This Master’s thesis is one of two parts of a combined project called Sustainable development around the Lake Victoria, the purpose of which is to investigate the importance of local anchoring and active participation in the work towards sustainable development. The present study aims to investigate whether men and women are empowered by the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) process promoted in their villages by the VI Agroforestry Project Masaka/Rakai. The study is primarily based on interviews with farmers within the project area and brings up a local perspective on the concepts sustainable development, active participation and empowerment. The study shows that to improve the farmers’ livelihood and to create a sustainable development in the community, the farmers have to be actively involved in, and in control of, the process. The people concerned are the ones who are most familiar with the local society and to make the development sustainable in a long-term perspective, activities and solutions need to be adapted to local conditions and circumstances. However, the farmers must first know what kind of development they want, i.e. where they want to go, and be aware of what means they may utilize to get there. In other words, the farmers need to be empowered before they can be in charge of their development process. According to the interviews, the farmers are encouraged by the VI Agroforestry Project’s PRA process to discuss their present situation with each other, to develop strategies of how to improve it and to increase the collaboration within the villages. From this I come to the conclusion that the PRA process promoted in their villages has made the farmers more aware of their situation and better equipped to identify opportunities in their neighbourhood. Therefore, I argue that the farmers are empowered by the VI Agroforestry Project’s PRA process. The study is published both as a Master’s thesis for the Environmental Science Programme, Linköping University and as a Minor Field Study for Sida. There are only editorial differences between the two versions.

During the years the awareness of gender issues has increased in the international arena and the importance of including gender aspects in development projects has been emphasised. This Master’s thesis is based on a case study of the VI Agroforestry Project (VIAFP) in Uganda and is one of the two subprojects of the study Sustainable development around the Lake Victoria basin, with the purpose to investigate the importance of local anchoring and active participation in the work towards sustainable development. The aim of this subproject is to investigate how gender roles among men and women in Kalisizo zone, in the Masaka and Rakai districts, in Uganda, affect the VI Agroforestry Project and if the project in return affects the gender roles. The study is primarily based on interviews with farmers involved in the VIAFP activities in Kalisizo zone and shows that the project and the gender roles affect each other more or less in both ways. The women are somewhat more active in both farming and the activities connected with the household, and therefore also more engaged in the project activities and meetings. However, the gender roles have changed in the way that men have increased their interest in farming activities since they joined the VI Agroforestry Project. Both men and women involved in the VIAFP activities have more work on their farm than before they joined the project, but it seems as if they think it is worth the extra effort to gain more in the end. However, the project has to consider the fact that women often have a bigger workload to start with. It is important for the VIAFP to adjust the activities and the feedback to different wishes and needs within the communities so that everyone feels they gain from the project activities, and also so that everyone who wants to participate at different activities have the opportunity to do so. Since the majority of the staff are Ugandans the ways of implying values from the North into the communities are less than if this had not been the case. The study is published in two versions, both as a Master's thesis for the Environmental Science Programme, Linköping University and as a Minor Field Study for Sida. The differences between the versions are only editorial.

I dagens svenska samhälle har vi blivit allt mer mångkulturella och integration har därmed blivit en viktig fråga. Vi präglas av en mängd olika nationaliteter, etniska minoriteter samt olika kulturella bakgrunder. Därför är det viktigt för ett land som Sverige som anses vara demokratiskt att ha förståelse och respektera alla människor, oavsett vilken etnicitet och kulturell bakgrund en person har. Förståelse för varandra är oerhört viktigt eftersom alla som är en del av samhället inte skall känna ett utanförskap eller bli diskriminerade. Detta förekommer dock enligt en rad olika (författare och forskare) som har hävdat att den integrationspolitik som har förts i Sverige de senaste trettio åren har misslyckats. Därmed behöver det ske en förändring inom integrationspolitiken, ansvaret ligger på både den nuvarande borgerliga regeringen men lika väl invånarna i samhället. I detta projektarbete har jag analyserat olika rapporter utifrån Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) för att på så sätt få en mer övergripande bild av hur integration förts i Sverige. Därtill belyser jag hur regeringspropositionerna ser ut gällande de mål och visioner, som den föregående regeringen, socialdemokraterna, hade för att skapa en god integrationspolitik.

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo da esteira de turbinas eólicas de eixo horizontal, utilizando um modelo de turbina eólica testada em túnel de vento. Trata-se de uma turbina eólica de duas pás com 10 m de diâmetro, conhecida como UAE Phase VI, testada pelo NREL no túnel de vento NASA Ames. Desta turbina foi obtida a geometria e dados experimentais, como o coeficiente de empuxo, além das características do túnel de vento. Utilizando este experimento como modelo, são realizadas simulações com equações médias de Reynolds e modelo de turbulência k-ω SST, com o uso de malha móvel e abordagens permanente e transiente, com o software de volumes finitos Star-CCM+®. São empregadas malhas poliédricas em um domínio de grande extensão na esteira, para apenas uma velocidade do vento. São apresentados três modelos de esteira, dois analíticos e outro considerado numérico, para fins de comparação com os resultados simulados. Estes modelos de esteira tem o objetivo de descrever o campo de velocidade a jusante da turbina. Os dados de entrada dos modelos são os mesmos, retirados da simulação. Além dos modelos para o déficit de velocidade, são apresentados equacionamentos para se obter a intensidade de turbulência na esteira, com bons resultados. No modelo analítico de esteira PARK, a constante de decaimento é baixa, pois o caso estudado possui escoamento sem grandes perturbações. Verifica-se que esta constante deve variar ao longo da esteira para se ajustar ao campo médio de velocidades simulado. Outro modelo analítico proposto por Werle foi estudado, não apresentando boa concordância com a simulação, pois apresenta um rápido incremento da velocidade na linha central na esteira distante. Este modelo se ajustou bem com o campo não perturbado a montante da turbina. O modelo de viscosidade turbulenta é um modelo de esteira com equacionamento original de segunda ordem para obter um campo de velocidade. Contudo, é apresentado e calculado com uma simplificação para primeira ordem, obtendo-se somente a velocidade na linha de centro. Este modelo tem o melhor ajuste com a simulação. A metodologia adotada para simulação numérica do escoamento apresenta boa concordância com os resultados experimentais de CT, já os dados anemométricos medidos na esteira próxima não foram reproduzidos com a mesma qualidade, contudo aproximam-se de forma qualitativa. A comparação com os modelos de esteira da literatura confirma que o modelo de viscosidade turbulenta é o que mais se aproxima dos resultados da simulação. / This study presents wakes of horizontal axis wind turbines, using as model a wind turbine tested in wind tunnel. It is a two bladed wind turbine with 10 m diameter, known as UAE Phase VI, tested by NREL in the NASA Ames wind tunnel. From this experiment was obtained the geometry and measured data, as the thrust coefficient, and the characteristics of the wind tunnel. Using this experiment as model, simulations are performed with Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k-ω SST turbulence model, using moving mesh and permanent and transient approaches, with help of the finite volume software Star-CCM+®. Polyhedral meshes are employed in a domain with large extent downwind, for just one wind speed. There are presented three wake models, two analytical and other considered numerical, for purposes of comparison with simulated results. These wake models aims to describe the velocity field downstream of the turbine. The input data of the models are the outputs of the simulations. Besides the models for the velocity deficit, are given equations to derive the turbulence intensity on the wake, with good results. In the analytical PARK wake model, the decay constant is low, as the study case has low perturbed flow. It is noted that this constant should vary along the wake to fit the average speeds field simulated. Another analytical model proposed by Werle is presented, not showing good results when comparing with the simulation, since it shows a rapid increase in the centerline velocity on the far wake. This model fits well with the undisturbed field upwind of the turbine. The turbulent viscosity is a wake model with the original second order equation to obtain the velocity field. However, it is presented and calculated in a simplified way to first order, obtaining only the centerline velocity. This model has the best fit with the simulation. The methodology adopted for numerical simulation of the flow shows good agreement with the experimental results of CT, since the wind data measured on the near wake are not reproduced with the same quality, yet close to a qualitative manner. The comparison with the wake models from the literature confirms that the eddy viscosity wake model is closest to the simulation results.

Pretendeu-se investigar, nesta dissertação, as transformações espaciais ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro no período em que a cidade foi morada da família real portuguesa (1808- 1821), a partir de diferentes escalas. Primeiramente, a escala da cidade, centrando a análise nas adaptações e ajustes necessários para transformar uma cidade colonial em cidade de corte. Em seguida investiga-se a configuração da região polarizada pelo Rio de Janeiro, observando-se os mecanismos de ocupação do território e exploração dos sertões, através do estreitamento de interesses entre a elite local e os emigrados da corte. Por fim, analisa-se a cidade na escala de suas relações intercontinentais: tanto como a capital de um Reino espalhado por quatro continentes, quanto como um porto dinâmico, que se consolida como centro de uma vasta rede articulando fluxos continentais e marítimos. Esta experiência de quase inversão de papéis, ao transformar-se a antiga capital colonial em sede da monarquia portuguesa e de um grande Império, teve consequências consideráveis para o processo de independência do Brasil, que vislumbrou na vastidão e potencialidade do território um de seus alicerces principais. / This research tries to investigate the spatial changes that took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the stay of the Royal family, after escaping from Napoleon. The scale of the city itself is the subject of the first chapiter that focus on the adaptations and adjusts needed to transform the colonial city into a court city. On the following chapiter, the mechanisms of occupation of the region polarized by the city in analyzed, including the exploitation of the borders (sertões). Finally, we go back to the scale of the city, but now to think of it as an intercontinental port that articulates terrestrial and maritime fluxes, and also as the capital of a vast kingdom. This experience of changing roles between colony and metropolis had some important consequences to the process of independence developed in Brazil. A political process that considered the territory as one of its most valuable basis.

Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa hur olika perspektiv på och positioneringar i klimatfrågan framställs i svensk media. Materialet som analyseras är tio nyhetstexter och fem opinionstexter från rikstäckande press. Texterna publicerades 27–29 september 2013 under en intensiv medierapportering om FN:s klimatpanel IPCC:s första delrapport i den femte klimatutvärderingen. Uppsatsen placerar sig inom det diskursanalytiska fältet och utgår från ett övergripande dialogiskt och konstruktivistiskt perspektiv på hur språk skapar perspektiv och identitet. I analysen används verktyget textsamspel för att komma åt röster/aktörer i texterna, hur de ramas in och positioneras samt om skribenten gör motstånd mot rösterna. Genom bruket av pronomenet vi samt med hjälp av verbprocesser och modalitetsmarkörer undersöks vilka grupper rösterna identifierar sig med och vilka olika positioneringar som skapas – framför allt i fråga om ansvar. Resultaten visar att utöver pressrösterna framträder röster från klimatforskare, politiker och beslutsfattare, privatpersoner från Sverige och Bangladesh, miljöorganisationer och miljödebattörer, Svenska kyrkan, näringsliv och klimatskeptiker. Klimatforskarna är de mest gynnade rösterna. De framställs som trovärdiga auktoriteter, vilket förstärks med ett tydligt motstånd mot klimatskeptiker. I opinionstexterna framträder dock ett visst motstånd mot forskningens framtidsscenarier, på olika sätt. Bland svenska politiker är Miljöpartiet den mest gynnade rösten, och deras kritik mot regeringens klimatpolitik är starkt framträdande. Resterande röster får ganska litet utrymme. Undersökningen av vi visar ett dominerande mönster av universell identifikation med 'alla människor' (59 %). Den mest framträdande partikulära identifikationen görs med 'Sverige' och 'svenska politiker'. Det framträder tre tydliga positioneringar i bruket av vi: 'vi som är skyldiga', 'vi som tar ansvar och agerar' samt 'vi som drabbas'. I samtliga positioneringar görs universella identifikationer, vilket innebär att alla människor inkluderas i frågor om skuld, ansvar och utsatthet.

Les termes du traité de paix entre Charles VI et Henri V qui est ratifié par les deux souverains à Troyes en mai 1420 sont plutôt clairs et paraissent aisément applicables : l’unique héritier de Charles VI, le dauphin Charles, est déshérité; Henri V, par le mariage qui l’unit à la fille du roi de France, Catherine, devient le nouveau successeur légitime de Charles VI et, lorsque celui-ci mourra, règnera sur le France et l’Angleterre sans toutefois unir les deux royaumes; le traité scelle aussi l’alliance entre la Bourgogne, l’Angleterre et la moitié nord de la France dans la guerre contre le parti armagnac que dirigie le dauphin Charles et qui contrôle la moitie sud, le royaume de Bourges. Toutefois, lorsque la cérémonie de la cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes se termine, la théorie du document se heurte à une réalité bien différente. Alors que le traité prévoit une adhésion totale de la moitié nord de la France à la paix et la disparition politique du parti armagnac du dauphin Charles, c’est tout le contraire qui se produit : des mouvements d’opposition ou de résistance au traité et à l’autorité qu’il confère à Henri V comme héritier et régent de France surgissent de toute part et le parti du dauphin, bien loin de disparaître, tient tête à la « coalition » anglo-franco-bourguignonne. À tout cela vient s’ajouter le décès prématuré, en août 1422, d’Henri V qui, lorsque Charles VI le suit dans la tombe en octobre de la même année, laisse les royaumes de France et d’Angleterre entre les mains d’un roi qui n’a pas encore un an. Tous ces faits semblent bien signifier l’échec de la paix et les responsables chargés de l’appliquer en sont tout à fait conscients. Il n’en demeure pas moins que la décennie qui suit la ratification du traité, malgré tout ce qui s’y oppose, est le théâtre d’une véritable tentative d’application de la paix de Troyes ou, du moins, des articles et des éléments de celui-ci que l’ont peut réellement mettre en pratique. / The terms of the peace ratified by Charles VI and Henry V in Troyes in May 1420 are pretty clear and seem easy to apply : the dauphin Charles, sole heir of king Charles VI, is disinheritaded; Henry V, by wedding the daughter of the king of France, Catherine, becomes the new legitimate heir of Charles VI and, when the latter is to die, will reign over France and England without, however, unifying the two kingdoms; the treaty of Troyes also seals the alliance between Burgundy, England and the northern half of France in the war against the armagnac party of the dauphin Charles which controls the southern part of France, the kingdom of Bourges. Yet, when the peace ceremony of the cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul of Troyes is over, the theory of the treaty comes up against a completely different reality. While the treaty plans a total adherence to the peace from the northern half of France and the politic death of the armagnac party and of the dauphin Charles, what occurs is quite the opposite : aresistance movements to the treaty itself and to the authority that it gives to Henry V as heir and regent of France arise from everywhere and the dauphin’s party, far from disapearing, holds fast against the « coalition » formed by England, France and Burgundy. Last but not least comes the untimely death of Henry V in August 1422 wich, once Charles VI follows him in death in the following October, leaves the kingdoms of Fance and England in the hands of a less than one year hold baby-king. All those facts seem to imply a quick failure of the peace and the people in charge of applying it know it too well. Nevertheless, the ten years following the ratification of the treaty and despite every difficulties against it are the withnesses to a genuine attempt to properly apply the peace of Troyes or, at least, of some of its clauses and elements that really can be putted into practice.

Les muscles sont des structures très organisées qui nous permettent d’effectuer un grand nombre de fonctions. Ils sont constitués de cellules musculaires mais aussi de tissus conjonctifs qui comprennent à la fois des cellules et la matrice extracellulaire. Les interactions entre les cellules musculaires et le tissu conjonctif sont cruciales pour la physiologie du muscle. Le collagène VI (COLVI) est une molécule hétérotrimérique ubiquitaire située dans les tissus conjonctifs, qui est impliquée dans un grand nombre de processus biologiques. Les trimères de COLVI sont composés de 2 chaines dites “courtes” et d’une chaine “longue”. Chez les mammifères, il existe à ce jour, 6 chaines COLVI (deux courtes (α1-2(VI) et 4 chaines longues (α3-6(VI)). Peu de choses sont encore connues à propos de l’assemblage des chaines les plus récemment décrites α4-6(VI) avec les chaines courtes ainsi qu’une la potentielle compensation entre les différentes chaines longues. De plus, chez l’homme, un déficit en α1-3(VI) du fait de mutations dans les gènes correspondants COL6A1-3 conduit à un spectre de maladies neuromusculaires appelées myopathies liées au COLVI. Pendant ma thèse, je me suis intéressée au COLVI durant le développement du poisson-zèbre, un modèle pertinent pour l’étude de maladies neuromusculaires. Dans la première partie de mon travail, j’ai identifié 2 orthologues des chaines α4-6(VI) chez le poisson-zèbre grâce à des études bio-informatiques. Du fait de leur plus grande homologie avec la chaine α4(VI) murine, nous les avons nommés col6a4a et col6a4b. Pour mieux comprendre les rôles des protéines correspondantes, j’ai créé des embryons de poissons-zèbres déficients en COLVI en utilisant l’approche transitoire par oligo morpholino antisens (MOs). Nous avons dessiné des MOs ciblant des sites d’épissage des pré-messagers col6a2, col6a4a et col6a4b, provoquant un saut d’exon et conduisant à un stop prématuré (PTC). J’ai observé une forte diminution des transcrits ciblés. Tous les embryons injectés (morphants) ont présenté des phénotypes morphologiques macroscopiques qui ont conduit à des défauts fonctionnels. Ces phénotypes ont été confirmés au niveau ultra-structural par microscopie électronique. Toutefois, l’analyse de la croissance des motoneurones a permis de mettre en évidence des différences entre ces morphants. Par la suite, j’ai voulu créer deux types de lignées transgéniques, pour pouvoir à la fois étudier le déficit en COLVI à plus long terme (grâce à l’utilisation de Zinc Finger Nucleases) et tester des approches de cribles pharmacologiques (lignée transgénique col6a2 contenant un PTC, fusionné à la GFP). J’ai effectué les clonages nécessaires à l’obtention des différentes constructions, et ces dernières ont été testées in vitro pour validation, lorsque cela était possible. Malheureusement, du fait des forts taux de mortalité in vivo dans les deux cas, nous avons dû nous résoudre à arrêter ces projets. En parallèle, ma connaissance du modèle poisson-zèbre m’a donné l’opportunité, dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec l’équipe de Denis Furling, d’aborder une autre problématique. Ce groupe, qui travaille sur la Dystrophie Myotonique de type 1 (DM1), s’est intéressé à la réexpression d’une isoforme fœtale de la dystrophine retrouvée chez les patients DM1 et à sa possible implication dans la pathologie. L’isoforme fœtale diffère de la forme adulte notamment par l’exclusion de l’exon 78, conduisant à un changement de cadre de lecture et un changement dans la partie 3’ de l’ARN de la dystrophine. Nous avons montré que le maintien de l’isoforme fœtale de la dystrophine était délétère pendant le développement du poisson-zèbre, puisque ces embryons ont présenté un phénotype macroscopique dépendant de la dose de MO injectée ainsi que des troubles de la mobilité. / Muscles are highly organized structures that allow us to perform many functions. They are made from muscular cells but also surrounding tissues that comprise both cells and extracellular matrix. The interactions between them are crucial for the muscle physiology. Collagen VI (COLVI) is a heterotrimeric protein, ubiquitously expressed in connective tissues. It plays multiple biological roles in the maintenance of structural integrity, cellular adhesion, migration and survival. COLVI trimers are formed by the assembly of 2 “short” chains and 1 “long” chain. To date, six COLVI chains are recognized in mammalians with 2 short (α1-2(VI)) and 3 long (α3-6(VI)) chains. Little is known regarding the possible assembly of the newly characterized α4-6(VI) polypeptides with the short chains, and a putative functional compensation between the different long chains. Furthermore, in humans, deficiency in α1-3(VI) due to mutations in the COL6A1-3 genes causes a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders collectively termed COLVI-myopathies. During my Ph.D, I got interested in COLVI during the development of zebrafish, a relevant model of neuromuscular disorders. In the first part of my work, I identified 2 orthologs of the α4-6(VI) chains in zebrafish thanks to bio-informatics studies. In light of their stronger homology with the mammalian α4(VI) chain, we named the genes encoding the novel chains col6a4a and col6a4b. To further unveil the roles of the corresponding proteins, we created COLVI deficient zebrafish embryos using a morpholino antisense oligonucleotides approach (MO) . We chose to design MOs that block splicing of col6a2, col6a4a and col6a4b, thereby creating premature termination codons. As expected, the targeted transcripts levels were drastically reduced, likely due to degradation by the nonsense mediated RNA decay. All morphant embryos presented macroscopic and morphologic phenotypes that overall resulted in functional muscle defects: altered muscle structure detected by birefringence analysis and impaired motility upon touch-evoked escape test. These alterations were confirmed at the ultra-structural level by electron microscopy. Nevertheless, some phenotypical specificities were uncovered between the different col6a2, col6a4a and col6a4b morphants, with the discovery of axon outgrowth defects. In a second part, we wanted to create stable zebrafish lines to study COLVI deficiency at later stages using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) and to be able to carry out pharmacological screenings with a transgenic line containing col6a2 with a premature codon (PTC) fused to the GFP. I performed clonings to obtain the different constructs. When possible, constructs were tested in vitro. Unfortunately, due to high mortality in vivo in both cases, we had to interrupt these projects. In parallel, my knowledge of the zebrafish model gave me the opportunity to be part of another project, in collaboration with the team of Denis Furling...

In the United States, public school enrollment is typically organized by neighborhood boundaries. This dissertation examines whether the federally funded HOPE VI program influenced performance in neighborhood public schools. In effect since 1992, HOPE VI has sought to revitalize distressed public housing using the New Urbanism model of mixed income communities. There are 165 such HOPE VI projects nationwide. Despite nearly two decades of the program’s implementation, the literature on its connection to public school performance is thin. My dissertation aims to narrow this research gap. There are three principal research questions: (1) Following HOPE VI, was there a change in socioeconomic status (SES) in the neighborhood public school? The hypothesis is that low SES (measured as the proportion of students qualifying for the Free and Reduced Lunch Program) would reduce. (2) Following HOPE VI, did the performance of neighborhood public schools change? The hypothesis is that the school performance, measured by the proportion of 5th grade students proficient in state wide math and reading tests, would increase. (3) What factors relate to the performance of public schools in HOPE VI communities? The focus is on non-school, neighborhood factors that influence the public school performance. For answering the first two questions, I used t-tests and regression models to test the hypotheses. The analysis shows that there is no statistically significant change in SES following HOPE VI. However, there are statistically significant increases in performance for reading and math proficiency. The results are interesting in indicating that HOPE VI neighborhood improvement may have some relationship with improving school performance. To answer the third question, I conducted a case study analysis of two HOPE VI neighborhood public schools, one which improved significantly (in Philadelphia) and one which declined the most (in Washington DC). The analysis revealed three insights into neighborhood factors for improved school performance: (i) a strong local community organization; (ii) local community’s commitment (including the middle income families) to send children to the public school; and (iii) ties between housing and education officials to implement the federal housing program. In essence, the study reveals how housing policy is de facto education policy.

Bakgrund: Kvinnors identitet i förorter Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur kvinnor i förorten utformar identiteter i spänningsfältet mellan olika identitetserbjudanden och hur kvinnor förhåller sig till dessa identitetserbjudanden. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts utifrån fokusgruppsintervjuer där vi har lyssnat på respondenternas personliga upplevelser. Sammantaget deltog 4 kvinnliga respondenter i åldern 22-45 år som sedan analyserades. Resultat: Studiens resultat vittnar om att respondenterna delar gemensamma åsikter kring utanförskapet som existerar i deras respektive bostadsområde. Kvinnorna nämner kontinuerliga anpassningar som behöver tas ställning till när de befinner sig utanför förorten. Respondenterna delar också uppfattningen att utseende och bostadsområdet (förorten) begränsar handlingsutrymmet exempelvis när de söker arbete. Kvinnorna antyder även att omgivningen och miljön är företeelser som begränsar och reglerar möjligheten att utforma den egna identiteten.