använder en induktiv ansats och kvalitativ metod. Empirin är hämtad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer i huvuddel från ungdomar som står inför kommande värnplikt och anställda inom Plikt- och prövningsverket. Ungdomarna som har intervjuats har delat med sig av sina åsikter om vad mönstring och värnplikt innebär för dem personligen, samt vad som motiverar dem att vilja genomföra dessa skyldigheter. Empirin från intervjuerna kodades med grundad teori och resultatet blev tre kärnkategorier, individens utbildning, individens förebilder och individen i samhället.  Studien resulterade till följande slutsatser:  De viktigaste förebilderna enligt denna studie är respondenternas föräldrar, och de har en betydande inverkan på deras motivation. En högre folklig förankring och en förstärkning av Försvarsmaktens varumärke ökar ungdomars motivation. Individen påverkas av vänners inställning och åsikter, det beror på rädslan att hamna utanför gemenskapen. Detta påverkar motivationen hos unga att mönstra och göra värnplikt. En ökad kunskap och förståelse om hur mönstring och värnplikt bidrar till att skydda landet ger ungdomar en högre motivation. Meriterande utbildning och ekonomiska bidrag ger unga en ökad motivation till mönstring och värnplikt Det som gör ett land värt att försvara är individens eget behov och detta väger tyngre än landets. / Sweden finds itself in a situation where the global context has changed. It began with a pandemic, followed by military conflicts in our vicinity. This has led both politicians and citizens to face a new international situation.  The Swedish Armed Forces have been tasked with increasing the number of conscripts undergoing basic training. General conscription was reintroduced in 2017 and now applies to both men and women. The number of people needing to complete basic training increases each year, meaning that more young people need to be conscripted. When the youth fill in the conscription documents online, it shows that the interest and motivation to carry out conscription is low. Despite the global situation, the motivation among the youth for duty neither increases nor decreases.  This study focuses on understanding, from an individual perspective, what motivates young people to voluntarily undergo conscription and military service. By acquiring this knowledge, the authors can develop proposals that can motivate current and future generations to muster and do basic training, there by defending their country.  The purpose of this study is to seek understanding and knowledge about what motivates young individuals to muster and do basic training.  This study uses an inductive approach with a qualitative method. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, primarily from young individuals facing upcoming conscription and employees within the Swedish Defence Conscription and Assessment Agency. The interviewed youth shared their opinions on what conscription and military service mean to them personally, as well as what motivates them to want to fulfill these obligations. The empirical data from the interviews were analyzed using grounded theory, resulting in three core categories: individual education, individual role models and the individual within society.  The study resulted in the following conclusions:  The most significant role models, according to this study, are the respondents’ parents, and they have a significant impact on their motivation. A stronger connection to the public and enhancing the Swedish Armed Forces’ brand increases motivation among young people. The individual is influenced by friends´ attitudes and opinions, which is due to the fear of being excluded from the community. This affects the motivation of young people to muster and do basic training. Increased knowledge and understanding of how conscription and military service contribute to protecting the country led to higher motivation among young individuals. Recognizing educational achievements and providing financial support enhance motivation for mustering and do basic training. What makes a country worth defending is the individual´s own need, and this weighs more than the country´s.

Syfte Syftet med studien är att få en inblick i ledarnas syn på vilka faktorer som påverkar att ungdomar slutar med hockeyn i tidig ålder. Frågeställningarna har varit: - Hur ser ledare på att ungdomar slutar med ishockey i unga år? - Vad tror ledare är orsaken till att unga lämnar ishockeyn? - Hur arbetar ledare för att behålla ungdomarna? Metod Fem ledare med lång erfarenhet inom ungdomsishockeyn har intervjuats med öppna frågor. Ledarna finns inom stora ishockeyföreningar i olika delar av landet. Analysen har baserats på flera teoretiska ramverk som KASAM om människans behov att känna sammanhang för att fungera bra som person, Self-determination Theory (SDT) som försöker förklara vad som krävs för att människor skall prestera bra samt teorin hur ungdomar sätter mål (Achievement Goal Theory, AGT) som skiljer på uppgiftsorienterade mål som bedöms efter egen framgång och egoorienterade mål som bedöms efter andras framgångar. Analysen har strukturerats efter vad som är centralt för att en människa skall må bra -   kompetens, relationer och autonomi. Resultat Studien visade att ledarna vill att spelarna skall stanna kvar och för samtal med den spelare som har tankar på att sluta för att finna ut skälet till avhoppet och om något i lagets verksamhet bör ändras. Ledaren anser också att olika skäl finns för att spelare lämnar laget som till exempel att de har kommit in i ett nytt skede i livet med nya kamrater och nya intressen eller att de inte känner att de har tillräcklig kompetens. Många nämner att den årliga uttagningen till TV-pucken påverkar genom att de som inte blir uttagna känner sig mindre kompetenta. Ledarna har Ishockeyförbundets riktlinjer i Hemmaplansmodellen som vägledning och arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla och utveckla spelarna. Teman i ledarnas arbete är behovet av kompetens, goda relationer och autonomi hos spelarna. Slutsats Ledarna vill behålla spelarna och det är olika orsaker till att vissa spelare slutar som brist på kompetens och andra intressen. Ledarna arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla spelarna. Om en spelare börja fundera på att lämna laget anstränger sig ledarna för att de skall stanna kvar. Om spelaren ändå beslutar att sluta har de respekt för det. Ledarna strävar efter en lugn och trygg miljö samt främjar i sitt arbete kompetens hos spelarna, goda relationer - i laget och mellanmänskligt- samt spelarnas autonomi. / The aim of this study was to find out how leaders in youth ice hockey in Sweden feel about dropouts, what the reason for dropouts are and how the leaders act to make the players stay in the team. Five experienced leaders in youth ice hockey in different clubs in Sweden were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The answers were analyzed based on three theoretical frameworks; KASAM, Self-determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory. The study shows that the leaders want to keep the players in the team and have talks with those who have thoughts about leaving the team to find out reasons for this, including possible wishes for changes in the teamwork. The leaders have found that the players have different reasons for their decision to leave the team such as a new stage in life with new mates and new interests or lack of feeling competent enough. Many leaders mention that the yearly selection of players to a big competition in Sweden for 15-year-old players make those, who are not selected, feel less competent. The leaders work according to guidelines from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association with a transformative leadership style to foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. The conclusion is that the leaders want to keep the players and that there are various reasons for dropouts including other interests and lack of competence. If a player shows interest to dropout the leaders try to keep them but if the player persists in leaving this is respected by the leaders. The leaders strive towards a safe and secure environment in the team and foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. / <p>Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p>

The main purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze how concepts of childhood and adolescence were constructed in scientific medicine during the period 1870 to 1930. The focus in the first part of the thesis is to study the sick girl as a stereotype in 1870–1900. In the late nineteenth-century, the poor health of girls was a popular topic in Swedish medical discourse. It was a well-established opinion that a substantial number of Swedish girls suffered from various diseases and ailments. Mass- and coeducation was under debate and physicians became interested in the impact of schools and schooling on children’s health. It is here shown that children, and in particularly adolescents, were de-fined as gendered creatures. The doctors emphasized the universal nature of adolescence and conceptualized pu-berty as a traumatic and risky stage of life and they also tended to focus on middle-class girls. Pubescent girls were seen as most vulnerable to external stress such as mental strain and physical demands. Physicians claimed that ill health inevitably followed when girls were educated in the same way as boys. However, boys and their health were discussed too. The most common ailments for both girls and boys were overstudy, anemia, headaches and disor-dered digestion. It was also shown in various studies, that poorer children were substantially inferior in weight as well as in height. Chlorosis was a common theme in late nineteenth-century medical discourse. Although it appeared mainly as a girls’ disease in medical books and in most sanitary journals, health studies for example, showed that chlorosis could also be a boys’ disease. However, sick boys were rarely spoken of. Medical opinions on overstudy, chlorosis and dress reform could be interpreted as a concern for unhealthy girls as future mothers of the nation. It is not my intention to advertise doctors as vicious oppressors, as opponents of female emancipation. In fact, the doctors often pointed out social factors and unequal circumstances of childhood and adolescence for girls and boys. In early twentieth-century, the scientific opinion of girls changed. Even though gendered notions of children and youths persisted all through the period studied, more and more some doctors, Karolina Widerström, for example, began to question them. The new girl was not weak and ill, but rather healthy and active. However, a dividing line between those who claimed the weakness of girls and those who emphasized the new, healthy girl became more evident after 1900. In this thesis, this disparity is discussed in terms of popular medical discourse and scientific medi-cal discourse. In the latter, girls were still described as more sensitive and more frail than boys and as unfit for higher education and strenuous schoolwork. Thus, the new girl – vivid, healthy and equal to the boy – was above all a con-struction in popular medicine. The uniform medical discourse on girls from the late nineteenth-century thus dissolved. A number of changes in the medical discourse on sickness and health of girls and boys during in this period occurred. First, concepts of sickness and health were modified over time and fewer schoolchildren were considered sick. Fi-nally, in the beginning of the period studied, girls were sicker than boys were, but in the end, in the 1930s, there was no obvious gender difference. Both sexes seemed equally sick (or healthy).

Studien har som ambition att studera hur tjejer skapar femininitet och således tar plats på en ungdomsgård belägen i en multietnisk stadsdel i Stockholm. Studiens metod består av deltagande observation av en grupp på åtta tjejer som besökte ungdomsgården dagligen. Resultatet indelas i tre teman, Systerskap, Ungdomsgården är hemma och Femininitetskapande som beskriver tjejernas relationer till varandra, andra ungdomar på- och utanför ungdomsgården samt bostadsområdet, men även förhållandet till svenskhet. Resultatet analyserades med teorier rörande genus, etnicitet, postkolonial feminism och praktikgemenskap. Det framkom att tjejerna formade en gemenskap som de upprätthöll med outtalade regler rörande femininitet, etnicitet och sexualitet. Studiens slutsatser är att ungdomsgården framställdes som en betydelsefull plats då den utgjorde en fristad för tjejerna, där de försökte undkomma de olika regler som omfattade dem och deras liv.

“The importance of representation and structures to establish influence. A study of the Trade Unions Youth Activities within The Swedish Trade Union Confederation.” -Katrin Olofsson This essay is studying the importance of representation and structures for the youth to establish influence, within the Trade Unions of The Swedish Trade Union Confederation, LO. More specific it is about the youths influence in each trade union´s executive committee. The representation and structures studied is at a central level and the youths are restricted to being under the age of 30. The purpose is to try to find a model and specific factors that can explain if, and in that case what, that could be the cause of a higher level of influence in some trade unions compared to others.  Three questions are essential for the essay. Are the different structures for youth activities, within the trade unions of LO, affecting the representation of youths in their executive committees? Do any combinations of structures seem to be more profitable for a higher level of representation of youths within the executive committees?   How do the different forms of structure and representation seem to affect the influence of youths within the executive committees? The study is built on interviews with representatives from each of the fourteen trade unions within LO, that has the mandate and trust from their organisations to represent them in these questions. They are also all representatives in the LO Youth Committee.      The findings were essentially that formal structures in forms of youth committees together with the possibility to have a co-opt member from the youth committee within the executive committee seemed to affect and enhance the representation and the influence.