La pratique et les usages issus du cyberespace démontrent que l'imbrication entre ces deux sujets d'étude - l'internet d'une part et les droits fondamentaux d'autre part - est permanente : par sa nature transcendantale, le réseau des réseaux irradie tous les corps de la société et donc, directement ou indirectement, tous les droits et libertés fondamentaux, qu'ils soient politiques, économiques ou sociaux. Partant de ce postulat, il s'agit de déterminer le plus objectivement et précisément possible si l'internet impacte positivement ou négativement ce corpus de droits dits « suprêmes » : accroît-il leur protection et leur rayonnement ou, au contraire, participe-t-il à leur érosion, mettant ainsi en exergue une éventuelle incompatibilité d'un droit théorique confronté à une réalité dématérialisée ? La réponse à cette problématique, reposant largement sur une analyse scientifique quantitative, permettra d'établir qu'une majorité de droits et libertés fondamentaux est encensée voire sublimée par le net ; dans le même temps, une minorité de droits et libertés, jugés essentiels au sein de la hiérarchie des droits fondamentaux, pâtissent de cette rencontre. De facto, l'ambivalence de ce constat amènera naturellement à s'interroger sur l'opportunité pour la théorie des droits fondamentaux d'influer, par des principes en adéquation avec la nature technique du net, sur la construction et la pérennisation du cadre juridique d'un internet difficilement appréhendable par les branches « classiques » du droit. / The practice and customs from cyberspace demonstrates that the overlap between these two topics of study - internet on one hand and human rights on the other part - is permanent : by its very transcendental nature, the network of networks irradiates all the bodies of the society and therefore either directly or indirectly, all the basics Rights and Freedom, be they political, economic or social.Based on this premise, one has to identify with the most objective and accurate manner if the internet has a positive or negative impact on this body of law called « highest » : does that increases its protection and influence or, on the contrary, contributes to erosion, thus emphasizing the possible incompatibility of a theoretical right faced to a dematerialized reality? The answer to this problem, relying largely on a quantitative scientific analysis will establish that a majority of Fundamental Rights and Freedom is praised and even sublimated by the net ; at the same time, a minority of rights and freedoms, deemed to be essential within the hierarchy of basic rights, suffer from this meeting. De facto, the ambivalence of this finding will naturally lead to wonder whether it is appropriate that the theory of fundamental rights can affect, through principles in line with the technical nature of the net, the construction and sustainability of the legal framework of an internet hardly apprehandable within the « traditional » branches of the of law.

En droit français, le régime des attroupements et rassemblements est au carrefour des droits administratif et pénal. Il dépasse le droit de manifester reconnu et protégé, tout en étant une nouvelle manière pour les citoyens de manifester leurs opinions, souvent véhiculées par Internet. Ces prises de position ont souvent pour point commun leur caractère spontané et immédiat, ainsi que leurs formes très éclectiques. Polysémique et évolutif dans son contenu, l’ordre public limite les atteintes à la liberté de manifester dont il est le corollaire. Dès lors, un équilibre entre les deux est exigé, illustré par la tolérance de l'autorité administrative d'un certain degré de désordre. C'est aujourd'hui la seule manière de concilier l'intérêt du pouvoir et des attroupements mobilisés dans la rue. Le maintien de l’ordre est l’une des missions principales des forces de police. Les dispositifs de prévention et les opérations de rétablissement de l’ordre troublé doivent obéir à la nécessité et à la proportionnalité reconnues à l’échelle européenne et nationale, assurant ainsi la légitimité des interventions policières. L’objectif poursuivi de cette recherche est de tenter de définir un régime juridique des attroupements unique, fondé sur l’ordre public dans un système cohérent et pertinent, indicateur du degré démocratique des systèmes contemporains. Ce fil directeur prend appui sur les textes, sur la jurisprudence, ou sur la doctrine mais aussi sur la pratique du maintien de l’ordre. / In French law, the rules governing gatherings and assemblies sit at the crossroads of administrative and criminal law. They go beyond the right to protest, which is recognised and protected, whilst also being a new way for citizens to demonstrate their opinions, often conveyed via the internet. Such positions often share a spontaneous and immediate nature, as well as taking highly eclectic forms. Polysemous and constantly evolving in terms of its content, public order limits the freedom of demonstration of which it is a corollary. Consequently, a balance between the two is required, illustrated by tolerance on the part of the administrative authorities of a certain degree of disorder. It is currently the only way to reconcile the interests of public authority and gatherings mobilised in the streets. One of the main tasks of police forces is to maintain order. Preventive mechanisms and operations intended to re-establish public order must be guided by necessity and proportionality, which are recognised at European and national levels, thus ensuring the legitimacy of police intervention. The aim pursued by this research is to attempt to define a single set of rules governing gatherings, based on public order within a consistent and relevant system, which is an indicator of the level of democracy in modern systems. That guiding principle is based on legislation, case law and jurisprudence, as well as the practicalities of maintaining public order.

Plusieurs initiatives d’origines européenne et nationale ont contribué à l’émergence d’un nouveau concept en droit d’auteur : l’œuvre transformatrice. La récurrence et la persistance des débats en la matière prouvent que ce concept ne traduit pas qu’un phénomène conjoncturel. Ces raisons conduisent en conséquence à lui consacrer une étude afin de déterminer la pertinence de l’admission de ce concept en droit d’auteur. L’étude débute par le constat que certains auteurs travaillent en s’adossant volontairement à une ou plusieurs œuvres originelles créées par autrui, qu’ils intègrent à leur processus créatif, aboutissant ainsi à la création d'une œuvre nouvelle. Ces pratiques d’emprunt créatif à l’œuvre d’autrui ont désormais pris une dimension particulière. Celle-ci s’explique d’une part par le développement du numérique. D’autre part, une partie du public, soit les destinataires des œuvres, souhaite participer activement à la création et revendique le droit d’utiliser les œuvres d’autrui comme autant de moyens d’expression et de création. Le législateur a certes envisagé l’hypothèse dans laquelle une œuvre nouvelle procède d'une œuvre préexistante au travers de la catégorie légale des œuvres composites. Cependant, les dispositions éparses qui lui sont consacrées souffrent d’une terminologie et d’un régime imprécis qui n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’une étude juridique approfondie. L’émergence du concept d’œuvre transformatrice illustre l’importance théorique et pratique de remettre en cause cette catégorie légale des œuvres composites. Aussi, la délimitation du concept suppose, dans un premier temps, une nécessaire remise en cause des catégories traditionnelles qui constituent les piliers du droit d'auteur, ainsi que les impératifs auxquels la constitution de ce monopole doit répondre. Cette lecture renouvelée aboutit à circonscrire la notion fonctionnelle d’œuvre transformatrice. Loin de se cantonner à proposer une nouvelle version de l’œuvre originelle, l’auteur de l’œuvre transformatrice exprime une opinion sur l’œuvre d’autrui, en induisant un décalage avec celle-ci. Bien souvent, il a réalisé son œuvre sans l’autorisation de l’auteur de l’œuvre originelle, et leurs droits entrent alors en conflit. Dans un second temps, l’étude s’attelle à appréhender ce conflit de droits. Le droit positif s’avère limité, de sorte qu’il faut affiner l’analyse juridique du lien unissant ces deux auteurs en l’enrichissant de la comparaison avec des mécanismes extérieurs au droit d’auteur, et d’autres issus du droit comparé. En définitive, c’est par le mécanisme de l’exception au droit d’auteur que l’on trouvera le moyen de concilier de manière pérenne les droits de l’auteur originel et ceux de l’auteur de l’œuvre transformatrice. / Transformative work is a new concept in copyright law that is emerging from several recent initiatives across Europe. The recurring debate on this concept indicates that it is not short-lived and highlights the need for a strategy to define a suitable legal framework. The purpose of this study is to assess the relevance of including the concept of transformative works in French and European Union copyright law. The starting point is authors’ integration of original works created by third parties in their creative process so as to generate new pieces of work. These practices are increasing in occurrence, with the rise of the digital age being one explanation of their prevalence. Furthermore, the public appreciates the value of these works and wishes to maintain the right to use third party works as a means of creative expression. The legislator has envisaged categorising new work inspired from pre-existing work as derivative and composite work. Nevertheless, the scarce arrangements that have been developed lack a proper framework and a detailed legal study has yet to be undertaken. The emergence of the concept of transformative work highlights the practical and theoretical need to challenge the legal definition of derivative and composite work. Far from offering a new derived version of the original piece of work, the author of a transformative work expresses an opinion on the third party work, by inserting a differentiating element. Therefore, the format of expression and content justify the legal analysis between the author of the original piece of work and the author of the transformative work. As such, framing the concept involves in the first instance, questioning the traditional pillars of copyright law and their requirements. This new understudy leads to the framing of the definition of transformative work. Secondly, this study focusses on how several copyright laws can co-exist. The content of positive law is limited and therefore, the study helps develop the concept of transformative work by comparing external mechanisms of both copyright and comparative law.In conclusion, incorporating transformative work into copyright law is based on the exception mechanism of copyright law.

This is a case study aiming to clarify the potentially outdated focus on the populist features in modern populist parties. By analyzing the right-wing populist party of Fidesz and the left-wing populist party of Syriza the aim is to clarify whether populism as a feature is descriptive enough to illustrate these parties, regardless their ideological stance, or whether ideology should be taken more into account than it tends to do today. To do this, the policies of each party are mapped to distinguish populist similarities, despite their ideological disparity and their differences. The analysis is delimited by the three pillars of civil society: Freedom of Associations, Freedom of Peaceful Assemblies and Freedom of Expression, referred to as the three pillars of civil society. The study shows that the descriptiveness of Fidesz as a right-wing populist party is conformed. However, the policies of Syriza demonstrate a variation of partially right-wing and left-wing populism, but also tendencies of no populism at all in their foreign policies. The descriptiveness of contemporary left-wing populist parties in the case of Syriza is thereby questionable.

8. 5. 2019 Abstract Diploma thesis Political and Civic Rights in Cuba in the light of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement between Cuba and the European Union Adéla Chamrádová Institute of Political Science Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University 2018/2019 This diploma thesis is dealing with the compliance of human rights in Cuba related to the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement that Cuba has concluded with the European Union at the end of 2016. Every EU's trade, cooperation or political dialogue agreement with third states has to contain a so-called human rights clause. This clause guarantees that both sides comply with human rights, democracy and the rule of law principles. The objective of my thesis is, therefore, to investigate if Cuba has indeed made a progress in the area of human rights under the influence of this treaty. I focus on political and civic rights, as Cuba continues to be criticized by the international community for their long-term violation. The subject of my research will be freedom of expression and thought and right to peaceful assembly and association.

Political tolerance is defined as the willingness to tolerate political ideas, actions, or practices of others that one disapproves of or finds objectionable. Tolerance is considered an indispensable democratic virtue. Contemporary debate in liberal, pluralistic societies covers a variety of controversies regarding tolerance as a concept, its exact meaning as well as its practical boundaries. Other factors such as different perceived threats by the majority group lower tolerance towards minority groups even in democratically stable countries. Sweden as a state rest on a strong liberal democratic foundation with emphasis on individual freedom and dignity as well as to the idea of political equality. Meanwhile, Sweden is confronted with increasing intolerant attitudes and public expressions of intolerance towards immigrants as well as other minority groups. Another consequence is hesitation among citizens to publicly express their opinions and a sense of self-censorship. Thus, the state fails to guarantee all individuals their equal right to political freedom and self-determination.  Although previous research has recognized the challenge of balancing political tolerance with other democratic values such as equality and autonomy, no such study has yet been conducted. This thesis is a contribution to the field of research. The aim is to empirically study how tolerance is expressed from a liberal democratic perspective on freedom of expression and thought towards three minority groups in Sweden: Jews, the Saami people, and Muslims. Applying a qualitative, comparative method, the thesis analyses how tolerance is expressed in media based on three liberal democratic core values: participation, autonomy, and equality. The chosen method provides a deeper understanding of how toleration is expressed towards each minority group. It also shows how the minority groups equal right to freedom of expression and thought is perceived. The results show that each minority group provides a different perceived threat in which toleration towards them are affected. The results therefore questions if there is an indication of a difference in the perception of citizens equal right to freedom of expression and thought in Sweden as a liberal democratic, pluralistic state.

Diploma thesis The Right to be Forgotten on the Internet applies to the functions of Internet search engines, search algorithms and the impact of the digital footprint that on the Internet user essentially leaves. With this issue is, on the one hand, inseparably linked the protection of personal data in the online environment, on the other hand the constitutionally enshrined right to information and other fundamental rights. Not ignored should be also the risk of censorship of the Internet. An application of the right to be forgotten adds a whole new dimension to this problems. The right to be forgotten is inferred from the judgment of the European Court of Justice on 13 May 2014 in the case Costeja versus Google Spain, where an Internet user named Mario Costeja Gonzáles first succeeded with a request of removal of unflattering information about himself from results of the search engine Google. Thus a reform precedent will have a big impact on seeking information on the Internet in the future, since the pronouncement of the judgment about the removal of his personal data may ask any European Internet user. The thesis aims to analyze the issue of right to be forgotten in the context of searching for information on the Internet in the European Internet environment - it means not to be searched on the...

Lorsqu’un salarié s’exprime publiquement à propos de son travail, deux normes juridiques interviennent généralement : l’obligation de loyauté et la liberté d’expression. La première étant prévue à l’article 2088 du Code civil du Québec et la seconde bénéficiant d’une protection constitutionnelle et quasi constitutionnelle, ce mémoire porte sur l’interprétation actuelle de ces deux normes par les tribunaux canadiens et québécois dans les cas de critique ou de dénonciation de l’employeur. Nous nous sommes intéressés à trois questions distinctes. La première de ces questions a consisté en l’analyse du raisonnement des décideurs mobilisés dans des causes relatives à la critique et à la dénonciation de l’employeur. Nous avons vérifié si les sources de droit utilisées par ces décideurs et les décisions qu’ils ont rendues ont pu être influencées par différents facteurs émanant du contexte du litige. Ensuite, nous avons analysé l’impact de l’utilisation des technologies numériques de communication dans ces mêmes décisions. Nous voulions déceler de potentielles divergences dans le raisonnement des décideurs en fonction du recours par le salarié d’une telle technologie afin d’acheminer son message. Enfin, nous avons évalué la protection offerte aux salariés contre les mesures disciplinaires par les récentes lois québécoises encadrant la divulgation d’actes répréhensibles lorsque ceux-ci se sont exprimés publiquement. Nous avons observé que s’il existe des différences dans le raisonnement des décideurs selon les différents facteurs contextuels, ces différences sont négligeables en comparaison avec l’impact de l’utilisation d’une technologie numérique de communication : les décideurs ont interprété largement la liberté d’expression et ils ont été plus sévères envers les salariés utilisant une technologie numérique de communication. Les recours provenant des lois québécoises encadrant la divulgation d’actes répréhensibles ont été très peu utilisés par les salariés et les décisions qui en résultèrent furent désavantageuses aux salariés pour l’ensemble. / When an employee speaks publicly about his work, two legal norms generally come into play: the duty of loyalty and freedom of expression. The first being codified in the Civil Code of Québec in art. 2088 and the second benefiting of a constitutional and quasi-constitutional protection, this research focuses on the current interpretation of these two norms by Canadian and Quebec courts in cases of criticism or denunciation of the employer. We looked at three separate questions. The first of these questions consisted of the analysis of the reasoning of mobilized decision-makers in cases relating to criticism and denunciation of the employer. We verified whether the sources of law used by these decision-makers and the decisions they rendered could have been influenced by various factors emanating from the context of the dispute. Then, we analyzed the impact of the use of digital communication technologies in these same decisions. We wanted to identify potential differences in the reasoning of decision-makers based on the employee's use of such technology in order to get their message across. Finally, we assessed the protection offered to employees against disciplinary measures by recent Quebec laws governing the disclosure of wrongdoings when they have expressed themselves publicly. We observed that while there are differences in the reasoning of decision-makers based on different contextual factors, these differences are negligible in comparison with the impact of the use of a digital communication technology: decision-makers have broadly interpreted freedom of expression and they have been tougher on employees using a digital communication technology. The remedies provided by Quebec laws governing the disclosure of wrongdoing have been rarely used by employees, and the resulting decisions were all disadvantageous for them.

[pt] Nos últimos anos, países democráticos presenciaram a participação de fake news em seus processos deliberativos. A forma como ela ocorreu variou de acordo com as especificidades da estrutura comunicacional de cada nação. A expressiva presença de fake news em eleições recentes suscitou a preocupação sobre a possibilidade de esses materiais estarem interferindo em processos deliberativos, causando contextos de desinformação, enganando e manipulando eleitores e, consequentemente, afetando seus resultados. Esta dissertação analisa a participação das fake news na eleição presidencial de 2016 nos Estados Unidos, bem como nas eleições presidenciais de 2018 e municipais de 2020 no Brasil. Busca compreender de que forma esses conteúdos foram utilizados em cada um dos contextos acima, quais os mecanismos de disseminação usados, as abordagens adotadas, os principais temas levantados, a abrangência da sua difusão, as possíveis influências que podem ter exercido e a sua relevância em cada um desses contextos. / [en] In recent years, democratic countries have witnessed the participation of fake news in their deliberative processes. The way it has taken place has varied according to the specifics of the communication structure of each nation. The significant presence of fake news in recent elections has raised concerns about the possibility that these materials are interfering with deliberative processes, causing contexts of disinformation, deception and manipulation of voters, consequently affecting their results. This dissertation analyzes the participation of fake news in the 2016 presidential election in the United States, as well as in the 2018 presidential and 2020 municipal elections in Brazil. It seeks to understand how these contents were used in each of the above contexts, which dissemination mechanisms were used, the approaches adopted, the main issues raised, the extension of their diffusion, the possible influences they may have had and their relevance in each one of those contexts.

The Regulation of Gatherings Act 205 of 1993 is a old order piece of legislation, but gives full recognition to the right to freedom of assembly and expression. These rights are entrenched in sections 16 and 17 of the Bill of Rights and enjoy a generous interpretation. Section 5 of the Act creates limitations on these rights, as the responsible officer of a local authority is allowed to prohibit a gathering when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the police will not be able to prevent traffic disruption, injury or substantial damage to property. Given the fact that this limitation serves to protect a compelling state interest, it constitutes a reasonable and justifiable limitation in terms of section section 36 of the Bill of Rights. / Law / LL.M.