科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:08610079 研究代表者:石井 澄 研究期間:1996-1998年度

英國女劇作家渥坦貝克(Timeberlake Wertenbaker) 筆下著名的《夜鶯之愛》 (The Love of the Nightingale) 在近年來獲得多方批評家的討論。大多數的批評家總以政治及性別的角度探討這部劇作中呈現女性如何成為男性暴力下的受害者。然而，本論文將採用德勒茲 (Gilles Deleuze) 和瓜塔里 (Félix Guattari) 的去疆域化 (deterritorialization)、生成動物 (becoming-animal)、再疆域化 (reterritorialization)、及少數文學 (the minor literature) 的理論概念，重新剖析渥坦貝克如何透過翻譯 (translation)、互文性 (intertextuality)、變形 (transformation) 書寫等寫作策略，彰顯普洛克涅 (Procne) 及菲勒美拉 (Philomele) 如何在受盡錯置及語言喪失的苦痛後，找到越界的可能性。在德勒茲和瓜塔里的理論架構之下，本論文的第一章節將先詮釋普洛克涅及菲勒美拉如何離開父系體制，並藉由逃逸路線 (lines of flight) 展開去疆域化的旅程，並在去疆域化的過程中面臨到未知的危險及機會。再者，論文中也探討普洛克涅及菲勒美拉的動物變形可以被視為她們僭越傳統意識型態束縛的証據。在經歷過生成動物 (becoming-animal) 的過程之後，普洛克涅及菲勒美拉改變了她們對於原生社會及世界的態度及看法。最後，普洛克涅及菲勒美拉的再疆域化帶領她們到另一個新的疆界，釋放女性內心的忿怒及慾望。在新的疆域中，女性們發現到另一個新的出口，重新探索流動性主體的存在，挑戰有機體式的國家體制。 / Timberlake Wertenbaker’s The Love of the Nightingale (1989) is the preeminent play of translation which calls many critics’s attention. Based on the myth of Procne and Philomele, The Love of the Nightingale is always discussed by critics from the political and sexual perspectives to show how women become the powerless victims under the male violence. However, in this thesis, I would like to use Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of deterritorializaion, becoming-animal, and reterritorialization to analyze how Procne and Philomele find out the possibility of transgression from the suffering dislocation and dispossession of language through Wertenbaker’s dramaturgy of translation, intertextuality, and transformation. Applying Deleuze’s and Guattari’s theories to analyze The Love of the Nightingale, I would first show how Procne and Philomele obtain the chances to leave the patriarchical territory, beginning their deterritorialization to encounter unknown risks and chances via lines of flight. After the deterritorialization, Procne’s and Philomele’s physical metamorphosis could be regarded as the evidence of how they traverse the presupposed ideological system. In the process of becoming-animal, Procne and Philomele change their attitudes and perspectives toward their cultures and the world. Later, they are reterritorialized to another territory, releasing their desire and anger. In the new territory, they could find another way to search fluid identities and to challenge the state apparatus.

隨著網路的崛起，傳統實體通路的存在價值與市場地位也飽受威脅，在市場上的實際演變，書店、銀行、證券、旅遊、機票等中介者的角色，明顯的已可被電子商務網站所取代，因此在國外已經有很多針對網路對實體通路產生「去中介化」之研究，在國內雖然也有類似的現象產生，但迄今還沒有類似的研究，所以本研究有開啟此議題研究先河之意義。 與其他遭到「去中介化」產業或服務比較，不動產仲介業更倚賴「人」之中介角色，但其銷售之產品又具有高度不易「去中介化」的特性：異質性、高總價、少交易經驗等，所以其面臨「去中介化」之威脅，的關鍵因素是什麼，其受到「去中介化」衝擊之程度到底多大，都是本研究想要探討之課題。 根據問卷調查，本研究發現交易成本是不動產仲介業面臨「去中介化」的關鍵原因，不過在目前之環境下，不動產仲介業還是不可能完全被不動產自售網站所取代，而不動產自售網站如果想要發揮自售之功效，還需多強化網頁內容呈現、提升網站知名度以及增加配套服務。 / Following the emerging of internet, traditional retail channels of books, banks, stocks, tourism and ticketing have faced the challenges from many internet-based businesses (electronic commerce) which eliminating intermediary between buyers and sellers make products or services to sell cheaper and faster. And there are many researches on such kind of disintermediation effects in foreign society. But till now there is not any kind of disintermediation study in Taiwan. This study is a beginning research of disintermediation in Taiwan. Though the real estate brokerage industry, which relying more on middleman (broker) than others, has the high-priced and idiosyncratic product features, it also faces the direct challenges from for-sale-by-owner (FSBO) websites. So the study tries to find out what is the key factor that caused the disintermediation and how far it goes in the real estate brokerage industry. The major findings of the study are that transaction cost is the real factor that caused the disintermediation, the functions and status of real estate brokers are still not easily to take place by FSBO websites and the later has to intensify content layouts, increase website’s reputation and offer extra services to attract more users to FSBOs.

財政部所推動保單紅利自由化及費率自由化政策提供壽險商品市場的另一發展方向，促進我保險市場良性競爭，且自民國九十二年自由分紅保單進入台灣壽險市場，已有數十家壽險公司相繼搶這塊大餅，目前市面上的分紅保單大多採用美式三元利差分紅方式，在紅利部分尚不可設定保證給付，亦即沒有保證保戶每年都一定會領到利差分紅。因此，本研究將介紹在歐洲廣為盛行、附最低保證給付的英式分紅保單，作為國內業者在分紅保單設計上的參考指標。 本研究主要以傳統壽險商品為研究範疇，在不考慮有解約權下以隨機模擬的方式對英式分紅保單進行公平定價。研究方法為在大量模擬下找出不同投資策略的Markowiz效率前緣曲線，並選用這些投資策略於給定不分紅保單的預定利率下，在公平精算原則為前提下以蒙地卡羅法(Monte Carlo Methods)的方式，針對不同目標期末紅利率(Terminal Bonus Target；TB)，找出分紅保單應有的合理預定利率及期間紅利率。再去衡量保險公司不同資產配置下，因為未達到期望紅利所造成的風險。此外，本研究更進一步地以靜態及動態投資策略探討保險公司失去清償能力(Insolvency Risk)的問題。 最後在上述架構下，本研究為了符合市場實際情況，分別針對不同保單期間與不同的繳費方式進行敏感度分析。

第二次世界大戰於1945年結束後，德國由同盟國加以接管，並遭分割為四個佔領區 (美、英、法、蘇) 而喪失國家主權。直至1949年5月，西德在西方同盟國的許可下，制定了作為立國基礎的「基本法」(das Grundgesetz)，使其重新獲得國家主權以及治權，國家所需要的政治體系，如政府、國會、政黨、選舉制度等儼然成型；由此，包含美、英、法三國佔領區的德國領土在穩定中建立了符合西方民主體制精神的「德意志聯邦共和國」(Bundesrepublik Deutschland，以下簡稱「西德」)。 西德建國後之首任總理艾德諾 (Konrad Adenauer) 被賦予艱鉅的任務，帶領著已成為斷垣殘壁的國家和人民朝向嶄新的民主社會前進。在成立西德外交體系時，艾德諾面臨專業外交人員短缺之窘境，故仍須延攬前納粹時期之外交官員，卻因此等官員於大戰期間曾直接參與違反人道和戰爭之罪刑，使得新政府在民主化的過程中出現不穩定的因子。立基於西方民主制度的西德任用此等人士，除了衍生外交部的人事問題外，艾德諾政府另須就德國的國家主權以及未來在國際社會中的地位周旋於同盟國之間，此有別於一般的「雙層賽局」(Two-Level Games – 即國內政治與外交之間的相互影響)，而可謂身處「三層賽局」(Three-Level Games) – 即國際、國家及組織內部之間即競爭又合作，且錯綜複雜的交互作用關係。 此外，戰勝的四個同盟國之間彼此為了鞏固在德國及歐陸的勢力各懷鬼胎，對未來的德國亦抱持著不同的態度。同盟國與艾德諾政府之間就戰犯處置和政府人事規劃所達成的協議甚或妥協，不僅對日後德國的政局發展有關鍵性的影響力，在東西兩大陣營之間的零和遊戲中也扮演了既微妙且重要的角色。 本文將針對西德外交部成立初期之人事政策以及艾德諾之德國和外交政策做一深入探討，並就西德建國後之發展，包含自同盟國的掌控當中取回國家主權以及因應西德加入「北大西洋公約組織」(NATO) 而重新建軍的過程進行分析；此外亦將由西德、美國、英國、法國及蘇聯的立場，來分析諸此國家在中歐地區的地緣戰略，並評論艾德諾內政及外交政策上的得失。 / After the World War II in 1945 Germany had been occupied by the Allies (USA, Great Britain, France and USSR) and dismembered into four occupation zones which led to the lost of the Germany’s sovereignty. With the consent of the Allies Germany developed the “Grundgesetz” (Basic Law) in May 1949 as the foundation of an independent state with sovereignty and the right to rule; a complete political institution of a nation with a government, parliament, political parties and election system was neatly arranged, hence the Federal Republic of Germany, also called West-Germany, which consisted of the occupation zones of the USA, Great Britain and France, was built up with western democratic ideals in a stable period. The first Germany’s chancellor Konrad Adenauer was assigned to lead the people and the desolate country towards a democratic society. While he was about to re-construct the foreign affairs the lack of professional diplomats was such of remarkable critical that a recruitment of former Nazi-diplomats was inevitable who were directly or indirectly involved in crimes against humanity or in war crimes and symbolized an unstable factor in the Germany’s democratic development for Adenauer. Besides these personnel problems, Adenauer had also to negotiate the sovereignty and the future international status of West Germany with the Allies which seems not to be an usual “Two-Level Games” (i. e. the two-way influence between the domestic politics and the foreign policy) but a so-called “Three-Level Games” which means one more party (the governmental organizations) to the “Two-Level Games” with competitive-cooperative and complicated complex of influences. On the other hand, the four great powers of the Allies held different attitudes on the future of Germany and they had their each own to consolidate the force in the respective occupation zone and on the European continent. The agreements or even compromises between the Allies and Adenauer’s administration on the punishment of war criminals and on the government’s personnel planning not only affected the West-Germany’s continuing political development but also played a profound and important role in the zero-sum-game between the western and eastern camps. The themes of this research focus on the personnel, the Deutschlandpolitik (the Germany-Policy) and foreign policy of Adenauer after the establishment of the West German government and the process of re-building the national sovereignty combining the re-armament of West Germany through the accession to the NATO. Furthermore, the Geo-politics of the countries West Germany, USA, Great Britain, France and USSR in the central European continent, and the gains and losses of the domestic and foreign policies of Adnenauer will be discussed and analyzed.

近年來區塊鏈技術及其相關應用成為熱門焦點，區塊鏈最大的特色包含去中心化以及匿名性等特性，然而在這樣的分散式網路中我們很難判斷對方是否值得信賴，在數位憑證中我們透過可信賴第三方擔任憑證中心為用戶簽發金鑰憑證以此建立用戶之間的信賴關係，但在區塊鏈此種分散式網路中找到一個可信賴第三方實屬不易，並且可能會與區塊鏈去中心化之特性背道而馳，因此本研究參考PGP信任網與小世界理論的概念，建立一套可適用於分散式環境中基於聲譽的信任度評估機制，並將此機制結合智能合約實現一個信任度評估機制購物平台，目的希望用戶與陌生人交易前，可透過此機制計算出信任度，提供用戶做為參考，幫助用戶更容易判斷陌生人是否可信，以降低受騙風險。 / In recent years, the blockchain technology and its relevant applications become hot spots. The greatest feature of the blockchain is the decentralization. Nonetheless, it is difficult for us to judge whether the other person get involved in the decentralized network is credible. Furthermore, it is difficult to find a reliable third party in such a point-to-point network. Consequently, this paper refers to the PGP web of trust and the small world problem to establish a set of reputation-based trust evaluation mechanism for decentralized environments, we combine this mechanism with a smart contract to achieve a trust evaluation mechanism shopping platform, It is expected that achievements of the paper can facilitate people’s judgment regarding the reliability of strangers and reduce the risks of being deceived.

Offshore jurisdictions have become popular among corporations around the globe. They provide opportunities to reduce taxes by registering companies there. The Russian large firms have joined the trend, but exploit offshore schemes in different ways. They incorporate offshore companies with their subsidiaries operating in Russia. The main purpose is to protect assets from hostile capture by other businesses or even the government. Thus, businessmen stay hidden as end beneficiaries behind the offshore companies’ chain. The offshorization in the country has its enormous scale. Up to 90% of the largest companies are involved in offshore patterns. The government makes some efforts to force companies to come back to the country, but they are not effective. To succeed, corporations should experience the improved business climate and have an opportunity to defend themselves in fair courts. It is the government’s responsibility to make such appealing conditions. As a result, nowadays, Russia suffers not only from less tax collection, but also from losing control over strategically important enterprises and even industries. Thus, the phenomenon threatens to the country's national security.

本文以地方發展型政府為理論基礎，通過援非農業技術示範中心項目的案例來解釋地方政府在參與國家對外農業援助的動力和其農業援外的行為策略。 本文認為21世紀以來中國大陸對外農業援助之所以能夠快速增長，關鍵因素在於國家機器成功地調動了地方政府參與援助計劃的自主性與積極性。一方面，中央政府在援外管理與財政金融方面的放權，使地方政府能夠自主調動省级行政資源加强對援助項目的管理；二方面，糧食安全省長責任制的確立，以及經濟戰略所需的內部資源不平衡分配，都強化了地方官員企圖通過推動國家重大戰略來擦亮政績並獲得職位升遷機會的意願。 進入援非農業示範中心的案例中，地方政府在推動對外援助的過程中也在積極尋找機會帶動本地企業「走出去」。其行為策略通常是先將援助平台搭建成功，然後設法壯大援助平台，希望通過援助平台的成功運營以及各項優惠條件，拉動本地企業的抱團投資，在受援國形成規模效應。筆者將這種行為策略謂之為「造船出海」。本文還對央地間在農業援外事務上的互動策略進行分析，發現地方政府在中央允許的政策空間內有一定的變通執行權；而中央對於援外項目則實施「目標管理」與「制度設計」，對地方政府過度扭曲的政策執行進行干預。 本文認為，地方政府在促進農業「走出去」過程中發揮著關鍵性的作用，其所採用的「造船出海」的行為策略實質上是在移植早期地方招商引資的經驗，是中國發展經驗的制度遺產。而地方政府在援外政策的變通執行同樣在影響著中國大陸對外援助的結構與過程。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19058号 / 人博第711号 / 新制||人||171(附属図書館) / 26||人博||711(吉田南総合図書館) / 32009 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 齋藤 治之, 教授 服部 文昭, 教授 壇辻 正剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

這篇論文的目的是為盧曼社會系統理論中的一個難題提供可能的解決之道。此難題即為：社會系統既是去主體化的，又是主體化的。這個難題的出現，乃肇因於盧曼認為系統既是自我透明的，也是自我不透明的，既是環境透明的，也是環境不透明的。這兩種弔詭就是盧曼社會系統理論的自我同一性弔詭與環境同一性弔詭。因此，為了解決社會系統理論的去主體化問題，首先就必須解決自我同一性弔詭與環境同一性弔詭。對此，我們建議從盧曼與胡塞爾的比較開始。藉由此種比較以及隨之而來的清洗與重組，我們可以從他們那裡擷取有利於解決上述弔詭的概念與命題。這些概念與命題是：一、存在著諸系統；二、新的觀察概念：構造；三、社會作為內在於意識系統中的社會行動秩序，而溝通系統則作為內在於理解系統中的社會溝通秩序。 / This thesis is aimed at solving a dilemma in Luhmann's theory of social systems.The delimma is: social systems are both desubjectized and subjectized. This is because in Luhmann's theory, they are both transparent and intransparent to itself, and the environments are both transparent and intransparent to systems. These two paradoxes are self-identity paradox and environment-identity paradox. Therefore, if we want to solve the problem of desubjectization in Luhmann's theory, we must solve the self-identity paradox and environment-identity paradox at first. We suggest that it can begin with the comparison between Luhmann and Husserl. Through this comparison, and correspondingly, cleaning and recombination, we can take concepts and propositions which can be used for resolving the above-mentioned paradoxes. The concepts and propositions are: 1. there are systems; 2. new concept of observation; and 3. society as the order of social actions in a consciousness system, and communication system as the order of social communications in a understanding system.