增訂土地法第34條之1 之立法目的，在於解決共有土地處分問題以促進共有土地有效利用，惟該條文以多數決原則所建構之處分要件解決共有土地處分問題，以促進土地利用之同時，對於「少數者」（不同意處分共有土地之共有人）之既有權利之保障是否周全，乃實施該條文時，所不可忽略的課題。因此，本研究從法律經濟觀點及財產權保障觀點，探討土地法第34條之1 之規定是否符合效率原則及公平原則，並作為土地法第34條之 1未來修訂之參考。 經本研究剖析之後，其結論與建議如下： 一、結論 (一)增訂土地法第34條之 1，雖有助於降低處分過程中之交易成本，惟產生少數者負 擔處分過程中，所降低的交易成本。 (二)從土地使用效率觀點而言，目前有關處分共有土地之法令中，對於「出租是否得適用土地法第34條之 1第 1項」及「處分公同共有土地時，並無直接依據土地法第34條之 1第 1項規定辦理之函令」等問題，因仍未能完善的解決，故仍有礙於共有土地處分而不利地使用。 (三)從財產權保障觀點而言，目前有關處分共有土地之法令中，對於「通知並非處分共有土地之必要生效要件」及「對價或補償標準未明確訂定」等問題，仍未能有效解決，表示對「少數者」之既有權利保障，仍未盡周全。 (四)由上述分析結果可知，增訂土地法第34條之 1後，雖有助處分共有土地而利於促進共有土地利用，惟「少數者」（不同意處分共有土地之共有人）負擔處分過程中，所降低的交易成本之問題及對「少數者」之既有權利保障之規定並不周全，使得「少數者」之權利受損，顯示該條文似乎有重土地使用效率而輕財產權保障之情形。 二、建議 (一)促進土地使用效率方面 1.將土地法第34條之 1之適用範圍擴大。 2.將地政機關調解共有人處分共有土地問題之功能，明定為共有人在無法處分共有土地時，聲請司法機關審理之先置程序。 3.對於潛在的應有部分明確者之公同共有土地之處分，應以行政釋示，依土地法第34條之 1第 1項規定辦理。 4.明定他共有人有行使全部共有土地之優先購買權。 (二)加強財產權保障方面 1.適度調整處分共有土地之處分要件。 2.將共有人處分共有土地時，通知他共有人之「書面通知」效力提昇。 3.健全土地估價制度。

人智運算(Human Computation)是近年來最熱門的研究領域之一，而適地性服務(Location-based service)也因此衍生出許多研究議題。由於傳統上在搜集資訊時往往會浪費過多的人力資源，所以我們希望使用者藉由玩遊戲的方式背後完成我們想要的事情。在此篇論文中，我們利用GWAP(Games with a Purpose)的概念設計一套行動地理標籤系統，系統採用玩家分享自身附近景點資訊再透過其他玩家來到相同地點做驗證的方式，讓玩家在一邊玩遊戲的過程中搜集相關地理資訊，另一方面達到景點資訊是可信賴的目的。 然而，對系統而言要如何選題給玩家驗證才能提升整體效能，為了解決這些問題，我們在選題策略上提出三種不同的任務分配演算法，再透過一連串的實驗模擬來證明我們所設計的系統確實能夠在選題上達到好的效能，最後我們考慮到現實生活中可能的情形後將此系統實作在智慧型手機上(Android Phone)。 / Human Computation is popular recently and have become one of the hottest research topics, therefore Location-based service also drives a lot of issues. Due to collect information always cause too many manpower- wasted in tradition , so we hoped that the users to complete the things which we want by play game’s way .In this thesis, we based on the concept of ‘Games with a Purpose’(GWAP) to develop a mobile geospatial tagging system, system adopt player share self nearby scenic spots information and then through another players come the same place do the verification, allowing the player to play the game in the side of the process of collecting the relevant geographic information, on the other hand to achieve the purpose of scenic spots information is reliable. However, how to choose topics for player verification can effectively evaluate the system performance, to solve these problems we propose three different selection strategies on the task assignment algorithms, then through a series of simulation experiments designed to prove that our system can indeed achieve good performance on the topics, finally we take into account real life situations and implement in the smart phone (Android Phone).

傳統E-Learning一直存在學習教材不足的問題。然而，隨著多媒體資訊爆炸時代來臨，有愈來愈多的教育資源可開放使用，再加上資通訊技術不斷創新演進，將不斷改變知識呈現的方式。 本篇論文透過相關文獻探討，提出整合不同學習資源以解決多媒體教材不足的問題。文中以「歷史文學」通識課程為例，分析如何有效地建構輔助教材以支援學習活動。除了從教材設計及學習支援的角度上來分析，研究中更使用Design-Based Research，透過設計不同學習情境來了解教材偏好之議題。 在實作中不但使用 text mining 的技術，也整合了 GIS (Geographic Information System) 提供更創新的互動方式。此外，透過問卷來收集參與師生之使用心得及意見回饋，實際了解學生對教材設計的偏好程度。 研究發現較生動的呈現方式有助於吸引學生，並歸納出認知程度是設計教材之重要成功要素。希望藉由本文實際之發現及建議，提供數位媒體於通識教育的應用個案參考。 / With the different impact of instructions design, such as open educational resources, multimedia explosion and innovative ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies), it offers a possible clue in exploiting from new forms of interaction and knowledge sharing in the Web 2.0 Age. This thesis argues that traditional learning issues in the lack of online multimedia instructions could be solved by integrating various multimedia learning resources, for example in General Education and other learning areas. Therefore, a framework of composing learning contents from the analysis of multimedia learning evolution is presented. By proposing an innovated framework and an analysis of different granularity in learning contents, ontology illustrations and examples in OWL (Web Ontology Language) are discussed. Since the Design-Based Research can help to understand the learning phenomena through developing different kinds of learning materials. We base on the approach of Design-Based Research to evaluate e-Learning presentations and link up the prototype implementation with research objects. The study tries to present some of the problems arising when ICTs are integrated into learning environment and to provide suggestions of how to deal with the problems. Some questionnaires are designed, and it is applied to collect feedbacks of learners and as a suggestion of improving learning instruction. In sum, this experiment provides empirical evidence that shows that, in a general education class for community university students, presenting a material with GIS (Geographic Information System) platform is more attractive than presenting the text contents together with the picture or only the text. The results indicate that a vivid presentation can help students to understand the conveyed concept. While ICTs play an important role in facilitating learning materials, cognitive load issue is so important that should be taken into account seriously. As a result, instructional designers have come to recognize the real need for multimedia instruction from our findings and take care of multiple presentations that are sensitive to cognitive load. Finally, we mainly address that the logistic of General Education must rethink under the innovative concept and the help of ICTs.

近年來由於政府實施無紙化及金融業者推行電子帳單的成效卓越，使得國內郵件的收寄量逐年下滑，郵局如何與民營業者競爭國內物流市場並達成盈餘目標，成為營運中不可忽視之因素。 傳統的郵局設點多依據公司規定與配合政府政策需求，甚少採用涉及複雜因素之區位分析進行選址。因此，如何有效且公正地評選郵局新設據點以提高收益，成為亟待解決之問題。 本研究目的在於提供高收益之郵局設點建議，我們提出一種評估中華郵政公司設點效益的方法，以國內郵局實際設點位置與相關空間資料來建置實驗模型。研究結果顯示，以本研究方法建立之預測模型可成功的提供中華郵政公司建議於何處新增據點可收最大功效。 我們首先蒐集中華郵政公司設點之鄰近區域資料，如競爭者設點數、人口因素、重要交通路口、郵件收寄量等。其次導入資料探勘技術分析影響郵件收寄量之因素，建立中華郵政公司設點收寄量預測模型。然後依照建立預測模型時所得到之區辨力分數，判斷採用何種資料探勘技術建立預測模型較適當。最後將所選定的預測模型套用於台北縣市各村里建物重心，透過環域資料分析以計算預估之收寄量，再整合各資料探勘技術之預測結果後推論出最佳設點建議。 實作中，以台北縣市資料來測試我們的方法。實驗數據顯示，我們的方法成功地找出十一個建議設點的村里，可提供給中華郵政公司作為高收益的設點建議。 / The amount of postal mail declines in recent years due to the efforts of paper-reduce policies implemented by the government, the industries, and the general publics. It becomes one of the important issues of the Chunghwa Post Company, to compete with other companies in domestic freight and mail services and to achieve the desired profits. Traditionally, the location of post offices were decided according to the government policies as well as the company regulations. The issues involved in the site selection analysis were seldom considered. Hence, developing an effective and fair mechanism to find the new post office locations that could improve the company’s surplus becomes an important problem to be solved. The purpose of this thesis is to provide recommendations to the post office site selection which will yield high profit to the company. We proposed a method to evaluate the effective profits that could be produced by a particular post office through the data mining techniques and the related GIS information. We first collect various data, such as neighborhood population, traffic flow, postal mail received at particular post office, competitor’s information, etc., and analyze these data using data mining techniques in order to establish prediction models. The most appropriate model was chosen to find the new post office sites. The Metropolitan Taipei area was chosen to illustrate our idea. The best sites for new post offices were selected through the buffering analysis as well as the data mining techniques. The experimental results show that our method can successfully find eleven locations which could generate most profit to Chunghwa Post Company if the new post offices were located in these places.

臺北市多目標地籍圖系統可提供查尋定位功能，惟並無分析、統計等一般地理資訊系統(GIS)具有的功能，使得地籍資料無法發揮更大功效，同時筆者服務機關既有之『縣市圖根管理系統』因開發較早，受限於原開發程式限制，無法與需高記體之其他軟體相容，另一方面，民眾申請多目標地籍圖，目前仍以紙本方式供應，亦無法發揮與其他政府機關或民間開發建置之地理資訊系統(GIS)圖資整合應用之功能，若能提供符合開放地理資訊編碼標準之地籍圖資，民眾可自行加值應用，將可大幅提升政府為民服務品質。由於臺北市多目標地籍圖系統功能不足，以及既有之『縣市圖根管理系統』無法正常使用，亟需開發新系統，然而，當欲增加功能時，又常受限於原開發廠商、預算編列及招標程序，導致緩不濟急。 開放式地理資訊系統聯盟製定了開放式地理資料跨平台規格書，依此規格書開發之開放源碼軟體常具有免費、跨平台、資料模組化、資料交換方便等優點，讓使用者能免費的取得軟體；同時中央研究院亦提供了許多GIS應用軟體工具供人下載使用，因此若能藉由開放源碼軟體之輔助，將地籍圖資加值應用，提供地籍圖查詢定位、套圖展示以及產製符合開放地理資訊編碼標準之地籍圖、圖根點檔，將可提高地籍資料於GIS之應用。 本研究蒐集臺北市信義區之地籍圖、圖根點及都市計畫中心樁位坐標成果，以開放源碼GIS (Quantum GIS)進行地籍資料加值之建置及處理，建置完成後之成果，可於Quantum GIS中進行定位查詢、套圖展示等操作，並可依需求製作客製化地籍圖，產製地籍圖及圖根點成果KML檔，供民眾下載後加值應用，對提升為民服務有極大助益。 / The “Taipei City Multi-purpose Cadastral Map System” can be used to search and identify location. However, it lacks of functions provided by GIS (Geographic Information Systems) such as analysis and statistics, hence its utility is limited. Since the “Supplementary Control Point Management System for City and County Government” of the researcher's institute was developed in a very early year, due to its limitation, the software is incompatible with the other software which needs large memory. In addition, multi-purpose cadastral map is currently provided to the public in paper copy, thus it cannot be integrated with other GIS data established by government or private institutions. If the cadastral map conforms to the Open Geodata Interoperability Specification (OpenGIS), it can improve the quality of service provided by the government to the public because value-added applications can be developed. As both the aforementioned systems are not sufficient to meet the needs, there is great demand for developing a new system. However, the development of new functions or systems is often restricted by the original developer, budget, and procurement procedure, hence it is not efficient for the urgent need. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has defined a set of open interfaces based on the OpenGIS. Most of the open source software that conforms to OpenGIS has the advantages of free of charge, cross platform, modulized data, and data interchangeability. It is free and easy for users to obtain open source software. Academia Sinica also provides several GIS application software for free download. By using open source GIS software to provide functions such as searching, identification, overlaying, and producing maps for cadastral maps and supplementary control points, it will enhance the value of cadastral map data in GIS applications. This research collected data of the Xinyi District of Taipei City, including cadastral maps, supplementary control points, and central piles’ coordinates for urban planning. An open source GIS (Quantum GIS) was used to process cadastral maps, and the results can be used for location searching, and overlaying maps. Moreover, customized cadastral maps can be produced on demand, and the cadastral maps and supplementary control points can be converted to KML (Keyhole Markup Language) file format, which can be downloaded by the public for value-added applications. The results is expected to greatly improve services for the public.

近年來台灣連鎖咖啡店消費人口的穩定成長，提升了連鎖咖啡店的市場規模與消費產值，傳統利潤導向的市場經營方式，使得連鎖咖啡店的競爭更趨激烈，如何訂定正確的選址與經營策略，成為在高度競爭市場中存活的重要關鍵。 傳統的選址問題需要投入大量的人力與時間進行相關資訊的蒐集、訪查與評估，故而在新設營業點時，較少運用複雜的因素進行區位選址的分析與評估。因此能透過較多的因素，從區位選址與營利效應等觀點進行分析，協助投資者獲得更好的利潤，提高決策成功的機率，是極為重要的問題。 本論文的目的，在於為連鎖咖啡店之選址決策，提出能增加成功機率之設點建議。我們依據連鎖咖啡市場雙雄在訂定選址決策的成功經驗，透過相關係數進行人口與經濟活動因素之統計分析，以找出其成功選址之關鍵因素。同時運用資料探勘的分類技術，建構成功選址之分類模型，並經由地理資訊系統提供的圖層資料，對連鎖咖啡市場雙雄之競爭關係進行分析與評估，以提供正確選址及設點之建議。 實作中我們採用台北市出租店面之空間資料，以探討並評估本研究建議模型之實際效益。實驗結果顯示，透過本研究之選址分類模型進行設點類型之預測，有七成以上之達成率，顯示本研究提出之模型能有效增加選址的成功機率，同時經由競爭對手設點空間關係之分析，亦能提供有利選址決策之建議。 / The number of customers of coffee shop chains has grown steadily in recent years that cause the market size as well as the total consumption value increase rapidly and continuously. The competition among the chain coffee stores get even worse under the traditional profit oriented management style. In such case, it is crucial to make the correct decisions when selecting the coffee shop locations as well as making operation strategies in opening new coffee shops. Traditionally, it takes a great amount of time and human resources in collecting relevant information, conducting field visits as well as site evaluations when making coffee shop site selections. One seldom considers complex factors of site evaluation or field analyzing in selecting the location of new coffee shop. Hence, it will be one of the major contributions if one can find a mechanism in analyzing the site selection as well as profit evaluation to help the investors to produce better profit and to improve the chance of success. The goal of this thesis is to provide recommendations to improve the success rate of chain coffee shop site selection strategy. Based on the coffee market leaders’ success experiences in formulating the site selection strategies, we analyzed the correlation coefficients of the population as well as economy activities in order to identify the key factors in successful site selection strategies. We also used data mining techniques to construct the classification models of successful site selection. In addition, we analyzed and evaluated competition relations between the two leading chain coffee brands using the geographic information systems to obtain appropriate recommendations in new site selections. The shop rental information of Taipei City was used to explore and to evaluate the models recommended in our mechanism. The experimental results showed that the prediction through the classification models for site selections can achieve 70% of success rate. This indicates our mechanism effectively improve the successful rate of site selections. Moreover, the experimental results also show that the spatial analysis of site selections between the competitors is helpful in providing appropriate site selection strategies.

飲食除了作為人類維生的基本需求，也是文化發展的重要一環。甚至隨著人類經濟的發展與文化的提升，飲食已由維生的基本需求與口腹之欲的滿足，更發展到社交、禮儀、養身、修心之美學境界。俄羅斯作為一個歷史悠久的國家，隨著歷史的演進，飲食文化雖然不斷在變遷，也保存不少固有傳統。因此，本論文結合文化與語言的知識，從宏觀角度論述出俄羅斯民族之飲食美學觀。在文化面，本論文將介紹影響俄羅斯飲食文化之形成的地理條件和歷史發展。在語言方面，我們將飲食相關的俄語用語（諺語、俗語、成語、詞組等）與普希金作品有關飲食場景的部分討論，整理並歸納出俄羅斯飲食的民族特色。

在知識經濟時代中，經由知識的創造、傳遞與應用獲得創新、異質性的知識和技術，對於產業競爭力的提升具有關鍵影響力。而生物科技產業擁有知識密集、產學互動關係密切、重視創新研發活動的特性，亦與本研究關注知識創新活動相符。加上生物科技的發展，不僅是全球大力投入的新興高科技產業，同時也被定位成國家競爭力的新指標。 所以本文即以生物科技產業為對象，從創新系統脈絡所提及的地理鄰近性和網絡關係切入，透過因素分析及系統分析（SEM）方法分別建構出在生技產業中創新系統行動者--廠商、大學和研究機構的知識傳遞路徑模型。透過所建構出的知識傳遞路徑模型，觀察在廠商和學研機構的知識傳遞活動中，同時考量地理鄰近性與網絡因素前提下，兩者對於知識傳遞路徑的影響程度及其所產生直接或間接的影響、與彼此間的因果關係所形成影響路徑的先後順序，以及地理鄰近性和網絡關係間是否可能存有互補或替代關係。更進一步針對產學研三者間的知識傳遞連結關係進行整體性的結構分析。 研究結果發現： 1.知識傳遞路徑確實存在先後因果關係引發對知識取得直接或間接之影響。在廠商模型中只有廠商聚集直接影響知識取得；而學研機構模型中則是由廠商鄰近與產業網絡直接影響知識獲取。並且因為因果關係的存在而形成知識傳遞路徑的先後順序。 2.在兩個知識傳遞路徑模型中，大學與研究機構都扮演主導創新研發活動的重要角色。 3.在廠商模型中，地理鄰近性與網絡存有互補關係，學研機構模型中則否。 4.地理空間的聚集對於廠商和學研機構的知識取得都具有舉足輕重的地位。 / During the era of knowledge-based economy, acquirement of innovative and heterogeneous knowledge by knowledge and technology creating , transmitting and using has key influence to improvement of industry's competitiveness. Characteristics of Biotechnology industry, which conform to this research pays close attention to the knowledge innovation activity are knowledge -intensive , close interactions between industry – university and emphasizing innovative and research development .It is not merely a new developing Hi-Tech industry of global great input, but also the new index of national competitiveness at the same time . This thesis regards biotechnology industry as the research subject promptly, based on viewpoints of geographical proximity and networks to understand the relations between innovative actors -- firm, university and research institution -- and to construct out the route model of transmission through factor analysis and systematic analysis(SEM).According to route model , while observing in the activities of knowledge transmitting, find out the actors’ influence degree and exert a direct or indirect influence in the route model , and try to figure out geographical proximity may be complementary or substitute to the networks. Go still one step further to concern the structure analysis which among the firms, universities and research institutes. The result of study is found: 1.The causality of knowledge transmission exists positively in the route to cause direct or indirect influences on knowledge acquiring and form the priority order .Only it influences knowledge to be obtained directly that the firms gather in firm's model; geographical proximity and firm's network influencing knowledge acquisition directly while learning to university and research institution's model . 2.In both route model, the university and research institution all act as leading actor in innovative activities. 3.In firm's model, the geographical proximity has complementary relations with the network, which has opposite relation in university and research institution's model. 4.The gathering in the geographical space has a very important position in the process of knowledge acquiring to all innovative actors.

本文研究目的，在於解釋在中國大陸眾多開發區之間，為何有些開發區發展相對成功，有些開發區卻成為閒置土地、基礎建設落後、外資裹足不前？造成開發區發展差異的誘因究竟為何？本文認為由中國國務院批准的開發區，享有國家級開發區的「閃亮招牌」，並且在法律上，其稅收優惠政策，相對比省級開發區來了更為清晰、更有保障。同時，開發區所在地是否位居沿海、鄰近國際大都會，或者是建立在城市市區，開發區的地理位置，也是造成開發區發展差異重要因素之一。此外，開發區的產業群聚現況，以及開發區與當地大學的結合，都深深影響著開發區產業群聚效應的發展。最後，對於開發區與地方政府之間的財政關係，本文認為，若開發區能獨立運用財政收入，包括土地出讓金與稅收收入，甚至管委會可以設立財源獨立的投資總公司的話，開發區基礎建設經費來源，將相對獲得保障，開發區因而更具發展潛力。 在研究方法上，除了文獻分析法外，作者以山東濟南作為個案，透過為期兩個月的實地田野調查，對當地開發區官員、濟南市政府相關部門進行了深度訪談，藉此比較並歸納造成開發區發展差異誘因。

本論文的主要目的在對於分類詞、性別詞以及複數標記在語言當中的地域分佈提出解釋．在前人的研究當中，這三項元素被認為是名詞句中平衡資訊的重要工具(Greenberg, 1990; Aikhenvald, 2000)：分類詞語言主要位於東南亞和南美洲部分地區，而具有性別詞或複數標記的語言大多出現在歐洲、非洲和美洲部分地區．我們提出的論證如下：即便這三樣元素外表上具有歧異，它們會呈現當今所見的地域分佈原因在於它們共有的兩項標記功能：可數性質及語意分類．分類詞同時滿足兩者而性別詞及複數標記分別滿足其一；依照此邏輯，我們預測有分類詞的語言不會同時具有性別詞及複數標記而反之亦然．本文中我們透過句法形式和語意功能的比較提出論證並透過類型學、地理及歷史的角度分析來自世界上最大的二十個語系（印歐，漢藏，亞非，尼日爾-剛果，南島，達羅毗荼，阿爾泰，南亞，壯侗，尼羅－撒哈拉，烏拉，高加索，等語系）的155個語言．架構上，第一章簡單對研究題目進行介紹，第二章呈現前人研究的匯整，第三章包含我們的理論論證以及我們對於分類詞、性別詞及複數標記分與合的解釋．隨後的第四章中，我們提出類型學和地理資訊系統(GIS)的證據；最後在第五張和第六章我們分別點出本研究的限制以及結論． / This thesis aims at providing an explanation for the typological and areal distribution between numeral classifiers, genders (noun classes) and grammatical plural markers. Within previous studies, these three components are considered as different devices to balance information in noun phrases (Greenberg, 1990; Aikhenvald, 2000). Numeral classifier languages are mainly present in South-East Asia and parts of South-America, while languages with genders and grammatical plural markers are generally attested in Europe, Africa and parts of the Americas. We propose that despite their apparent divergence, the three elements display this particular geographical distribution due to their convergent features of count/mass distinction and semantic classification: Numeral classifiers carry both functions, while genders and plural markers separately fulfill one of them. Following this logic, we expect that a language with numeral classifier do not have simultaneously the systems of genders plus plural markers and vice-versa. Theoretical evidence via formal syntactic form and semantic function comparison is proposed and further supported by typological, geographical and historical analysis of 155 languages that are mainly part of the 20 biggest language groups in the world, e.g. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Austronesian, Dravidian, Japonic, Altaic, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Creole, Nilo-Saharan, Uralic, Quechuan, Hmong-Mien, Mayan, North Caucasian, Language isolates among others. Chapter 1 presents a brief introduction of the subject while chapter 2 displays the literature review. Chapter 3 includes our theoretical discussion proposing explaining the convergence and divergence among numeral classifiers, genders and plural markers, followed by typological and geographical evidence via GIS (Geographic Information System) in Chapter 4. Finally Chapter 5 and 6 contain the limitations of our study and its conclusion.