The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the extent to which the child's will is given in Swedish courts' overall assessments of the best interests of the child in disputes on custody, resident and visitation (VBU). 18 District Court judgments have been collected from the database Zeteo via court judgments from Sweden's six Courts of Appeal. Based on a qualitative research effort, a content analysis was conducted on the judgments. The content analysis resulted in the following three categories being identified: The court judges according to the expressed will of the child, The court judges against the expressed will of the child, and The will of the child was omitted in the district court's assessment. The results were mainly analyzed based on childhood sociological perspectives, Hart’s ladder of participation and family law regulations. The theoretical framework was used to illustrate how the child was presented and socially constructed, and what impact this had on the space the child's will was given in the court's assessments of the best interests of the child. This was then reflected in the prevailing laws. The results of the study showed that the child's will appeared in about half of the cases, and that the court judged according to the will of the child in less than one third of them. The study also showed that the court tended to question the authenticity of the will of the children whose wishes did not comply with what the court considered to be the best interests of the child. In the majority of the cases where the children’s will were not given any room in the judgment, the court generally gave no reasons why the will was not reported.

La thèse porte sur les effets de l’Internet sur la démocratie et la pratique de la citoyenneté, dans le contexte d’une civilisation marquée par une certaine apathie, où la télévision occupe une place centrale. Il s’agit d’interroger la pertinence des théories déterministes qui accordent aux nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication un pouvoir important de transformation de l’humain, soit dans le sens de son émancipation, soit dans celui de son aliénation. L’objectif de la recherche est de produire l’évaluation la plus réaliste possible de l’impact de l’Internet sur notre autonomie individuelle et collective. La thèse présente trois grands moments : dans le premier, les notions d’opinion publique, de démocratie et le rôle des médias traditionnels sont examinés à travers leurs fonctions latentes et manifestes, et révèlent une tension constante de l’humain entre son aspiration à la liberté et la nécessité du conformisme. Dans le deuxième moment, sont mis en évidence les différents effets possibles du web sur les citoyens, selon leurs pratiques ; nous voyons clairement se dessiner une coupure entre une minorité active, sur laquelle le web a des effets majeurs dans son rapport à l’information et à sa citoyenneté, et une majorité plus passive. Dans le troisième moment, nous décrivons l’activité d’un média citoyen, sorte d’utopie numérique pour les citoyens actifs. Cette thèse de philosophie emprunte aussi à d’autres disciplines comme l’histoire et la sociologie, et analyse précisément et concrètement certains phénomènes observés en ligne. / The thesis focuses on the effects of the Internet on democracy and the practice of citizenship in the context of a civilization marked by apathy, where television plays a central role. It is to question the relevance of deterministic theories that accord to new technologies of information and communication a significant power to transform the human is in the direction of emancipation, or in that of his alienation. The objective of the research is to produce the most realistic assessment of the impact of the Internet on our individual and collective autonomy.The thesis has three main stages: in the first, the concepts of public opinion, democracy and the role of traditional media are examined through their overt and latent functions, and reveal a constant tension between the human aspiration to the freedom and the need to conform. In the second time, are highlighted various possible effects of the web on citizens. According to their practices, we can clearly see emerge a partition between an active minority, on which the web has a major impact in his relation to the information and citizenship, and a more passive majority. In the third stage, we describe the activity of a citizen media, digital kind of utopia for active citizens.This thesis of philosophy also borrows from other disciplines such as history and sociology, and analyzes some specific and concrete phenomena online.

Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Context of European and International Law This PhD dissertation focuses on selected aspects of freedom of religion or belief in Europe. It aims to introduce the legal framework in which religious freedom has to operate, and to place this essential freedom into a broader cultural, religious and human rights context. The contextualisation emphasised throughout this dissertation is based on an assumption that it is not possible to establish a pure legal notion of religious freedom that would not bear any imprint of the societal, legal, cultural and religious context of its authors; in reality, each person's understanding of religious freedom is rooted in his culture, religion and experience. This should not lead, however, to a complete rejection of the possibility of a common understanding and universal protection of religious freedom. On the contrary, it should motivate each interpreter and law-maker in the area of religious freedom to study the understandings of all persons and entities involved in a particular case or situation. Having thoroughly studied all presented claims rooted in religious freedom and having taken into consideration all other rights, principles and interests involved, it should be possible for the decision-makers to resolve the case in a...

Agos, l'hebdomadaire bilingue - turc et arménien de la communauté arménienne publié depuis 1996 et Şalom unique journal de la communauté juive publié depuis 1947, ont une importance stratégique en ce qui concerne leurs relations avec les représentants des deux minorités. L’examen de la presse minoritaire dans l'émergence des leaders au sein des communautés minoritaires de Turquie, nous montre que la presse minoritaire peut changer l’opinion de la majorité et créer de nouvelles normes et un mouvement social. Afin de connaître et d’appréhender la représentativité civile de Hrant Dink dans la minorité arménienne, cette recherche essaye d’analyser les dynamiques complexes de la presse minoritaire et nous permet de saisir la démarche de Dink en tant que leader d’opinion de la communauté arménienne. Ainsi nous pourrons démontrer que la presse minoritaire est capable de créer un leader et un journal avec un tirage de moins de deux mille exemplaires peut être une plateforme connue du monde entier et le rédacteur en chef de ce journal peut être une source potentielle d’influence. / Agos, the bilingual Turkish and Armenian weekly newspaper of the Armenian community has published since 1996 and Şalom, the unique weekly newspaper of the Jewish community has published since 1947, have strategic importance in their relations with the representatives of the two minorities. The examination of the minority press in the emergence of leaders in Turkey's minority communities shows that the minority press can change the opinion of the majority and create new norms and a social movement. In order to understand the civil representativeness of Hrant Dink in the Armenian minority, this research tries to analyze the complex dynamics of the minority press and allows us to grasp Dink's approach as an opinion leader of Armenian community. Thus, we can demonstrate that the minority press is capable of creating a leader and a newspaper with a circulation of less than two thousand copies can be a known platform of the whole world and the editor in chief of this newspaper can be a potential source of influence.

[pt] A partir da leitura do romance de José Cardoso Pires, Balada da praia dos cães, escrito em 1982, busco compreender as questões que levaram à consolidação da ditadura de Oliveira Salazar em Portugal no século XX (1936- 1974). Para além de um estudo literário de interpretação do romance, ponho em discussão as razões que levaram Cardoso Pires a produzir uma obra marcada pela cultura de tantos anos de censura. A história, a cultura, a política, a representação ativa e o posicionamento do intelectual português também constituem objeto de análise. O desvelamento e o questionamento dos meios com que se veiculava a história na época salazarista, a reescrita pelo autor da história da ditadura a partir de um recorte temporal e temático (um crime que ocorreu em 1960), as marcas sutis da Revolução dos Cravos no romance são elementos essenciais para a compreensão da cultura de Portugal. Esses traços foram observados no romance para, em primeiro lugar, instaurar a dúvida, que levou à necessidade de investigar mais que um romance, mas uma cultura há tanto tempo com marcas censoras e, finalmente, para que se compreendesse a literatura como objeto de luta, através da qual se pode fazer uma Revolução e se conquistar a liberdade de expressão. / [en] On the basis of a reading of José Cardoso Pires s novel Balada da praia dos cães, written in 1982, I try to understand the factors that led to Oliveira Salazar s dictatorship in Portugal in the twentieth century. Going beyond a literary interpretation of the novel, I look into the reasons why the author wrote a novel extremely marked by a culture of so many years of censorship. The history, the culture, the politics, the active representation and stance of the Portuguese intellectual are discussed. The revelation and questioning of the ways how history was transmitted in the Salazarist era, Pires s rewriting of the history of the dictatorship through a specific temporal and thematic framing (a crime that took place in 1960), the subtle marks of the 1974 revolution in the novel are essential elements for an understanding of current Portuguese culture. These traits were observed in the novel to raise the question that led to the need to look into not just a novel, but an entire culture long marked by censorship and, finally, to view literature as an instrument for revolution and the attainment of freedom of expression.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-09T12:33:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Deucher Figueiredo Santos.pdf: 712842 bytes, checksum: d7b1013d73a0d63bdca3ec7ec874b762 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arthur Deucher Figueiredo Santos.pdf: 712842 bytes, checksum: d7b1013d73a0d63bdca3ec7ec874b762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-27 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Two themes surround the purpose of this work: the freedom of artistic expression (or artistic freedom) and the disposition of the human body. Both are very problematic. What is proposed is the analysis of the dialogue between these two questions: how should freedom of artistic expression be applied when applied at the disposition of the human body? Does artistic freedom strengthen such provision by broadening the range of possibilities for doing so? In this sense, the fundamental problem to be discussed in this work is whether the infra-constitutional legal order, especially the art. 13 of the Civil Code, is up to the constitutional text to regulate such sensitive subject. In order to do so, I seek to understand the outlines of artistic freedom in the legal order, its application in the Federal Supreme Court, as well as the free development of the individual and the creation of his identity, in the context of corporal disposition. In this sense, the theoretical study of liberties in general, freedom of expression, freedom of artistic expression, the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of private law, existential subjective situations, personality rights, private autonomy and the fundamental rights. Thereby, I seek to provide an adequate answer to the problem proposed in this study and to verify the appropriateness or not of the infraconstitutional rule of artistic freedom applied to the corporal disposition / Dois temas cercam o objetivo deste trabalho: a liberdade de expressão artística (ou liberdade artística) e a disposição do corpo humano (ou direito ao próprio corpo). Ambos são, por si só, problemáticos. O que se propõe é a análise do diálogo entre essas duas questões: como se deve operar a liberdade de expressão artística quando aplicada à disposição do corpo humano? A liberdade artística potencializa referida disposição, ampliando o leque de possibilidades para fazê-lo? Nesse sentido, o problema fundamental a ser discutido neste trabalho é saber se o ordenamento jurídico infraconstitucional, em especial o art. 13 do Código Civil, encontra-se à altura do texto constitucional para regular tão sensível tema. Para tanto, procuro compreender os contornos da liberdade artística no ordenamento jurídico, sua aplicação no Supremo Tribunal Federal, bem como o livre desenvolvimento da pessoa humana e a criação de sua identidade, no contexto de disposição corporal. Nesse sentido, parto do estudo teórico das liberdades em geral, da liberdade de expressão, da liberdade de expressão artística, do fenômeno da constitucionalização do direito privado, das situações subjetivas existenciais, dos direitos da personalidade, da autonomia privada e da vinculação dos particulares a direitos fundamentais. Com isso, busco fornecer uma resposta adequada ao problema proposto neste trabalho e verificar a adequação ou não do regramento infraconstitucional da liberdade artística aplicada à disposição corporal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Luis Mousinho dos Santos Monteiro Violante.pdf: 839581 bytes, checksum: 060bc31cddaae24d520d79718a78c391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-20 / This work is based on the trial of writer and editor Siegfried Ellwanger, indicted by the Public Prosecutor of the State of Rio Grande do Sul from the practice of the crime of racism (article 20 of law n ° 7,716/89, with the redaction given by law n ° 8,081/90), by reason of publishing and marketing books content discriminatory against the Jewish people. The first chapter describes the path travelled by Revisão Editora, founded by the defendant, which specialized in disseminating ideas that contest the occurrence of historical facts related to the second world war, in particular, the existence of the Jewish Holocaust perpetrated by the Nazis, while remained in activity, in the main pole of the entry called "historical revisionism" in Brazil. The chapters 2, 3 and 4 examines the legal way cases for the crime of racism and the key issues raised therein and decided by the various instances of Brazilian criminal justice, limited of constitutional legal concept of racism and weighting values in the face of collision between the fundamental rights of freedom of expression and protecting the dignity of the Jewish people. In the last chapter is the overall analysis of the case, under the approach of the Public International Law, of Constitutional Law, of comparative jurisprudence and specific criminal legislation on the matter / Versa o presente trabalho sobre o julgamento do escritor e editor gaúcho Siegfried Ellwanger, acusado pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul da prática de crime de racismo (artigo 20 da Lei n° 7.716/89, com a redação dada pela Lei n° 8.081/90), em razão da publicação de livros de conteúdo discriminatório contra o povo judeu. O primeiro capítulo descreve a trajetória percorrida pela Revisão Editora, fundada pelo réu, que se especializou em difundir idéias que contestam a ocorrência de fatos históricos relacionados à Segunda Guerra Mundial, em especial, a existência do holocausto judeu perpetrado pelos nazistas, convertendo-se, ao tempo em que permaneceu em atividade, no principal pólo do movimento denominado revisionismo histórico no Brasil. Nos capítulos 2, 3 e 4, examina-se o iter jurídico do processo por crime de racismo e as questões fundamentais nele suscitadas e decididas pelas diversas instâncias da Justiça Penal brasileira, destacando-se a delimitação do conceito jurídico-constitucional de racismo e a ponderação de valores em face da colisão entre os direitos fundamentais da liberdade de expressão e da proteção à dignidade do povo judeu. No último capítulo, procedeu-se à análise global do caso, sob os enfoques do Direito Internacional Público, da Jurisprudência Comparada, do Direito Constitucional e da legislação penal específica sobre a matéria

Apesar de ser considerada há muito tempo e por inúmeras nações e organizações internacionais como um valor fundamental, a liberdade de expressão é, até hoje, objeto de muitas incertezas e indefinições, especialmente quanto à sua aplicação prática em um cenário em que outros direitos e valores constitucionais estão envolvidos. O presente estudo parte da análise da estrutura do ato comunicativo, especificamente da análise da identidade dos sujeitos da comunicação, do fator temporal e do conteúdo ou mensagem, para aferir se a valoração jurídica da expressão do pensamento é condicionada por esses elementos. A partir disso, o presente trabalho propõe critérios para que a interpretação e a aplicação da liberdade de expressão sejam imbuídas de segurança jurídica, de modo a garantir própria efetividade dessa liberdade que se configura como um valor tão caro às sociedades democráticas. / Despite being considered as a fundamental value for several centuries and by many nations and international organizations, freedom of speech is, until present time, the object of much uncertainty, especially regarding its practical application when other rights and constitutional values are involved. The present study analyses the structure of the communicative act, specifically the identity of interlocutors, the time factor and the content or message, to assess if the legal value of the expression of thought is conditioned by these elements. From that, the present work proposes criteria to a rational and secure interpretation and application of freedom of speech, so as to guarantee the effectiveness itself of this liberty, that is so dear to democratic societies.

L’évolution d’une économie industrielle vers une économie de la connaissance et du savoir a propulsé la propriété intellectuelle sur le devant de la scène. Désormais les droits intellectuels s’intègrent à tous les domaines de la vie moderne. De ce fait, le besoin de les protéger efficacement par des règles juridiques appropriées et d’inciter en conséquence les créateurs à produire de nouvelles créations est devenu une nécessité de premier ordre. Cependant, la spécificité de la nature de l’œuvre protégée par la propriété intellectuelle exige la prise en considération de multiples intérêts antagonistes. C’est pourquoi le législateur a cherché, au nom de l’intérêt général, à créer un juste équilibre interne entre les principaux intérêts présents au sein du régime de la propriété intellectuelle. Or, l’exercice des prérogatives octroyées par le régime de propriété intellectuelle effectué par le titulaire de droit a généré une importante expansion de ses intérêts au détriment des autres intérêts concurrents – présents dans la matière. Cette situation a provoqué, en conséquence, une rupture de l’équilibre interne de ce système, préétabli en amont par le législateur. Or, l’intérêt général peut jouer un rôle central dans le rétablissement d’un équilibre en la matière. Dans cette perspective, le juge peut, grâce à son pouvoir créateur de règles jurisprudentielles, se servir de l’intérêt général comme d’une ligne directrice servant à rétablir ce juste équilibre dans le système de la propriété intellectuelle. L’intérêt général justifie donc, tout autant que les limites intrinsèques aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle, les limites extrinsèques à ces droits / The evolution of the industrial economy towards the economy of knowledge has propelled intellectual property to the forefront. Intellectual property has become integrated in all the domains of the modern life. As a result, it has become a necessity to protect it effectively through appropriate legal rules that encourage creators to continue to provide new creations. However, the specificity of the nature of the work protected by intellectual property requires the consideration of multiple conflicting interests. As such, the legislator has sought, in the name of the general interest, to create a fair internal balance between the main interests present within the system of intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, the exercise of the prerogatives granted by the intellectual property system, carried out by the owner of intellectual property, has caused an important expansion of the interests of this owner, to the detriment of other concurrent interests. This has consequently caused a break in the internal balance of the system, instigated by the legislator. Nonetheless, the general interest can play a key role in restoring balance through the application of external rules to the intellectual property regime. In this perspective, the judge can, by using his creative power of jurisprudence, use the general interest as a guideline to restore balance in the intellectual property system. The general interest justifies thus, as well as the intrinsic limits to intellectual property rights, the extrinsic limits to these rights

[pt] O debate argumentativo na sociedade antecede e renova o espírito vinculante das cartas constitucionais. A busca por uma fundamentação da normatividade dos princípios constitucionais requer, mais do que o peso que se pretende atribuir ao papel da jurisdição constitucional, que se identifique a relevância da deliberação democrática no processo de formação do sentimento constitucional pelos cidadãos da polis, que são, ao mesmo tempo, destinatários e agentes criadores das diretrizes políticas fundamentais. A maior contribuição dos estudos elaborados em torno da democracia deliberativa reside, pois, na percepção da inestimável relevância das relações intersubjetivas entre os membros da comunidade durante o processo político, o conhecimento de suas dificuldades e limites, assim como a verificação de seus méritos. Neste rumo, é oferecido um vasto campo favorável à aproximação entre as teses contrapostas dos liberais e republicanos, tornando possível a coexistência teórica e prática entre a realização efetiva da soberania popular e a proteção dos direitos fundamentais, tendo sempre em vista a supremacia da dignidade humana, como elemento informador e balizador de todas as atividades ínsitas à vida em sociedade. / [en] The argumentative debate inside society antecedes and renews the bonding force of the constitutional charts. The search for a justification of fundamental rights and principles requires, more than the weight that one might wish to attribute to the role of constitutional jurisdiction, that the relevance of democratic deliberation be taken into account in the process of the formation of a constitutional feeling by the people of the polis, which are at the same time addressees and creators of the fundamental political directives. The most important contribution of recent studies concerning deliberative democracy reside, in fact, in the perception of the utmost relevance of the intersubjective relations between all members of the affected community during the political process, the knowledge of its difficulties and limits, as well as the verification of its merits. In this direction, a vast field is offered for the convergence between opposed theories such as those of liberals and republicans, paving the way for the effective application of popular sovereignty and human rights protection, while considering the supremacy of the value of human dignity as the informative and orientative standard of all activities inherent to life in society.