Implementeringen av Leanverktyg i sågverksindustrin är fortfarande nyjämfört med andra industrier. Syftet med denna studie är därför att ökakunskapen om tillämpningen av Lean och se vilken effekt det har. Måletär att se vilka Lean-verktyg som är lämpliga för denna industri och hur dekan tillämpas. En kartläggning av fallföretagets nuvarande tillstånd skapasoch analyseras, och flera slöserier identifieras. Det undersöks också vilkaandra Leanverktyg som kan tillämpas effektivt. Ett TAK värde beräknasutifrån värdeflödesanalysen samt processens effektivitet. På grund avomständigheterna är våra resultat mycket missvisande och bättretillämpningar av Leanverktyg diskuteras. Som en följd av våraavgränsningar rekommenderas ytterligare forskning för att uppnå enbättre rapport. / The implementation of Lean tools in the sawmill industry is still new compared to the other industries. Therefore the purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge around the application of Lean and see the effect it has. The objective is to see which Lean tools are suited for this industry and how they can be applied. A map of the current state of the case company is created and analyzed, and several wastes are identified. It is also researched which other Lean tools can be applied effectively. An Overall equipment effectiveness value is calculated from the Value stream map as well as the process efficiency. Due to the circumstances our results are very misleading and better applications of Lean tools are discussed. As a consequence of our boundaries further research is advised to achieve a better report.

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo presentar una propuesta de mejora para optimizar el proceso de producción en una empresa Panificadora aplicando la herramienta del Lean Manufacturing, lo cual permite mejorar el desempeño del proceso productivo y de los procesos. Para ello se realizará un análisis de la problemática y las posibles causas para tomar como base de la mejora continua que se propondrá incrementando productividad y rentabilidad. Luego del proceso de análisis se han identificado los siguientes problemas: ausencia de una adecuada asignación del personal, ausencia de un adecuado programa de mantenimiento, ausencia de una adecuada distribución de planta, ausencia de personal calificado y ausencia de un adecuado control e insumos, lo cual impide el cumplimiento del programa de producción. La presente tesis está conformada por tres capítulos los que en su conjunto permiten definir claramente la problemática, la propuesta de solución, la evaluación económica de la propuesta de solución y las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Finalmente, la presente tesis puede utilizarse como base para futuras investigaciones en la mejora del proceso de gestión de la producción, sin embargo, se debe evaluar las variables independientes en cada caso, en particular, ya que la presente tesis se limita al análisis del proceso productivo de la empresa Panificadora. / The objective of this research is to present an improvement proposal to optimize the production process in a bakery company by applying the Lean Manufacturing tool, which allows improving the performance of the production process and processes. For this, an analysis of the problem and possible causes will be carried out to take as a basis for continuous improvement that will be proposed by increasing productivity and profitability. After the analysis process, the following problems have been identified: absence of an adequate personnel assignment, absence of an adequate maintenance program, absence of an adequate plant distribution, absence of qualified personnel, and absence of adequate control and supplies, which which prevents the fulfillment of the production program. This thesis is made up of three chapters, which together allow a clear definition of the problem, the solution proposal, the economic evaluation of the solution proposal and the conclusions and recommendations. Finally, this thesis can be used as a basis for future research in the improvement of the production management process, however, the independent variables must be evaluated in each case, in particular, since this thesis is limited to the analysis of the process production of the bakery company. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El presente proyecto de tesis tiene como finalidad dotar a los e-commerce de moda textil de un modelo de gestión basado en herramientas de mejora de procesos a fin de reducir el porcentaje de devoluciones de prendas. El modelo contiene: SIPOC, Logística Inversa, Value Stream Mapping, Poka Yoke y una herramienta digital llamada Virtual Try On (o Virtual Room). El desarrollo empieza con el análisis del problema de las devoluciones y su impacto en las utilidades del e-commerce, luego se definen las áreas de impacto donde se evidencian las causas raíces, después de analizan los procesos y se ven los posibles puntos de mejora y al final se implementan las herramientas para mejorar los procesos de cada área de acuerdo a las necesidades de la empresa. El modelo se valida mediante una simulación con información recolectada de un año de un e-commerce de moda textil. Luego de ver las posibles mejoras a los procesos, se plantea la opción de implementar modificaciones a las áreas de Ventas y Logística. / The purpose of this thesis is to provide textile fashion e-commerce with a management model based on process improvement tools to reduce the percentage of garment returns. The model contains: SIPOC, Reverse Logistics, Value Stream Mapping, Poka Yoke and a digital tool called Virtual Try On (or Virtual Room). The development begins with the analysis of the problem of returns and its impact on the profits of e-commerce, then the areas of impact are defined where the root causes are evidenced, after the processes are analyzed and the possible points of improvement are seen and at the end the tools are implemented to improve the processes of each area according to the needs of the company. The model is validated through a simulation with information collected from a year of a textile fashion e-commerce. After seeing the possible improvements to the processes, the option of implementing modifications to the Sales and Logistics areas is proposed. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación consta en analizar la cadena de abastecimiento que incluye la logística de entrada y la operación de los revestimientos de paneles de Fachada en la empresa P&C PERU dentro del sector Retail, en toda su dimensión, identificando los factores de mejora que afectan los resultados de la organización y a su nivel de competencia dentro del mercado local, de tal manera, se tiene como objetivo general: reducir los retrasos y pérdidas económicas en el suministro e instalación de paneles de fachada (cobertura) para futuros proyectos dentro de la organización, para ello, se toma como base el estudio de un proyecto ubicado en Punta Negra, en el cual se hará el diagnóstico de la situación actual a través de diagrama de flujo de procesos y el Value Stream Mapping (VSM) donde podemos plasmar las causas críticas que merecen estrategias a implementar dentro de un proyecto de mejoras tomando como referencia la Guía del PMBOK®, Gestión por Procesos, Lean Management, Supply Chain Management, uso de KPI’s. Finalmente, indicaremos las conclusiones y recomendaciones detectadas después del desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación. / This research work allows us to analyze the supply chain that includes the inbound logistics and the operation of the panel coatings of the P&C PERU company within the Retail sector in all its dimensions and also identifying the critical causes and proposing improvements to see the results of the organization and its level competition within the local market , in such a way, the general objective is: to reduce delays and economic losses in the supply and installation of facade panels (coverage) for future projects within the organization, for this, it is taken as a basis the study of a project located in Punta Negra in which the diagnosis of the current situation will be made through a Process flow diagram and a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) where we can show the critical causes that deserve strategies to implement such as the use of PMBOK®, Process Management, Lean Management, Supply Chain Management, KPI's. Finally, we will indicate the conclusions and the recommendations detected after the development of this research work. / Trabajo de investigación

This project was implemented during spring 2021 as a bachelor thesis for the Bachelor Engineering Program in Mechanical Engineering at Karlstads University. The project wascarried out in collaboration with Stora Enso Skoghall Mill, which produces different types of cardboard material. In 2020, the overall production capacity was 875 000 tons of cardboard material. In November 2020 Skoghall Mill was authorized to precede an investigation regarding a possible production increase, which would result in a self-sufficient pulp production and an increase of 120 000 tons cardboard material per year.  The cardboard is winded into rolls before they are being transported to the customers. Before the transportation, the reels are given a protecting wrapping. This procedure occurs in a production segment called the Wrapping Line, which is a part of the Finishing Department. The Wrapping Line is one of the production areas that would be affected by a potential increase of production. Therefore, the responsible of the unit wanted to examine if the Wrapping Linehad enough capacity for a potential increase of this size.  The purpose of this paper was to carry out a capacity analysis for the line, identify bottlenecks in the flow and to present arrangements to make the production line more effective. Furthermore, an additional purpose was to identify how long the maintenance stops could beif the potential production increase is approved.  The capacity analysis was carried out using a simulation software called JaamSim. A model of the existing system was built in JaamSim, which afterwards was analyzed. The capacity analysis showed that Emballeringen has the needed capacity if the production increase isapproved. The capacity analysis also displayed the possible length of maintenance stops. Arrangements in flow was presented and prioritized so that the capacity in the Wrapping Linewould increase further.

Saab is a global company that primarily operates in the defense industry. The study is conducted at the Project office within the Development Department at Saab Dynamics. In a GAP analysis carried out by Saab Dynamics, one of the company's processes has proved to be unclear. The process that has been noted as problematic concerns how Saab Dynamics receives, reviews and approves and stores technical documentation that accompanies incoming deliveries. The study aims to clarify how the Development Department and the Purchasing Department collaborate on the work step and clarify how quality assurance of required documentation takes place in the current situation and how it can be improved. In the study, theory of total quality management, organizational theory as well as processes and Lean have been used. The case study has a qualitative approach as the focus aims to get a holistic view of the working methods on a specific process at Saab Dynamics that has been studied. The method used to collect data is documentation review and interviews of employees at the company. The result describes an unclear division of responsibilities regarding the work step between the Purchasing and Development Department and there is no clear process for quality assurance of required documentation. In order to have an efficient process, Saab Dynamics needs to eliminate the variation and waste that currently exists. Finally, an implementation proposal is presented for a standardized process for the work step.

Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the efficiency and performance of Quality control with focus on the inspections performed within production processes and how Lean Six Sigma can affect them. This can be done through mapping a current state to identify inefficiencies and wastes. The research will be used to answer following questions: How can Lean improve efficiency for in-process quality control? How can integration of Lean Six Sigma be applied to optimize processes? Can Six Sigma techniques increase the performance of quality control? Method A production process approach to quality control was investigated through a case study. Data was gathered through Interviews, Observations, Measurements and a Survey. The case study was complimented with Theory through a literature study which provided data from books and scientific articles. The literature study also created more room for generalization within the study as connection and conclusions could be made with results found in other works. Results Through the case study it was discovered that the production process under examination was working with Lean practices to a certain degree. Regarding Six Sigma, not much trace was found of using the concept and its methods in practice. It was exposed through Lean that there was waste generated within the process defined as motion, transport and inventory which could be eliminated to improve efficiency. Through Six Sigma there was noticed that implementation could be made to increase the performance of operators to detect deviations and generate more data for quality management within their quality inspections. Conclusion The conclusion drawn within the research based upon the case study and literature study is that an integration of Lean Six Sigma can be made to improve efficiency as well as performance of quality control within a production process. Lean tools can be used to improve speed of the process and utilization of resources. Meanwhile Six Sigma can be used to increase the ability to detect deviations and perform quality work. / Syfte Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka effektiviteten och prestanda för kvalitetsstyrning med fokus på de inspektionerna som utförs inom produktionsprocesser och hur Lean Six Sigma kan påverka dem. Detta kan göras genom att kartlägga ett aktuellt tillstånd för att identifiera ineffektivitet och slöserier. Forskningen kommer att användas för att besvara följande frågor: Hur kan Lean förbättra effektiviteten för kvalitetsstyrning under processen? Hur kan integration av Lean Six Sigma tillämpas för att optimera processer? Kan Six Sigma tekniker öka prestanda för kvalitetsstyrning? Metod En produktionsprocess arbetssätt med kvalitetsstyrning undersöktes genom ett upplägg likt en fallstudie. Data samlades in genom intervjuer, observationer, mätningar och en undersökning. Fallstudien kompletterades med teorin genom en litteraturstudie som tillhandahöll data från böcker och vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteraturstudien skapade också mer utrymme för generalisering inom studien då kopplingar samt slutsatser kunde göras med resultat från andra arbeten inom samma område. Resultat Genom fallstudien upptäcktes det att produktionsprocessen som undersöktes arbetade med Lean praktiskt till en viss grad. Gällande Six Sigma hittades det inte mycket spår utav användning av konceptet samt dess metoder inom praktiken. Det visades genom Lean att det fanns slöserier genererat inom processen definierad som rörelse, transport och lager som kunde elimineras för att förbättra effektiviteten. Genom Six Sigma märktes det att implementering kunde göras för att öka operatörernas prestanda för att upptäcka avvikelser och generera mer data för kvalitetsstyrning inom deras kvalitetsinspektioner. Slutsats Slutsatsen som dras inom studien som är baserad på fallstudien och litteraturstudien är att en integration av Lean Six Sigma kan göras för att förbättra effektiviteten såväl som prestandan av kvalitetsstyrning i en produktionsprocess. Lean verktyg kan användas för att förbättra processens hastighet och resursanvändning. Samtidigt kan Six Sigma användas för att öka förmågan att upptäcka avvikelser och utföra kvalitetsarbete.

Under senare år har Stora Enso sett en stadig och ökande efterfrågan. För att möjliggöra en ökad produktion framöver, ska en investering göras vid ena kartongmaskinen på Skoghalls bruk. En ökad produktion ställer krav på att det efterföljande flödet fungerar väl och idag, upplever företaget att dagens interna logistikflöde inte alltid fungerar problemfritt. För att öka förutsättningarna för att hantera produktionsökningen, finns det därför ett intresse av att undersöka aktiviteterna i det studerade flödet och se var slöseri uppstår för att kunna reducera eller eliminera dem. Syftet med studien är därmed; Ta fram rekommenderade åtgärdsförslag för hur aktiviteterna i Skoghalls bruks internlogistik kan effektiviseras. Studien utgick ifrån tre huvudfrågor: Vilka slöserier finns det kopplat till brukslagret och Vänerterminalen och var förekommer dem?, Vilka åtgärdsförslag finns för de identifierade slöserierna? och Vilka av de identifierade åtgärdsförslagen rekommenderas för Skoghalls bruk?. Den första huvudfrågan besvarades genom att en kartläggning av nuläget gjordes med inspiration från de två första stegen av en värdeflödesanlys och ett spagettidiagram. Kartläggningen baserades på intervjuer, observationer och datainsamling som genomfördes på såväl brukslagret som Vänerterminalen. Intervjuerna genomfördes med anställda som antingen arbetade operativt eller administrativt i brukslagret och Vänerterminalen, för att få en heltäckande bild över hur aktiviteterna genomfördes och var slöserier uppstår i aktiviteterna. Utifrån informationsinsamlningen togs sju födeskartor fram som innehöll tidsmätningar för de olika aktiviteterna. Baserat på kartläggningen och sammanställningen av informationsinsamlingen identifierades slöserier kopplat till aktiviteterna. Totalt identifierades fem olika typer av slöserier vilka var: onödig transport, defekta produkter, onödig rörelse, väntan och lager. För att besvara den andra huvudfrågan genomfördes först en rotorsaksanalys, med hjälp av metoderna 5 varför och fiskbensdiagram, där rotorsakerna till slöserierna identifierades. Baserat på rotorsakerna, togs nio åtgärdsförslag fram som ämnade reducera slöserierna och därmed effektivisera aktiviteterna i det studerade systemet. Slutligen besvarades den sista huvudfrågan med hjälp av ett insats-verkan diagram där åtgärdsförslag rekommenderades utifrån förväntad effekt och insats. Baserat på förväntad effekt respektive insats definierades åtgärdsförslagen som genomförbar, möjlig, överväga och avfärda. Sammanfattningsvis beslutades fyra åtgärdsförslag som genomförbara vilka rekommenderades i första hand. Vidare beslutades tre åtgärdsförslag som möjliga vilket innebär en lägre effekt än de genomförbara och de rekommenderas därför i andra hand. Två åtgärdsförslag beslutades för att övervägas, vilka kännetecknas av både en hög insats och effekt och rekommenderas därför till att undersökas vidare för att se om insatsen kan reduceras innan åtgärdsförslaget blir aktuellt. Inget åtgärdsförslag bedömdes ha så pass låg effekt i kombination med hög insats att det bör avfärdas. I figur 1 nedan ses en sammanställning av de framtagna åtgärdsförslagen. / In recent years, Stora Enso has seen steady and increasing demand. To enable increased production in the future, an investment will be made in one of the board machines at Skoghall Mill. Increased production requires that the subsequent flow works well, and today the company has expressed that the current internal logistics flow does not always work smoothly. In order to increase the conditions for managing the increase in production, there is an interest in investigating the activities in the studied flow. This is to see where waste occur in order to reduce or eliminate them. The purpose of the study is thus; To provide recommended suggestions for how the activities in Skoghall Mill’s internal logistics can be made more efficient. The study was based on three different main questions: What wastes are there linked to the mill warehouse and V¨anerterminalen and where do they occur?, What suggestions are proposed for the identified wastes? and Which of the identified suggestions are recommended for Skoghall mill?. The first main question was answered by mapping the current situation with inspiration from the first two steps of a value stream mapping and a spaghetti diagram. The mapping was based on the interviews, observations, and data collection conducted at both the mill warehouse and V¨anerterminalen during the implementation phase. The interviews were conducted with employees who worked either operationally or administratively in the mill warehouse and V¨anerterminalen, to get a comprehensive picture of how the activities were carried out and where waste occurs in the activities. Based on the collected information, seven flow maps were produced that contained time measurements for the different activities. Based on the mapping and the collected information, wastes linked to different activities were identified. A total of five different wastes were identified which were:transportation, defects, motion, waiting and inventory. To answer the second main question, a root cause analysis was first carried out, using the 5 why and fishbone diagram methods, where the root causes of the wastes were identified. Based on the root causes, nine proposed suggestions were developed that aimed to reduce waste and thus make the activities in the studied system more efficient. Finally, the last main question was answered using an impact-effort diagram where recommended suggestions were presented based on expected impact and effort. Based on expected impact and effort the proposed suggestions were defined as feasible, possible, consider and reject. To summarise, four proposed suggestions were decided to be feasible and recommended in the first instance. In addition, three proposed suggestions were identified as possible, which means a lower impact than the feasible ones, and are therefore recommended in the second place. Two proposed suggestions were decided to be considered, and these proposed suggestions are characterised by both a high effort and impact and are therefore recommended to be investigated further to see if the effort can be reduced before the proposed suggestion becomes relevant. No proposed suggestion was judged to have such a low impact in combination with high effort that it should be dismissed. Figure 2 below shows a summary of the proposed suggestions.

In line with today's emergence of new technology, there is high competition within the manufacturing industry, which places higher demands on today's industries to develop new strategies to withstand the fierce competition. For this reason, today's industry needs to be more efficient and is becoming increasingly digitized, which is the core of the new industrial revolution called "industry 4.0".  The aim of this study is to investigate, with the help of value flow analysis, new innovative tools, and principles within lean production, whether the manufacturing process can be more efficient. The study was carried out at a manufacturing company that produces dehumidifiers and has ambitions to streamline it’s manufacturing process.  Through the literature review, site observations, interviews and data analysis, a comparison was made with the theory to find solutions to the problems that emerged. The results of this study show that it is theoretically possible to make a manufacturing process more efficient using these methods. It can be pointed out that one important study will be to test these solutions to see what results can be achieved. / I linje med dagens framväxt av ny teknik råder det hög konkurrens inom tillverkningsindustrin, vilket ställer högre krav på dagens industrier att utveckla nya strategier för att stå emot den hårda konkurrensen. Av den anledningen måste dagens industri bli mer effektiv och digitaliseras alltmer, vilket är kärnan i den nya industriella revolutionen som kallas "industri 4.0".  Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av värdeflödesanalys, nya innovativa verktyg och principer inom lean production undersöka om tillverkningsprocessen kan bli mer effektiv. Studien genomfördes på ett tillverkningsföretag som producerar avfuktare och som har ambitioner att effektivisera sin tillverkningsprocess.  Genom litteraturgenomgång, platsobservationer, intervjuer och dataanalys gjordes en jämförelse med teorin för att hitta lösningar på de problem som uppstod. Resultaten av denna studie visar att det är teoretiskt möjligt att effektivisera en tillverkningsprocess med hjälp av dessa metoder. Det kan påpekas att en viktig studie kommer att vara att testa dessa lösningar för att se vilka resultat som kan uppnås.

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to explore how to use and implement acombination of the tools value stream mapping and discrete event simulation, to supportthe decision-making in the improvement process in an organization. The researchfurther takes the sustainability aspect into consideration. Method: A deductive approach is applied in order to explore and elaborate on existingtheories to fill the identified gap in the research field. To identify already existingtheories a literature review along with a systematic literature review were conducted.Further, to enable the exploration of the purpose, a case study was performed toelaborate on the industrial implementation of the combinational tool use. Findings: The studied research field is well researched but has an identified gapregarding the combinational tool use and its industrial application. Even though, theadvantages and challenges of the integration of the tools are well elaborated on inexisting research, the methodology on how to use and implement them in anorganization was identified as inadequate and therefore this research proposes such acontribution. One of the main conclusions of the study is that integrating DES withVSM early in the process is greatly advantageous in order to utilize theircomplementary capabilities and thus achieve more decisive facts right from the start,from the so-called current state. Implications: The conclusions of the conducted research showed that there are severaladvantages with the combinational tool use but also some challenges that need to betaken into account. In order to bridge these challenges and to take them intoconsideration when implementing the tool combination, an approach was developed tosupport the decision-making within the improvement process. In this study, to enabletool integration on complex production systems, aggregation modeling was applied togenerate a reliable replica of the system. Limitations: This study contains some limitations, whereas the most influentiallimitation is related to the data collection, both in regard to time constraints and validity.Due to the limited time that the researchers had at the factory site, the data collectionperiod was limited to less than 3 months. This in turn resulted in the use of smallersample sizes. The data collected from the case company have been generalized whencreating the models, this was due to the data being too complex to fully compile andunderstand, and a “good enough” perspective was then applied. This perspective is notconsidered to affect the validity or reliability of the study in the wider sense.