Male mortality rates exceeded female rates in every death type and the sex differential increased from 1970 to 1980 in every death type except homicides. The findings in this study suggest that marital and employment factors contribute to sex differences in mortality for suicidal and accidental deaths. Being employed was associated with fewer suicidal and accidental deaths for females than for males. Being married was associated with fewer suicidal and accidental deaths for males, while marital status had no relationship to suicidal and accidental deaths for females. Due to these relationships it might be inferred that the expanding sex differential in suicidal and accidental mortality rates is associated with the spiraling divorce rate and the dramatic increase in female employment. Results relative to homicidal deaths appear ambiguous and do not offer support for the hypothesis that marital and employment factors contribute to the observed sex differences in homicidal death rates.

With the epidemiological transition, causes of death shifted from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and life expectancy increased, as these NCD deaths occurred later in life. However, in the United States, over the past years, life expectancy has been stagnating or decreasing despite decreasing NCD mortality rates. Analyses of the most important underlying causes of death with increasing premature mortality reveal that psychoactive substance use played a crucial role for these increases. Furthermore, it can be shown, that a high proportion of the increased premature mortality and decreased life expectancies happened in lower socio-economic strata. Substance use policies should thus focus on lowering the gap between substance-attributable mortality in higher versus lower socioeconomic strata.

Abstract Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of hair follicles, characterized by subcutaneous inflammatory nodules and abscesses, typically on the axillary, genitofemoral, and perianal skin. Symptoms of HS, such as foul-smelling discharge from the inflamed lesions, pain, and disease location in sensitive areas, markedly diminish patients’ quality of life. Smoking and obesity are associated with HS, which also has several common comorbidities. While there is a growing body of evidence of somatic comorbidities in HS, psychiatric comorbidities have received less attention. Furthermore, literature on comorbidities in young patients with HS is scarce, and no systematic evaluation of mortality in HS has yet been undertaken. This study aimed to clarify the associations between HS and mental disorders, to explore both somatic and psychiatric comorbidities of HS in children and adolescents, and to determine the life expectancy and cause-specific risks of death in patients with HS. The study population comprised over 4300 cases with HS diagnosed in Finnish hospitals between 1987 and 2014. Age- and sex-matched patients with psoriasis and melanocytic nevi served as controls. Patient data were obtained from the statutory Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Information on dates and causes of death of the cases and controls were acquired from Statistics Finland. This study showed a heavy psychiatric disease burden in patients with HS. The prevalence rates and risks of all studied psychiatric comorbidities were higher in the HS than in the control groups. This was also evident in children and adolescents with HS, not only in adults. Furthermore, younger patients also had elevated risks for many somatic disorders including inflammatory bowel and joint diseases. Remarkably, the mean age at death in the HS group was only 60.5 years. The most common causes for death in the order of likelihood were: cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, ‘accidents, suicides or violence’ and alcohol-related diseases. Suicide risk was elevated in women with HS. HS patients should be cautiously monitored for possible somatic and psychiatric comorbidities. It is clear that these patients require effective, comprehensive and multidisciplinary care to improve their quality of life and prevent premature death. / Tiivistelmä Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) on krooninen tulehduksellinen karvatuppien sairaus, joka heikentää elämänlaatua merkittävästi. Kivuliaat kyhmyt ja paiseet sekä vuotavat käytävät, jotka sijaitsevat useimmiten kainaloissa, nivusissa, genitaalialueella ja pakaravaossa, ovat sen tyypillisimpiä ilmenemismuotoja. HS-potilailla on moninaisia terveysongelmia, joita ovat mm. tupakointi, lihavuus ja suurentunut riski useisiin somaattisiin sairauksiin. Tutkimustieto HS-potilaiden psykiatrisista sairauksista on kuitenkin vähäistä eikä liitännäissairauksista lapsilla ole juuri lainkaan tietoa. Tämän lisäksi HS-potilaiden kuolemansyitä tai eliniänodotetta ei ole perusteellisesti selvitetty. Tällä tutkimuksella haluttiin määrittää psykiatristen sairauksien riski HS-potilailla ja selvittää sekä somaattisten että psykiatristen liitännäissairauksien todennäköisyyttä lapsuudessa ja nuoruudessa. Tarkoituksena oli myös tutkia, mihin sairauksiin HS-potilailla on suurentunut riski kuolla ja minkä ikäisinä he menehtyvät. Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen hoitoilmoitusjärjestelmästä etsittiin tiedot kaikista Suomen sairaaloissa vuosina 1987–2014 diagnosoiduista HS-tapauksisista (N=4381). Liitännäissairauksien tutkimista varten verrokeiksi valittiin psoriaasi- tai luomidiagnoosin saaneet henkilöt, jotka kaltaistettiin iän ja sukupuolen mukaan. Kuolintiedot menehtyneistä tutkimuspotilaista saatiin Tilastokeskukselta. HS-potilailla havaittiin selkeästi suurentunut psykiatristen sairauksien riski niin aikuisena kuin myös jo alle 18 vuoden iässä. Lisäksi monien somaattisten sairauksien, esim. tulehduksellisten suoli- ja nivelsairauksien, riski oli suurentunut lapsuudessa. HS-potilaiden todettiin menehtyvän huomattavan nuorella iällä, sillä heidän keskimääräinen elinikänsä oli vain 60,5 vuotta. Yleisimmät kuolinsyyt olivat sydän- ja verisuonitaudit, kasvaimet, ’onnettomuudet, itsemurhat ja väkivalta’ sekä alkoholiin liittyvät kuolemat. Itsemurhariski havaittiin suurentuneeksi naisilla. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella HS-potilailla on runsaasti psykiatrisia liitännäissairauksia. Sekä somaattisten että psykiatristen sairauksien riski onkin pidettävä mielessä aina HS-potilaita hoidettaessa. Tehokas, kokonaisvaltainen ja moniammatillinen hoito on tärkeää potilaiden elämänlaadun parantamiseksi ja ennenaikaisen kuoleman ehkäisemiseksi.

This thesis deals with differences between individual states of the United States from the demographic point of view, and searches for causes of these differences. United States are composed of several disparate areas, which are different from each other in their location, size, number and composition of the population, and historical evolution. All this affects the demographic characteristics of those territorial units. Probably the main cause of differentiation of individual states is racial composition, since the intensity of demographic events is specific to each race or ethnicity. The states differ in levels of fertility, mortality, marriage or education. To confirm these assumptions, the statistical method canonical correlation was used. Using cluster analysis has revealed that there are groups of states that have similar demographic profile. Most notably, it shows the influence of ethnic and racial composition in the south of the United States, where the highest proportion of populations is composed by black race and hispanic origin. The differentiation of levels of infant mortality and life expectancy are mainly influenced. Key words: United States of America, race, ethnicity, black population, hispanic population, total fertility rate, life expectancy, canonical correlation, cluster analysis

Mortality development in Central Asian countries in 1986-2006 Abstract Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were more or less comparable in terms of their socioeconomic development. Despite some differences in overall mortality levels, the five former Soviet republics were also very close to each other in terms of directions of mortality trends by age, and cause-specific mortality patterns. After 1991, all the five countries experienced substantial political and social transformations, and the challenges associated with the transition from a socialist to a market economy system. The sudden changes brought numerous problems, such as rapid growth in unemployment, falling standards of living, and growing social and income inequalities. These factors contributed to the significant deterioration of the health situation in all the countries, but the size and the nature of the mortality crisis was different. This work examines patterns of mortality across the Central Asian countries using data from the middle of 1980s until 2006 years. Based on these analyses we conclude that the emergence of high mortality during the 1990s has been accompanied by increase in circulatory and external causes of death.

The specifics of Argentina in mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in the context of Latin America Abstract This work deals with mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in Argentina at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. During this period, there was a high level of mortality from infectious diseases in Argentina, which is not common in countries where an epidemiological transition has already taken place. This thesis tries to theoretically explain the higher level of mortality from infectious diseases by describing the situation of infectious diseases in the Latin American region. It deals with the course of the demographic revolution and the epidemiological transition in the Latin American region, which had a significant impact on changes in mortality and describes the development of the incidence of specific infectious diseases in Argentina. The theoretical part is followed by an analytical explanation of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases using the resulting indicators of mortality tables and decomposition methods used in the work. The main aim of this work was to find out what influenced the high and almost constant level of mortality from infectious diseases in Argentina at the turn of the century. The analysis was also made for selected Latin American...

This thesis is a demographic analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan (ca. 1550/1500-1200/1150 BCE), undertaken through the use of archaeological and anthropological data. The purpose is to establish estimates for the settlement population, nomadic population, nuclear family size, house size, sex ratio, and life expectancy of the people of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Previous studies have not addressed these issues in detail, nor had data from the entire scope of Canaan been considered, nor had a precise methodology been developed or used for estimating specific settlement populations and nomadic populations for Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Thus, additional aspects of the thesis include the development and use of a new methodology for estimating ancient populations and a database of all of the Late Bronze Age sites in Canaan—both archaeological and textual. To accomplish these goals, the thesis uses archaeological data from excavations and surveys, texts from the Late Bronze Age, human skeletal remains from Late Bronze Age burials, demographic and ethnographic studies of various types of nomads, and methods, techniques, and observations from previous relevant studies. The primary objectives are to 1) obtain individual settlement, nomadic, and total population estimates for Canaan in the Late Bronze Age that are as accurate as possible based on the currently available data, along with additional demographic estimates of life expectancy and sex ratio, 2) propose a new methodology for estimating settlement populations in the ancient world, 3) present a catalogue and map of all of the sites in Canaan that were inhabited during the Late Bronze Age, 4) illuminate demographic trends during the Late Bronze Age in Canaan. The implications of the results may lead to a modified demographic view of Canaan and its sub-regions during the Late Bronze Age. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Archaeology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Soares de Camargo.pdf: 14102841 bytes, checksum: 7e539488f6eb646acf0a3ab12a6a24c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-03 / In the present thesis we analyse the social relationships in the city of São Paulo in the nineteenth century having in mind the constant presence of disease and death during this period. Source of tensions and arrangements, rich in mental elaborations attempting its elucidation, death is treated here as part of an intricate social mesh existing in a city in permanent transformation. Noticing its greater incidence among the children, the women, the poor and the slaves, we have investigated the probable reasons for this and quantified it in a set of tables that made possible the evaluation of the life expectancy of the inhabitants of de city of São Paulo in the mid nineteenth century. The tables are also used as source for further analyses. Death thus becomes the object of a complex history, ambiguous at times, since it is one of several stages in a process that starts by the contact with disease but does not end with the end of life, for there remains a body that is to become the source of conflicts and appropriations of diverse kinds. These complex social relationships in an interface with the city, with its problems and customs, can only be understood and disclosed when considered in the context of a hierarchical society submitted to several spheres of power and interacting with them. This being so, disease and death will be approached here as social phenomena, objetcs for historical reflexion, not the least because they do not occur secluded from their time, their space, or the individuals that experience them / O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise das relações que se construíram na sociedade paulistana do século XIX tendo em vista a presença constante das doenças e da morte. Fonte de tensões e de arranjos, rica em elaborações que se forjaram no intuito de elucidá-la, a morte será tratada enquanto parte de uma intrincada rede social vivenciada numa cidade em constante transformação. Anotada a sua maior incidência entre crianças, mulheres, pobres e escravos, coube investigar as possíveis razões para isso, bem como utilizar as quantificações apuradas como base para a elaboração de tabelas que permitiram estabelecer a expectativa de vida dos paulistanos em meados do século XIX. Estas, por sua vez, não estarão aqui inseridas apenas enquanto demonstração senão, também, como fonte para outras análises. A morte, portanto, torna-se o objeto de uma história complexa, por vezes ambígua, até porque, como constatamos, ela é uma das várias etapas de um processo que, iniciado através do contato com a doença, não se esgota com o fim da vida, posto que resta ainda um corpo, daí por diante também transformado em fonte de conflitos e apropriações diversas. Numa interface com a cidade, com seus problemas e costumes, essas complexas relações somente se tornam inteligíveis e passíveis de serem desvendadas quando consideradas no bojo de uma sociedade hierarquizada, submetida a diversas esferas de poder e com elas interagindo. Nesse sentido, a doença e a morte estarão aqui sendo consideradas enquanto fenômenos sociais, objetos passíveis de reflexão histórica, até porque elas não ocorreram apartadas do seu tempo, do seu espaço ou dos indivíduos que as vivenciaram

This thesis is a demographic analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan (ca. 1550/1500-1200/1150 BCE), undertaken through the use of archaeological and anthropological data. The purpose is to establish estimates for the settlement population, nomadic population, nuclear family size, house size, sex ratio, and life expectancy of the people of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Previous studies have not addressed these issues in detail, nor had data from the entire scope of Canaan been considered, nor had a precise methodology been developed or used for estimating specific settlement populations and nomadic populations for Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Thus, additional aspects of the thesis include the development and use of a new methodology for estimating ancient populations and a database of all of the Late Bronze Age sites in Canaan—both archaeological and textual. To accomplish these goals, the thesis uses archaeological data from excavations and surveys, texts from the Late Bronze Age, human skeletal remains from Late Bronze Age burials, demographic and ethnographic studies of various types of nomads, and methods, techniques, and observations from previous relevant studies. The primary objectives are to 1) obtain individual settlement, nomadic, and total population estimates for Canaan in the Late Bronze Age that are as accurate as possible based on the currently available data, along with additional demographic estimates of life expectancy and sex ratio, 2) propose a new methodology for estimating settlement populations in the ancient world, 3) present a catalogue and map of all of the sites in Canaan that were inhabited during the Late Bronze Age, 4) illuminate demographic trends during the Late Bronze Age in Canaan. The implications of the results may lead to a modified demographic view of Canaan and its sub-regions during the Late Bronze Age. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Archaeology)

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