每個時代都有懷舊的情形，不同世代有各自的懷舊事物。由於商業及媒體科技的發達，圖像的大量聚集成為一種奇觀，視覺文化營造出懷舊商品的主要氛圍。物件做為一種溝通媒介，被賦予其所屬時代的文化目的，使得人與人之間建立某種社會關係，即社會文化群體的集體記憶活動。 因著集體記憶的中介，這些重現舊日事物的商品是聯繫到時代感覺的依據。在懷舊中獲得實在與延續感，滿足個人認同和歸屬的需要。個人消費受到環境脈絡的影響，表現出整體性消費型態的特徵，除了真實記憶的召喚外，另一種促力便來自於想像力的發揮，讓即使沒有經歷過去某些時代的人們，但因大眾媒體所放送傳佈各種懷舊文本，讓後來的人能夠共享、共感那個時代的集體記憶，建構出具備某個時空特色的異國情調。缺乏能夠具體指涉的經驗細節，反而使懷舊想像成為可能。 本研究以懷舊消費為主題，先探討懷舊的意義與本質，並援引詹明信、哈伯瓦克與布希亞的觀點，探索世代集體記憶，是如何影響懷舊產品相關的消費行為；在後現代與晚期資本主義的脈絡下，懷舊圖像符號的大量生產流通，又是如何被人們使用與解讀。 在文獻理論的耙梳之後，研究者採取深度訪談的方式，瞭解實際上各個消費者的購買動機及認知態度。經過整理分析發現，消費不僅是單純的購買行為，而能具備反身性思考，依照人們的觀念產生各種社會及文化意義，亦為不同世代自我陳述的方式之一。

隨著知識經濟發展與全球化趨勢，會計師事務所在新經濟時代面臨的挑戰更勝於以往，特別企業環境變化更快速與多元，政府法令與職業道德規範要求更趨嚴謹，讓會計師在執業時增加更多風險與不確定性。又近年來經濟狀況不穩定，會計師事務所面對價格競爭、記帳士加入侵蝕會計師業務。中小型會計師事務所應如何因應？如何在有限資源下發展？成為現階段中小型會計師所面臨的最大挑戰。 本研究以個案方式對某會計師事務所進行研究，依據平衡計分卡設計完成個案事務所與其業務部門及服務部門的平衡計分卡與策略地圖，除進行因果分析外，並針對個案事務所業務部門平衡計分卡如何與策略結合，服務部門平衡計分卡如何運用服務協議完成設計與建置進行研究。個案並透過上述執行進行組織整合與綜效分析，主要分為組織面整合及與管理制度結合兩項。 本研究結果顯示，藉由平衡計分卡的進行在策略確定、共同程序與共同顧客價值主張說明與執行能產生綜效。事務所各部門同仁溝通較以往順暢。雖然員工尚無法體會其精髓，但許多行為確已改變，例如人力資源部門主管會更關心查帳人員工作的反應與員工專業訓練等。在管理制度整合部分，透過平衡計分卡導引管理制度可去蕪存菁修正調整外，更重視制度間的整合及連結效益。 對後續可進行研究建議除個案繼續推展平衡計分卡外，可對導入過程加強整合性綜效評估、探討主管領導文化的影響、執行平衡計分卡與人力資源相關探討及與其他管理制度的結合等進行研究。 / CPA firm will meet a significant challenge while approaching the new economic era under the bombing on knowledge and global economy development. Moreover, the increasing on operation risk of CPA firm is a result of rapid shift to business environment and regulation as well as raising the requirement of professional ethic. With the peer competition by cutting price and outsourcing to book keepers, the way of development the CPA firm at the medium size with limited resources is becoming important. The study is based on the particular CPA firm to implement the balanced scorecard and strategy maps for both business and business support departments. In addition to the cause-effect analysis, also keep on the focus on the way of being conjunct with strategy and the balanced scorecard for the business department as well as the way of evaluating the deliberation for the business support department. Much of the study is for integration on organization along with overall effect analysis, including the synergy of organization and management. The study by utilizing the balanced scorecard has been led to the synergy of establishing the business strategy, setting up the control process and aiding at client value. The communication among the departments of CPA firm become smoothly. The behavior of the staffs in the CPA firm has been changed although they are unable to recognize the value of the balanced scorecard. For example, Human resource department will pay more attention on the emotion response and professional training for auditors. The balanced scorecard aims at the other than for different management systems for making the adjustment of management system. Such study will contribute alignment and connection the advance study for the implement of the balanced scorecard, the synergy on integration of execution, the impact on leadership as well as combination of human resource and other management system.

在漢賦「中心」與「四方」之書寫中，賦家反覆鋪寫「中心」與對「四方」，除了賦文體本身的頌美功能外，實有遠古以來的原始思維在其中作用著，並經由長期的積澱而成為集體的記憶。此集體記憶在漢賦中反覆不斷作用，並在不同賦家的反覆運用之下，成為一種漢賦空間書寫的敘述程式，更影響漢代之後的賦家書寫空間的敘述模式。本研究中以漢賦為文本，並結合空間理論以及人類學、神話學等相關學科的研究成果，以考察賦文書寫方式及其文化意涵。思考在漢賦書寫中關於「中心」與「四方」方位之敘述與中國方位文化的關係。 而漢賦中的方位書寫，除人類空間意識的作用外，還有上古自先秦以來中國傳統方位觀念的傳承與漢代思想文化及其「天人合一」的特殊性在其中作用著。漢賦透過四方書寫建構一個苞括宇宙的空間世界，這個書寫的結構表現不僅僅是「物理空間」的展現，更是作者「心靈空間」的映照。作家對於空間的想像與誇飾，是因為受到感性思維所驅動的心靈空間圖式，該圖式也反映出人類對於空間世界的渴求與好奇。

有許多的研究已經證實圖片提示提供具體且相關的訊息有助於英文寫作。本研究的目的是要探討使用圖片提示對於高低成就高中學生英文作文的內容、結構、字彙及整體寫作表現之影響。本研究的對象是108位屏東縣某所高中的高三學生，根據全民英檢寫作測驗的成績，他們被均分成兩個高成就群和兩個低成就群。他們填寫問卷(一)提供他們的背景資料。接著實施兩型記敘文寫作測驗，高成就群(一)及低成就群(一)接受只有引導句的寫作測驗；高成就群(二)及低成就群(二)則接受另一型提供引導句加圖片提示的寫作測驗。所有的研究對象填寫問卷(二)提供他們對英文寫作的態度，而高成就群(二)及低成就群(二)接著再填寫問卷(三)提供他們對圖片提示的看法。最後的小組訪談旨在更進一步瞭解學生對於圖片提示的觀感及寫作態度動機的轉變。 本研究的主要發現如下：（1）圖片提示對於高分群學生的寫作的內容、結構，及整體的寫作表現有幫助，但是對於單字沒有明顯的幫助。（2）圖片提示對於低分群學生的內容、結構、字彙及整體寫作表現都無任何明顯的幫助。（3）高低成就學生都對圖片提示抱持正面的態度，並且因為有圖片提示更願意從事英文寫作。 / Lots of studies have proved that picture prompts elicit English writing with concrete and relevant information. This present study aims to investigate the effects of using pictures as prompts on English writing performance of high and low achievers in senior high school in content, organization, vocabulary and overall writing performance. Participants in this study were 108 third graders in a senior high school in Pingtung County who were divided into two groups of high achievers (HA1 and HA2) and two groups of low achievers (LA1 and LA2) based on their scores in a GEPT writing test. Questionnaire I was done to know the participants’ background information. Two types of narrative writing tests were administered to the 108 participants. One with verbal prompt was taken by HA1 and LA1 and the other with verbal-plus-picture prompt was taken by HA2 and LA2. Questionnaire II regarding the participants’ attitudes toward English writing was filled out by all subjects. Questionnaire III was done by HA2 and LA2 to express their opinions on picture prompts. In-depth group interviews were conducted to further explore students’ perception of and attitude toward picture prompts. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. First, picture prompts had significant effects on the content, organization and overall writing performance of the high achievers but no significant effect was found on the vocabulary. Second, picture prompts had no significant effects on low achievers’ writing in content, organization, vocabulary and overall writing performance. Third, both high and low achievers kept a positive attitude toward picture prompts and were better motivated to write when guided by picture prompts.

在資訊科技蓬勃發展和網路資源不斷快速成長的影響下，圖書館應用數位方式提供參考服務為時勢所趨；如何保有參考服務本質並應用創新科技來推行服務，成為圖書館的重要議題。公共圖書館為地方知識門戶，扮演著蒐集和提供社區民眾有關生活和學習資訊的角色；藉由網路強化參考諮詢服務，可進一步接觸原有讀者與潛在使用者，促進民眾對於圖書館各種服務的使用。 為瞭解國內公共圖書館推行數位參考服務之現況，本研究以台灣本島縣市與文化局圖書館為對象。透過問卷調查各縣市圖書館的參考服務模式、推行情況、館員知能等情形。再進一步以訪談法，探究縣市圖書館在施行數位參考服務時所面臨的困境、館員對於服務的看法等面向，以提出未來發展服務的相關建議，藉此提昇我國縣市圖書館數位參考服務之品質。 經調查顯示，國內縣市圖書館在數位參考服務的整體情況，有71%是透過電子郵件方式進行服務，其次14%是提供主題式線上參考資源，而僅有5%的圖書館建立知識庫。雖有各種不同類型的服務方式，縣市圖書館仍缺乏一個專屬於數位參考服務的管道，而數位資源的建置也需進一步加強，同時圖書館面臨了專業人員與資訊人員不足的困境。在使用者方面，學生為主要使用族群，常提出關於學校課業的諮詢問題。在館員認知方面，縣市圖書館館員雖偏好傳統面對面參考服務，但對於推動數位參考服務仍抱持著樂觀其成的態度，並贊同未來朝向數位合作參考服務的方向發展。 由研究結果歸納建議，縣市圖書館發展數位參考服務應重視組織規劃、服務推展與館際合作三大部份：在組織規劃方面，圖書館應積極研擬數位參考服務發展策略並設立專屬管道，進行人力重整或以合作方式解決人力缺乏問題，同時需提供相關教育訓練課程給予參與參考服務的館員們。在服務推展上，應掌握讀者認知習慣，透過利用教育課程提升讀者的資訊素養，同時進行服務狀況的紀錄統計，並著力於數位資源建置。在館際合作方面，可與學校圖書館一同推展利用教育課程，並結合圖書館現有合作服務項目共同發展數位合作參考服務，以創造雙贏局面。 / Due to the ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the blooming resources on the Internet, libraries now inevitably provide reference services with emerging ICTs. The phenomenon is highlighted within public libraries because of their obligations of equally offering information and its accessibility to the general public. By conducting the questionnaire survey and personal interviews, this study intends to investigate the current status quo of digital reference services in public libraries in Taiwan; to identify the challenges of improving their digital reference services, and to present corresponding solutions. Based on the results of 19 questionnaires and 10 interviews, the study finds that: (1)71% digital reference services are provided via email; 14% are via online pathfinder, and 5% are via knowledge base created by library. (2)Digital reference services are not prioritized in organization developing plan. Accordingly, the promotion of digital reference services, the acquisition of digital resources, and the need of full time librarians and IT staffs are often neglected. (3)From the educational perspective, the digital reference services can help the librarians for advising on students’ school projects and implementing information instructions to the public. (4)Although most librarians showed their willingness to promote digital reference services, they still preferred the traditional face-to-face reference services. However, they also agreed that the collaborative digital reference service will be the emerging trend . This study suggests that: (1)Public libraries should have digital reference services development strategy. (2)To solve the labor force deficiency, organization reengineering or cooperation should be considered. (3)The statistics of the digital reference services usage should be collected and analyzed. (4)The online reference resources for public libraries should be expanded. (5)To enhance users’ information literacy, library instructions and promoting events are necessary. (6)Public libraries could cooperate with the school libraries on improving the information literacy of students. (7)Public libraries should offer digital reference training programs to enhance librarians’ professional capabilities, such as electronic resources management. (8)Combine digital reference services with other interlibrary cooperation.

本研究旨在探討不同年齡層的幼兒在基本幾何圖形的辨識情況，並分析幼兒辨識三角形及圓形的影響向度。 研究工具參考自「吳氏視覺的幾何思考層次測驗」，研究對象採便利取樣，選取幼稚園小、中、大班的幼兒(大班359位，中班290位，小班121位。共770位)。進行三角形和圓形的辨識，本研究將會影響幼兒辨識三角形和圓形的向度分為六大類：直線或曲線、開放或封閉、不同大小、不同方位、角度、凹凸。研究結果顯示： (1)不同大小、不同方位、角度這三種向度對幼兒而言的辨識度是較低的。 (2)直線或曲線、開放或封閉、凹凸這三種向度對幼兒而言的辨識度是較高的。(3)最影響幼兒辨識圖形的向度為凹凸的圖形。 (4)圖形越大，幼兒的辨識度就越高，圖形越小，幼兒的辨識度就越低。 (5)邊長比例越懸殊的三角形，幼兒就越不容易辨識出來。 (6)年齡層越高的幼兒，對於圖形的辨識率就越高。 / The purpose of the research is to analyze the ability of how young children at different ages recognize basic geometric figures, and to find out the factors which influence their recognition of triangles and circles. “Wu's Test of Geometric Thinking of Visual Level” was adopted here as the main research tool. 770 subjects were chosen by convenience sampling, including 359 from top classes, 290 from middle classes, and 121 from the bottom classes in kindergartens. To study how young children recognize triangles and circles, the factors were divided into six dimensions: (1) straight line or curve line; (2) open or close figure; (3) figures of different sizes; (4) figures of different positions; (5) figures of different angles; and (6) convex or concave figures. Here are the research findings: (1) Among six dimensions, it is more difficult for children to recognize figures of different sizes, positions and angles. (2) While the other three dimensions including “straight line or curve line”, “open or close figure”, and “convex or concave figures” are more easily to be recognized by children. (3) It is most difficult for children to recognize convex or concave figures. (4) Bigger figures are more easily and accurately recognized by children then smaller ones. (5) With higher side ratio of triangles, it’s more difficult for children to recognize them. (6) Elder children can recognize figures more easily and successfully than younger children.

傳統之選區劃分多採用人工方式進行，不但費時耗力，同時不容易維持公平公正之原則，導致客觀性受扭曲而產生爭議。歷史上透過選區劃分來操弄選舉最有名的例子首推美國麻州的傑利蠑螈劃分方式，因此後人在選區劃分時必須堅守公平客觀之原則，自動化之選區劃分應運而生。以電腦科技自動劃分選區不但省時省力，同時也能滿足公平公正等客觀的選區劃分要求。 過去我們提出了一系列的選區劃分方法，著重於產生大量的劃分解集合，並從中挑選形狀較佳之解，卻沒有考慮到維持鄉鎮市層級行政區之完整性。本論文中，我們提出了一套新的選區劃分方式，除了考慮鄉鎮市層級行政區之完整性外，同時考慮選取較佳之起始點，以獲得較佳之選區形狀，成功的劃分出良好的選區。 我們首先從挑選較佳之起始點，透過質心范諾圖的觀念劃分出形狀較完整之初始選區，然後修正各選區之人口至合理的誤差範圍內，再進行鄉鎮市層級行政區分割數之修正，以避免該層級行政區被過渡分割。由於行政區分割數修正可能影響並擴大人口誤差，為確保人口誤差維持在合理範圍內，我們進行第二次人口修正，以免人口誤差過大，隨後進行形狀調整以提高凸包面積比，最後再度進行鄉鎮市層級行政區分割數修正，儘量少分割鄉鎮市層級之行政區域。 實作中我們以台北市為例，採用四組不同的起始點進行選區劃分，結果都十分良好。我們將中選會公佈之劃分法與這四組結果進行比較，中選會的劃分方式在行政區分割數上比我們的結果好，但在人口誤差與形狀上都不及我們的劃分方式優異。另外我們也選取行政中心為起始點進行劃分並將結果與中選會的結果比較，也獲得相同的結論。至於選情預估方面，我們也證實了不同的選區劃分方式的確將造成選舉結果之改變。 / Traditionally, electoral redistricting was done manually which was time consumming, inefficient, and hard to maintain fairness. One of the most famous biased electoral redistricting in human history was proposed by Elbridge Gerry in 1812, socalled the Gerrymandering districting. After that, fairness and objectivity are required in every electoral redistricting and, hence, come to the era of automatic redistricting. We have proposed a series of automatic electoral redistricting mechanisms that were emphasized on producing huge amount of feasible solutions and selecting the right solutions from them. However, we did not consider avoiding over partitioning a county in the proposed mechanisms. In this thesis, we developed a new mechanism for electoral redistricting which not only avoiding the over partitioning problem but also start the redistricting by chosing a better set of seeds. Using a set of better seeds, we can get a better set of initial electoral districts through the help of centroidal Voronoi diagram. Then, we adjust the population in every district followed by reducing the partitioning number of each county. Since adjusting the county partitioning number may violate the population requirement of the districts, we shall check the population requirement of all the districts again before checking compactness of all the districts. Finally, we applied the county partitioning number reduction process once more to reduce the partitioning number as many as we can. In the experiments, we used Taipei city to verify our mechanism. Four set of seeds were used to generate different redistricting solutions. We compared our results with the result announced by the Central Election Commission (CEC) and found that CEC’s results has better average county partitioning number but worse population error as well as worse compactness. We also used the administrative districts’ center as the seeds to generate the fifth redistricting solutions and obtained the same conclusion, i. e., CEC’s results has better average county partitioning number but worse population error as well as worse compactness. We also demonstrated that different redistricting results may change the election outcomes.

熱帶曲線(tropical curves) 是定義在熱帶半環(tropical semiring) 上的代數曲線。熱帶曲線是古典代數曲線經由某些賦值(valuation) 的映像，所以許多重要的代數曲線性質也同樣發生在熱帶曲線上。本篇論文我們試著將熱帶曲線圖形化。 首先，我們根據熱帶曲線的理論發展出幾個繪出熱帶曲線的演算法。再者，我們以電腦程式語言Python 去實現這些算演算法。我們發展的是跨平台的程式碼，可以在Linux, Mac OS X, Windows 等作業系統執行。 / Tropical curves are algebraic curves dened over the tropical semiring. They are the images of classical algebraic curves under some valuation maps, so reect many important properties of classical algebraic curves. In this thesis, we try to visualize tropical curves. We study the theory of tropical curves and develop several algorithms to draw the graphs of tropical curves. Furthermore, we implement these algorithms in Python programming language. These codes are cross-platform, running on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows.

本研究為建構我國大學生通識能力指標，透過文獻探討作為指標建構的理論基礎，初步分析歸納57項我國大學生通識能力指標，並以大學通識中心主任、教育學者專家及行政主管為問卷調查對象，採用模糊得菲術篩選及修改指標，建立31項我國大學生通識能力指標；再以概念構圖法與集群分析整合專家學者們對指標之重要性評估與分群，以建立構面，並求得各構面及指標權重，完成我國大學生通識能力指標建構。根據研究之結果與分析，歸納主要結論如下： 一、本研究建構之我國大學生通識能力指標，共計31項能力指標及五大構面。 二、五大構面及權重為「構面一：知識運用能力」（平均權重為3.39分）、「構面二：自我管理能力」(平均權重為4.12分）、「構面三：理性思辨與問題解決能力」（平均權重為3.96分）、「構面四：人際互動與溝通交流能力」（平均權重為4分）、「構面五：社會責任感與多元認知能力」（平均權重為3.75分）。 三、在「知識運用能力」構面中權重最重的指標為1-3學習整合能力(佔構面權重16.84%)；其次為1-6資訊倫理能力(佔構面權重15.44%)；再者為1-2跨領域能力及1-5資訊科技與媒體能力(佔構面權重15.09%)。 四、在「自我管理能力」構面中權重最重的指標為2-1健康管理能力及2-2情緒管理能力(佔構面權重21.05%)；其次為2-5自我學習能力(佔構面權重19.84%)。 五、在「理性思辨與問題解決能力」構面中權重最重的指標為3-6問題解決能力(佔構面權重17.54%)；其次為3-2批判思考與價值判斷能力(佔構面權重17.19%)；再者為3-1邏輯推理與思辯能力及3-5獨立思考能力(佔構面權重16.49%)。 六、在「人際互動與溝通交流能力」構面中權重最重的指標為4-2能與他人溝通能力(佔構面權重36.11%)。 七、在「社會責任感與多元認知能力」構面中權重最重的指標為5-1倫理道德與實踐能力(佔構面權重10.89%)；其次為5-2公民責任能力及5-8國際視野能力(佔構面權重10.67%)；再者為5-7多元文化認知、理解與尊重能力(佔構面權重10.44%)。 期望此項研究成果能提供我國高等教育主管機關、大學校院行政主管、教師及對未來研究之參考。 / This is a study aimed to establish the general education competency indicators for the college students in Taiwan. In the preliminary analysis, General Education Competency Indicators of 57 categories were initially proposed. Guided by the surveys of College Directors of General Education Centers, Education scholars, and Administrators, also adapting the Fuzzy Delphi Method as evaluation and revision model, competency indicators of 31 categories thus established. Concept mapping and cluster analysis were then applied to divide the 31 indicators into 5 separate dimensions as well as to obtain the weighting score of each indicator in its belonging dimension. The results of this study are identified accordingly as follows: 1.This study showed that the general education competency can be represented by 31 indicators and 5 dimensions. 2.The 5 dimensions of general education were self-management(4.12), Interpersonal interaction and communication(4), capacity of critical thinking and problem solving(3.96), social responsibility and multiple cognitive abilities(3.75), and knowledge application ability(3.39). 3.The dimension of knowledge application ability consisted of Integration of learning(16.84%), information ethics(15.44%), areas of knowledge and information technology and media(15.09%). 4.The dimension of self-management comprised of healthy-management(21.05%), emotional management(21.05%), and self-learning(19.84%). 5.The dimension of capacity of critical thinking and solving problem consisted of problem-solving(17.54%), capacity of critical thinking and value judgment (17.19%), logical rational thinking and independent thinking(16.49%). 6.The dimension of interpersonal interaction and communication was composed of capacity of communicating with mates (36.11%). 7.The dimension of social responsibility and multiple cognitive abilities was composed of ethical practice (10.89%), civic Responsibility (10.67%), international perspective(10.67%), multicultural and cognition, and understanding and respect(10.44%). The results of this study is highly anticipated to be utilized as a reference by higher education institutions and administration authorities, scholastic researchers, and additional future studies.

傳統台灣社會女性結婚、生育年齡較早；但隨著時代改變，初婚平均年齡隨之升高，年輕媽媽懷孕事件層出不窮，導致年輕媽媽成為現今社會的特殊議題。由於社會及媒體的渲染使得年輕媽媽生育事件引起許多負面觀感，無論今昔社會都需承擔外在輿論、評判及污名化。正值青春年華卻遇到人生衝擊的轉捩點，在抉擇困難下，同時承擔起重大的責任。道德的衝擊與充滿變數的未來不斷拉扯，年輕媽媽所承受的壓力遠遠超乎常人想像。在年輕媽媽懷孕至生育的過程裡，隱藏著許多權力關係及文化背景的操控。 本研究運用半結構訪談蒐集研究資料，檢視年輕媽媽的生命歷程，描繪母職實踐的方式與分析不同母職類型，透過遇到的阻礙與困境，檢視社會對她們的污名，重構年輕媽媽母職圖像。研究個案非透過社福機構及相關單位，乃由研究者周遭同儕、社群網路介紹所取得，共四位年輕媽媽。本研究聚焦的問題及研究發現分為三大類別： 1. 綜觀心路歷程的體悟：年輕媽媽皆在家中感受不到溫暖及關愛，選擇離家，對於愛情的懵懂意外懷孕，最終選擇生育。未婚的年輕媽媽則要承擔起一切的重擔；已婚的年輕媽媽則要適應公婆、迎合新生活。 2. 年輕媽媽的母職圖像：年輕媽媽因事件不同對於母職態度的呈現有積極與消極的區隔，在教育孩子層面以干預程度的高低分為高控制與低控制兩種類型。 3. 母職角色的挑戰：年輕媽媽會以生活經驗、被教養的經歷及子女的個別差異來決定代間傳遞的教養方式；代間傳遞的教養可區分為連續性、不完全性及不連續性代間教養這三種型態。 本研究的發現提供年輕媽媽更有意識地覺知生命歷程的壓迫與突破，並發展出更切合環境脈絡的母職圖像。