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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

中國大陸汽車產業市場結構、廠商行為與績效之分析 / The Market Structure, Firm Conduct and Performance in China’s Automobile Industry

夏樂生, Hsia,Lo-Sheng Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要是透過產業經濟學中的產業組織研究,運用J. S. Bain及F. M. Scherer 為首的市場結構-行為-績效(S-C-P)的分析方式,來探討中國大陸汽車產業市場結構、廠商行為與績效之間的關係。 運用產業組織S-C-P的分析方式來研究產業的發展及績效的關係已經相當普遍,從早期的E. Mason、J. Bain到W. Shepherd、F. M. Scherer以還,此領域的研究成果相當豐富,然而多集中在實施市場經濟的西方國家,對經濟轉型的國家如東歐、中國及蘇聯等則較為少見。 本論文研究的主要目的,即在探討大陸地區汽車產業之市場結構、產業特性、產業內廠商之營運行為及彼此間的競爭型態;並進一步運用現有的資料,以實證方法對汽車產業市場結構、廠商行為及利潤之來源加以檢定,再由實證中所發掘出的資訊,評估研判大陸汽車產業發展的走向及相關問題。由於中國大陸是一個在二十世紀八十年代開始才自計畫經濟體制逐漸轉型為市場經濟體制的國家,本身仍具有計畫經濟的一些特質,產業政策的制訂及強制實施,對大陸汽車產業結構及行為均具有一定的影響力,因此本文亦透過大陸官方頒布的汽車產業政策來探討其對汽車產業的影響。 經由本文對中國大陸汽車產業的分析顯示,產業組織中市場結構(S)、行為(C)與績效(P),彼此間是處於相互影響之動態關係。而實證研究亦顯示,市場結構及行為對廠商績效的產生有密切的關聯。 在市場結構方面,大陸汽車產業的市場結構有逐漸大型化、集團化的趨勢,大型企業的市場占有率也逐年提升,市場集中度(CR4、CR8)相對提高;唯有轎車生產廠商在進入業者增多及競爭激烈之下,市場集中度有下降的現象,未來大陸汽車產業整體的市場結構有進一步緊縮並向寡頭壟斷發展的趨勢。在廠商行為方面,廠商的併購重組及價格競爭行為有助於市場結構的改善,投資研發及行銷策略等廠商行為則與市場結構及績效有相互影響。另外大陸汽車產業政策對市場結構、行為、績效則有大小不一的影響,部分產業政策目標得以實現,部分政策目標則無法完成。 在汽車產業集中度與績效之直觀性分析方面,根據1995至2003年的相關數據顯示,不論是整車生產廠商、企業集團或轎車生產廠商,其市場集中度愈高,其績效表現相對較佳(工業增加值率愈高)。 另外從實證分析的結果來看,與市場結構相關的5個變數,其中市場集中度(H)、市場占有率(MS)與績效為正相關;而市占率平方(MS²)及勞動密度(Labor)為負相關,大致上與我們的假設相符。另外資本密度(Capital)的實證結果則與假設有所不同,其中34家車廠樣本的檢定為正,而15家集團的結果為負,顯示大陸汽車產業目前並不具資本優勢,尤其是部分汽車集團的資產對績效的產生並不具正面效益。在行為變數方面,投資行為(Investment)對績效的影響為正相關,與我們的假設相同,顯示持續的投資對汽車廠商績效的產生具有重大正面的影響。時間趨勢(Time)變數也有所不同,實證顯示34家車廠的績效隨時間趨勢有逐漸下降的情形,而汽車集團的績效則隨時間趨勢呈上升現象。 正如產業組織理論所述,廠商的績效可以有多個評定考核的標準,一般均以利潤最大化或搶占最大的市占率為目標,但以大陸目前汽車產業狀況而言,本土汽車企業或大陸官方控股的汽車集團能否開發出知名的自有汽車品牌應當是重要的績效之一。根據本文的研究也發現,中國大陸目前汽車集團或大型汽車企業的短期目標是做大規模,利用規模經濟及擴大市占率來鞏固利基。但卻忽略其基本目標或長期目標應是做強企業,所謂做強企業應是運用研發成果或提升經營效率使成本降低,以提高企業的利潤率或附加價值,才算是一個成功的企業。做大企業固然不易,做強企業更是困難,但唯有持續不斷地突破、創新、研發,才能在競爭激烈的中國汽車大戰中脫穎而出,立於不敗之地。 / This thesis aims to explore the relationship between market structure, firm conduct and performance of the automobile industry in mainland China by applying the structure-conduct-performance (S-C-P) model of industrial organization. There are many outstanding studies using S-C-P approach to examine the dynamics between industrial development and performance, such as E. Mason, J. Bain, W. Sherpherd, F.M. Schere, etc. However, most of them focus on the market economies in western countries. Few of them discuss the situations in Eastern Europe, China and former Soviet Union countries that undergo economic transitions. The thesis intends to explore the characteristics of the market structure, firm conduct and economic performance in China’s automobile industry, to examine the dynamics of S-C-P in automobile industry by regression analysis, and to evaluate the development and problems of the automobile industry in mainland China. Although China has been undergoing economic transitions from a planned economy to a market economy since 1980s, not all the characteristics of the planned economy are replaced. The regulatory policy making and implementation have significant impacts on its automobile market structure and firm conduct in this industry. In this regard, the thesis intends to discuss how China’s policy influences its automobile industry. Paramount findings of this research suggest that, in China’s automobile industry, market structure, firm conduct and performance interact with one another. Regression analyses indicate that market structure, firm conduct and performance are strong associated. The market structure of the automobile industry in China characterizes large firms and groups, the growing market share rate of large-scale enterprises on a yearly basis and the rise of market concentration degree (CR4, CR8). However, the value of market concentration degree of sedan manufacturers decreases due to the increase of competitors in this market. As a result, the market structure of China’s automobile industry will evolve to oligopoly in the future. Firm conducts such as merger, reorganization and price competition help to improve the market structure. Other firm behaviors like investment, R&D, and marketing strategies influence the market structure and performance and vice versa. Moreover, China’s automobile industrial policies have various impacts on market structure, firm conduct and performance. In practice, some goals of the automobile policies are attainable, however, others are unattainable in practice. Based on the data between 1995 and 2003, a statistical analysis of concentration degree and performance in automobile industry suggest a positive relationship that higher market concentration degree results in better performance (higher industrial added-value rate), regardless whole-car manufacturers, group enterprises or sedan manufacturers. The multiple regression analyses of five variables related to market structure represents that the values of concentration degree (H) and market share (MS) alike have positive effects on the value performance whereas the values of market share rate squared (MS²) and labor density(Labor) alike have negative effects on the value of performance. These results support our hypotheses in this study. Nevertheless, the result of a relationship test for capital density(Capital) and performance is different from our hypothesis. The value of capital density of 34 car firms and the value of performance have a positive relationship, which echoes our assumption. Yet the hypothesis test for capital density of 15 groups leads to the opposite. It suggests that: capital advantage does not emerge in China’s automobile industry so far. In particular, assets of some automobile groups do not have beneficial effects on business performance. Firm conduct includes one variables: investment. Regression analysis indicates a positive relationship between investment and performance. The result is consistent with our hypothesis and concludes: constant investment contributes to automobile firm performance. Relationship testing for time and performance shows that: when the value of time increases, the value of 34 automobile firms’ performance decreases whereas the value of 15 groups’ performance increases, accordingly. The theory of Industrial organization provides multiple criteria to assess firm performance which usually aims to maximize profit or market share. In the case of current automobile industry in China, whether or not local automobile firms or state-owned enterprises achieve a successful brand building of China-made vehicles should be an important indicator of performance. This research also discovers that on one hand the automobile groups and large-scale enterprises in China embrace short-term goals to maximize firm scale and market shares so as to maximize revenues by exploiting the advantages of economy of scale, however, on the other hand, they ignore fundamental, long-term goals to be sustainable, successful and competitive corporations that invest R&D to increase business efficiency, reduce costs, and boost marginal revenue and added-value rate. Being a big firm is never easy yet being a competitive enterprise is even more difficult. Only with constant improvement in management, investment in R&D, the invention of production can an enterprise survive and succeed in the competition in China’s automobile market.
92

委外代工廠選擇程序之研究---以多國公司為例 / Contract Manufacturer Selection Process—The Case of Multinational Enterprises

黃智源, Huang, Chih Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
為了在競爭的環境中生存甚至是成長,企業可能會採取外包策略,請外部廠商負責處理非核心業務,而專注企業之有限資源於具有核心競爭力的活動。如何選擇外包廠商對於外包策略的執行成效有深切的影響,因為外包廠商會直接影響到企業價值鏈的最終產出結果。因此,本論文採取個案研究法對三家跨國公司進行深度訪談,以了解電子業之品牌廠商對於委外代工廠(製造服務供應商或研發製造服務供應商)的選擇程序與評估項目。 根據研究結果,本論文提出一套一般性的委外代工廠選擇程序。依照所考慮的委外代工廠種類之不同,該選擇程序建議五至六個階段(Market Research, General Survey, Specific Survey, Trial Run (optional), Verification Survey, and Decision Making),同時建議各階段應考慮的評估項目。本論文亦根據研究結果,對於欲建立委外代工廠選擇程序之品牌廠商以及委外代工廠提出相關建議。 / In order to survive and even to grow in the competitive environment, enterprises may adopt outsourcing strategy to focus on their core competency and to have external suppliers to handle the other activities. How to select a proper outsourcing supplier is very critical to the implementation of outsourcing strategy because outsourcing suppliers will affect the final outcome of the whole value chain very much. Therefore, this thesis studies in the electronic industry to understand the process and evaluation criteria of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to select contract manufacturers (which are electronic manufacturing services, EMS, providers or original design manufacturers, ODMs). Case study is applied as the research method and three multinational companies are in-depth interviewed for this study. Based on the research results, a general contract manufacturer selection process is proposed. This general process has five to six stages (Market Research, General Survey, Specific Survey, Trial Run (optional), Verification Survey, and Decision Making), depending on the kind of contract manufacturers under consideration. Corresponding evaluation criteria are also recommended for usage in each stage of the selection process. According to the research results, recommendations are made for OEMs which are planning to establish a contract manufacturer selection process and for contract manufacturers which are being surveyed.
93

工程契約之履行與擔保— 以保證廠商及監督付款之實務問題為核心 / A Study of Fulfillment and Guarantee of The Construction Contract: Focusing on Guarantee Supplier and Supervised Payment System

潘怡廷 Unknown Date (has links)
營建工程契約不同於一般傳統之承攬契約,在於其履約期長、所牽涉之標的金額龐大,有其專業性要求且風險性高之特性,因此工程契約所衍生之履約爭議往往十分常見,基於工程契約之特性,為了確保權益之實現,因而發展出許多工程契約之擔保類型,除了一般常見之工程履約保證金以及銀行出具之履約保證書之履約擔保方式外,透過約定由第三人實際接續施作工程,以完成業主之完工利益,乃工程契約特殊之擔保類型之一,最常見之情形乃保證廠商之約定以及監督付款之協議。 然而,保證廠商性質上乃民法上之保證人,基於保證廠商單務契約之性質,原則上保證廠商並無任何法定之權利得向業主請求給付工程款,僅得基於求償權之規定,向承包商請求相關之費用,但是因承包商於此等情形已無資力甚或是不知去向,保證廠商往往要求約定業主將原應給付予承包商之工程款讓與予承包商,否則不願接續繼續施作。因此實務上保證廠商與業主間,往往約定將承包商權利移轉予保證廠商或將工程契約之一切權利義務移轉予保證廠商之條款,但是此等條款之效力如何以及所衍生之效力,在實務上迭生爭議。 工程實務所發展出的監督付款協議,係指大型工程承包商將工程部分分包予其他廠商之時,若承包商資金週轉發生問題,而分包商不願繼續履約時,為了確保廠商繼續施作,業主、承包商及分包商其中二方或全體共同協議,由分包商接續施作工程,而將業主應給付予承包商之工程款監督付款予分包商。然而,在法院實務上,業主時常主張監督付款之協議並未使分包商取得對於業主之工程款直接請求權,而主張拒絕給付工程款予分包商。此等監督付款之協議內容應如何解釋較為合理,以及監督付款之分包商權利是否獲得足夠之保障,均為重要之議題。 本文將整理法院實務所觀察到的保證廠商以及監督付款協議之重要判決並類型化,比較各種類型與法律概念之釐清,逐一檢視各案中法院對於保證廠商以及監督付款之定性是否妥適,並分析當事人間之法律關係。嘗試就涉及承包商之債權人若受讓工程款債權或是進行強制執行之扣押時之四方權利義務衝突 (在承包商之債權人、業主、保證廠商/監督付款之分包商彼此之間,權利之衝突應該如何判斷?)之爭議,綜合保證廠商及監督付款之法律定性、各工程款之法律性質之判斷,提出符合我國法理之解釋,並就我國法律所欠缺之部分,提出可供參考的修正方向,希冀能對於我國工程契約以及擔保法制提供若干貢獻。
94

韓國政府採購廠商停權制度之研究 / Reach of refused to The Korea State Contract

李怡芳, Lee,Yi Fang Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣對於韓國法令規定都很陌生,且關於韓國之法律專題論文甚少,故透過本文將韓國政府採購制度及相關法令規定,建構出基礎架構,以利日後有志於韓國法律研究者之參考。本文重點在於韓國政府採購制度之介紹,並深入研究臺、韓二國之政府採購廠商停權制度之異同比較,最後並嘗試對我國停權制度之問題提出修法建議。
95

工程契約中定作人協力問題之研究 / A study of employers' duty to co-operate in construction contracts

蘇珈漪 Unknown Date (has links)
於雙務、有償之營建施工契約中,承包商依約應設法實現業主所擬定之工程計畫並完成約定工作,而業主則相對地負有支付等值對價之給付義務,此種當事人間主要義務之建構,實與民法上承攬契約之典型狀態相似,然營建工程契約通常牽涉之標的金額相當龐大,且因履約期較長,工程推動期間可能面臨之風險亦與傳統承攬契約有別;此外,工程契約隨著當事人需求之變動,致使工作內容千變萬化,且工程契約之進行受到外界經濟或客觀環境影響甚鉅,具體工作項目為因應實際施作之需要而有隨時修正或補充之可能,而此亦或多或少影響當事人得否依原訂時程順利履約。是以,多數實務及學說見解固然肯認於解釋工程契約或處理相關紛爭時,可參考或援引承攬契約之概念或規範,然考量營建工程契約之特殊性,於探討工程履約爭議時,仍不可忽略當事人真意及利益狀態之評估,並應審慎兼顧經濟效率及契約目的之追求,對法律規範為最妥適之解釋與適用。 在工程契約之主給付義務外,是否當事人亦負有其他從給付義務或附隨義務,此問題向來較少被著墨,然由於承攬契約之給付內容涉及一定工作結果之提出,承攬人對工程之進行固然需具備專業技術與能力,惟工程進行中,若干工作內容之施作,常有待定作人積極配合,方能順利完成,是以,若承攬人於施作過程遭受阻礙而有賴定作人協助,此時定作人提供必要之協力並與承攬人合作履行契約給付,對於工程整體能否如期如質之推動,通常即具有舉足輕重之關鍵地位。 惟長久以來,定作人協力行為之性質及其相應適用之法律效果為何,由於現有法令規範之不完備,再加上各式不公平定型化約款之擬定及傳統保守見解之採行,以致學理及實務上對於相關議題之處理,未能進一步突破並跟隨工程實務運作上當事人實際之需求。基於此課題攸關工程實務上當事人義務及責任關係之釐清,具有探討之重要實益,是以本文乃分別以工程契約之性質與工程契約風險分配之概念為研究之出發點,嘗試推導出當事人間較為合理之風險分配原則,同時就工程契約中定作人協力行為之內容、性質及法律效果,分析比較我國與德國法制及契約實務運作中相關規範與制度之異同或優劣,藉以釐清定作人協力義務相關規定與其他法律制度間之關係,而透過此種分析與思辨之過程,應可進一步證立工程契約中當事人合作概念之重要性。 其次,本文將整合學理上相關論述,為定作人協力行為之案例類型提供一較為合適之檢驗標準,並以實務上常見之紛爭類型作為討論依據,針對案例事實予以類型化,釐清主要爭點,同時佐以本文之研究成果,逐一檢視個案中法院對於協力義務之定性是否妥適,並分析當事人間可能主張之請求權基礎或條款之約定,是否呼應本文對於工程契約風險分配及法律效果部分闡述之原則,進而引入定型化約款管制理論,對於個案中當事人間偏離之權利義務或風險分配約定予以調整,以期作為未來實務處理相關爭議之參考。最末,本文將綜合全篇之說明,嘗試對現行規範提出可行之修正建議,期能不僅有助於當事人間紛爭之解決,更希冀我國工程契約法制得以朝向更健全的方向邁進。

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