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交易成本、租稅原則、及廠商移動的兩國一般均衡分析 / The two-country general equilibrium analysis of the trade costs, taxation principle, and firm's relocation連科雄, Lian, Ke Shaw Unknown Date (has links)
此博士論文乃是以兩國福利受兩國交易成本及關稅的影響、以及兩國
資本所得稅率在就籍與就源課稅兩種稅制下受交易成本及資源稟賦的
影響做為分析的主軸, 以探討交易成本不一致下的國際產業移動之驅
動因素, 以及由此而產生的各國之福利水準和各國各種政策在不同條
件下對於福利的影響, 包含以下3 篇論文。
論文1: 不對稱貿易成本下之雙邊關稅的福利分析
當貿易成本存在時, 關稅的上升或下降對於經濟體系的福利變化之分
析目前仍少有廣泛討論, 本文之目的即在於分析此情況下關稅之存在
是否為兩國之間的次佳選擇之議題。在此, 我們依Dornbusch et al.
(1977) 所建立的兩國連續商品空間之貿易模式內生模型進行分析。本
文證明, 當雙方貿易存在出口貿易成本時, 若本國出口成本高於外國
時, 兩國同步提高關稅將會使兩國皆減少出口, 本國所節省的貿易成
本將轉換為本國自行生產所支付的工資。此時, 若兩國經濟規模相同,
則本國的相對工資將會上升; 若本國之人口規模大於外國, 則不但本
國福利上升, 加總後之世界總福利亦會上升。當貿易成本為零時, 本文
則與Dornbusch et al. (1977) 及傳統上文獻的分析之結論一致, 課徵
關稅將使福利下降。因此, 當兩國間存在不對稱貿易成本時, 即使市場
為完全競爭, 零關稅亦非兩國之間的最適貿易政策。
關鍵詞: 貿易成本, 福利, 人口規模, 次佳理論
JEL 分類代號: F15, F42
論文2: 不對稱境內物流成本下之租稅與公共投入競爭
對於不同資本課稅原則下資本稅率與廠商選址之均衡分析, 本文設立
不完全競爭之兩國一般均衡模型, 探討廠商的區位選擇以及兩國間的
租稅競爭在不同的資本所得稅制及各國不同的基礎建設水準下所受到
的影響。在此, 資本所得課稅分為就籍課稅及就源課稅兩種方式, 而各
國之基礎建設的影響則為當地廠商的對內交易成本及對外貿易成本。
本研究發現, 不論是採取就籍課稅或就源課稅, 若兩國的資源稟賦及
基礎建設完全一致時, 則一國須採取降到底部(race to the bottom)
的政策, 透過較低之資本稅率才能使得本國的廠商集中度大於資本豐
富度。當兩國之間的資源稟賦及基礎建設不一致時, 則豐富的資源稟
賦及良好的基礎建設可使一國即使設定較高的資本稅率依然可以擁有
較高的廠商集中度。另一方面, 若原本兩國之貿易成本相同, 若一國以
全球化作為政策方向, 以改善對外貿易基礎建設而使跨國貿易成本下
降時, 將使得境內物流基礎建設較佳的國家的廠商集中度提高, 即使
此一貿易成本下降乃是由對手國所達成亦會得到此一結果。因此, 一
國應優先致力於在地化改善其境內基礎建設再進行全球化之作為。另
一方面, 就福利效果而言, 本研究發現, 改善本國之基礎建設可提高本
國福利、損及外國福利, 將會存在以鄰為壑的效應。當兩國經濟規模一
致、交易成本一致時, 則不論何國改善基礎建設, 加總的世界總福利將
會上升。
關鍵詞: 全球化, 在地化, 基礎建設, 租稅競爭, 福利分析
JEL 分類代號: R12, R53, F21
論文3: 不對稱對外出口成本下之租稅與公共投入競爭
本文設立一個兩國之間存在不對稱的境內物流成本及對外貿易成本,
以分析政府部門的不同公共投入對於其資本稅率及國民福利的影響。
本研究發現, 當兩國之間的對外貿易成本決定於各自的基礎建設與物
流通路時, 改善本國之境內物流基礎建設及對外貿易基礎建設以降低
本國的交易成本將可明確的提高本國的廠商集中度, 使得本國得以擁
有較高的資本稅率臨界值。同時, 當本國之交易成本降低時, 外國會受
到此一政策的負向影響, 使得其廠商集中度降低, 資本稅率的臨界值
亦因而降低。因此, 本國不論是改善境內或對外的基礎建設以降低交
易成本, 皆是以鄰為壑的政策。若就福利效果而言, 改善本國的基礎建
設以降低本國的境內及對外之交易成本皆可使本國的福利上升。就世
界福利而言, 當兩國原本的經濟規模相等、相對交易成本相等時, 世界
之福利將會因而上升。
關鍵詞: 貿易成本, 基礎建設, 租稅競爭, 租稅原則, 福利分析
JEL 分類代號: R12, R53, F21 / This main issues of this dissertation are the effect of asymmetric trade costs and bilateral tariffs on the welfare of the two countries, and the effect of capital tax competition on firms’ location choice under asymmetric trade costs and capital endowment of the two countries. Under these model setting, I discuss the welfare effect of trade policy and public infrastructure by the following 3 essays.
Essay 1:The welfare Analysis of Bilateral Tariff under
The Asymmetric Trade Costs.
Although a large number of studies have been made on the welfare effect of bilateral tariff, little is known about what will be different if the trade costs are embedded in the international trade. The purpose of this essays is to analyze whether the bilateral tariff will be the second best choice under this kind of circumstance. In this essay, it is shown that the wage of the home country will increase from the saving of its higher trade cost if the two countries impose the bilateral tariff and it contribute to less trade between the two countries. If the home country own more population then the foreign country, then the world welfare will increase by the much more increase of the home country welfare. It is also shown that the welfare will decrease if there is no trade cost between the two countries, and this conclusion is in line with Dornbusch et al. (1977). Hence, the existence of asymmetric trade cost will change the traditional conclusion that bilateral tariff will be harmful to the two countries if the market is perfect competition.
Keywords : trade cost, welfare, population size, second-best theroy
JEL classification : F15, F42
Essay 2: The Tax and Infrastructure Competition under the Asymmetric Homeland Transport Costs
This essay build a two-country general equilibrium model with monopolistic competition to discuss the issue of capital tax and the firm’s relocation under different taxation principle and different international trade cost and domestic transport cost between the two countries. In this essay, there are two kinds of taxation principles : the source-based principle and the residence-based principle. The globalization policy is to lower international trade cost, while the localization policy is to lower the domestic transport cost. The first conclusion from this essay is that : no matter what kind of taxation principle, there will be “race to the bottom” tax policy between the two countries for the purpose of attracting more firms if their endowments and infrastructure are the same. When their endowments and infrastructure are asymmetric, the country with better infrastructure and much more endowment can impose a higher capital tax and still own more firms then the other country. The second conclusion from this essay is that the country with better domestic infrastructure will benefit from globalization policy, even it is the unilateral policy of the other country. Hence, localization policy has higher priority than the globalization policy. Besides, this essay also shows that the localization policy will enhance the domestic welfare and lower the foreign welfare. Hence, localization policy will have the effect of beggar-thy-neighbor. However, the world welfare still increases from this policy.
Keywords : globalization, localization, infrastructure, tax competition, welfare analysis
JEL classification : R12, R53, F21
Essay 3:The Tax and Infrastructure Competition of The Two Countries with Asymmetric Export Costs
This essay builds a two-country location model with asymmetric domestic transport cost and international trade cost to analyze the effect of infrastructure on the tax rate and welfare of the two countries. There are perfect capital mobility between the two countries and the transport cost and trade cost is decided by the location of the firms. Hence, its cost will be the result of the infrastructure policy of each country. It can be derived from this essay that the improvement of domestic or international infrastructure of own’s country can increase the concentration of firm and lead it to be capable of imposing a higher capital tax. Hence, the improvement of domestic and international infrastructure in one country will be “beggar-thy-neighbor” to the other country. For the welfare effect, it can also enhance its own welfare. When the two countries are of the same economic size and face the same relative trade and transport cost, the world welfare will increase from the improvement of infrastructure of either country.
Keywords : trade cost, infrastructure, tax competition, tax principle, welfare analysis
JEL classification : R12, R53, F21
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顧客價值創造: 以台灣互動媒體整合服務為例 / Customer value creation: case study of Taiwan's Interactive Design Company劉家齊, Liu, Chia Chyi Unknown Date (has links)
台灣近年來逐漸可以看到互動媒體整合設計的應用,然而此類服務仍屬於發展中的產業,顧客使用互動媒體整合設計產品的需求亦尚未明確。本研究以價值創造的角度,探討在顧客價值尚未明確的情況之下,互動媒體整合設計公司(1)創造何種價值,(2)如何創造價值,以及(3)廠商活動與廠商資源的關係。本研究發現,(1) 互動媒體整合設計公司能同時創造資訊功能、互動功能、情境塑造功能之「整合」價值,(2) 互動媒體整合設計公司以建造模組、經營社群網絡、視顧客為開發團隊的方式創造價值,(3) 互動媒體整合設計公司會應用自身廠商資源進行價值創造,每一次專案所進行的廠商活動,也會影響廠商獲取之資源。 / In recent years, the application of interactive design in Taiwan has boarden. Still, the customer value remains implicit, while consumer needs stays unclear. In this situation, this rescearch explains: (1) What value do interactive design companies create? (2) How do interactive design companies create value? (3) When creating value, what is the relationship between firm’s activity and firm’s resourses? The findings of this research demonstrate: (1) Interactive design companies create the intergrated value of information function, interactive function, and sensorial fuction. (2) Interactive design companies use methods in the process of value creation such as module building, network managing, and incorporate customers into develop team to achieve the consensus of customer value. (3) Interactive design companies utilize its’ recourses in the process of value creation, while the process of value creation also influence its’ recourses.
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國際貿易下之非信用狀交易實務與風險規避:從台灣出口廠商之角度探討 / International trade practice and risk aversion of Non-LC trading from the perspective of Taiwanese exporters王威凱, Wang, Kevin Unknown Date (has links)
Taiwan, an island with outstanding economic miracle, has deeply depended on international trades to increase economic growth and national wealth. There are many successful companies, including listed enterprises and SME, manufacturing and marketing Made-in-Taiwan products all over the world through international trade and commerce. Therefore, undoubtedly the power international trade is one of our strength and plays a key role on stimulating economy as well as elevating the living standard of people. .
To compete with other international exporters, Taiwanese exporters must provide not only products with good quality and reasonable price, but also offer competitive payment terms to further strive for new clients and strengthen individual competitiveness. This is a recent trend of International Trade. From the risk-free payment term, such as- T/T Advance to O/A 90 days after shipment, Taiwanese exporters suffered both political risk and credit risk. Not to mention cash flow risk and exchange rate risk that normally appears during transaction.
Remembered financial crisis in 2007, market failed and malfunctioned at that time. As for corporate side, individual companies faced difficulties of continuously operation. Some even seriously went bankruptcy during that time. In this circumstance, Taiwanese exporters, even successfully won the orders, could not receive the payment on time from foreign buyers. Some of them may even suffered huge loss because of intentional disputes or buyer’s closedown. Therefore, it goes without saying that risk aversion is becoming an important issue for Taiwanese companies to survive.
There would be three major financial tools being introduced for risk aversion with three case studies. Each of them has its special features and functions by different needs. How and why does Taiwanese exporter choose and leverage for risk aversion will be explained and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to find out the solutions for Taiwanese exporters to reduce risk of international trade as well as increase competitiveness in the foreign trade and grow the economy as contribution in the long run.
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廠商進行突破性產品創新之影響因素—台灣製造業的實證分析 / The Determinants of Disruptive Innovation - An Empirical Study of Taiwan Manufacturing Industry何弘凱, Ho, Hong Kai Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的為探討突破性創新之影響因素,採用兩階段法進行實證分析,第一階段探討產業特性、廠商特性與產品創新之關係;第二階段則探討廠商進行突破性創新之影響因素,包括產業特性、廠商特性與廠商創新策略,希望透過兩階段的比較,釐清外在環境與內在條件如何分別影響廠商進行產品創新與突破性創新之決策。本研究利用國科會企劃處2007年「台灣地區第二次產業創新活動調查研究」資料庫,選擇台灣地區製造業廠商為研究對象,第一階段採用Logit迴歸模型進行實證分析,第二階段則以Logit模型以及Heckman模型進行實證,希望透過Heckman二階段模型修正「樣本自我選擇偏誤」(self-selection bias)發生之可能性,實證結果發現:
一、產品加值鏈區段、廠商規模、市場廣度對廠商進行產品創新有正向影響,B2C型態廠商對廠商進行產品創新有負向影響。廠齡與高科技產業廠商對於廠商進行產品創新則無顯著影響。
二、產品加值鏈區段、廠商規模對廠商進行突破性創新有正向影響
三、具有以下創新策略的廠商較可能進行突破性創新:1.自有品牌廠商 2.有新產品的行銷活動 3.追求拓展產品線 4.與供應商協同創新 5.追求先行者優勢
四、與顧客協同創新、追求既有市場佔有率的廠商對於突破性創新有負向影響 / The main purpose of this research is to explore the factors or determinants of product innovation and disruptive innovation for the manufacturer firms in Taiwan. In this empirical studies, we use Logit model and Heckman selection model to demonstrate the factors affect a firm adopting product innovation and disruptive innovation separately. By analyzing the data from 2007 Taiwan Technological Innovation Survey, it shows:
1.The position of value added chain, firm size, market scope have positive correlation with product innovation. B2C firms has negative correlation with product innovation. Firm age and Hi-tech industry firms don’t have significant correlation with product innovation.
2. The position of value added chain, firm size have positive correlation with disruptive innovation.
3.Firms have innovation strategy as followed tend to adopt disruptive innovation:(i)Brand manufacturer (ii)Engage in marketing activity of the innovative product (iii)Pursue the extension of product line (iv)Collaborative innovation with suppliers (v)Pursue first mover advantage
4. Firms have innovation strategy as followed tend not to adopt disruptive innovation:(i)Collaborative with customers (ii)Pursue the market share of existing product
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明星產業中弱勢地區廠商之全球競爭策略─ 以台灣醫療器材產業為例林文貴 Unknown Date (has links)
雖然在學界並沒有對於『明星產業』作出一個完整的定義,但以一個政府或產業學者而言,卻時時刻刻無不留意著明星產業的存在與未來的發展。本研究在探討被一般產、學、官、民所共同期待的明星產業,如果其國內發展環境並無優勢時,弱勢環境中的廠商,應如何定位與發展,進而與全球廠商競爭?
在研究的方法上,吾人採用「多重個案設計的多重分析單元」方式,以增加它的信度。在構念效度上,盡量使用多重證據來源,但無法運用訪談之方式,主要是因為研究者屬於業內管理階層,運用訪談反而會招致錯誤的陷阱性引導。在內在效度上,運用個案與研究架構使用之理論對照,並使用時間序列方式以分析互動關係。在外在效度上,分別使用不同三家的個案來探討相同研究架構的適用性。在信度上,發展研究資料庫,儘量採用熟知的策略理論來印證,並且希望做到可追溯與重複性。除了三個個案的獨立分析外,本研究也將從時間序列的分析上,討論在不同時期,各廠商在不同情況的策略轉折,以便更清晰瞭解產業的全球競爭之策略。
本研究的研究對象,包含了Omron Healthcare、百略醫學科技與合世生醫;因為
我國的現階段明星產業包含了生技產業(『兩兆雙星』中的一星),而在家用醫療偵測產品的產業區隔中,這三家都佔有非常重要的地位,而且都是全球策略的執行者。(Omron Healthcare雖為日本廠商,卻是產業龍頭,具有全球策略參考價值。)
本研究一方面研究我國現階段較適的產業區隔,其重點是在於如何選擇與分析,而非其分析之結果。另外,則探討個案公司的定位、資源能力培養與策略採行之間的關係。
其綜合結論如下:
1.我國的醫療器材產業的一般環境,無論在技術、人才與發展條件上,較美、日、歐洲落後許多。國內市場不足以使一般醫療器材廠商達到經濟產能。
2.由於使用者信心問題,我國的較適進入產業區隔,初期為 『量產為主之家用電子醫療器材』與『以機電、機械加工為主之福祉相關產品』,研究顯示,目前我國的較高產值區隔,也是如此。
3.弱勢地區廠商的進入策略,都選擇在一個環境或自身資源能力相對優勢的產品或市場區隔來進入。初期的進入或者沒有明顯的定位,但是隨即在競爭的環境下,開始清晰策略性定位。定位後的演進可以是定位、策略採行、資源累積與能力加強、再重新定位之逆時針循環。也可能是定位、資源累積與能力加強、策略採行、再定位之順時針循環。事實上,這三項因子,是相互運作影響,並不需要特殊的次序關係。此外,資源的累積與能力的加強,應視當時的競爭環境是否有急迫性,可以採用併購、聯盟的方式,並不一定需要自己內部培養。
4.產業的關鍵因素很多,以醫療監測器材廠商而言,降低『道德危機成本』或是增進對產品的品質與檢測精度,使得使用者有信心,是關鍵中的關鍵。
5.競爭廠商的策略,在走入全球策略時,其策略會傾向類似,對於全球佈局的想法也雷同,乃是因為資源與優勢所在,在全球廠商的眼中是近似的;所謂的策略群體的理論,也根源於此。再者,競爭廠商的策略隨時會有學習效果,也會相互具有競合上的策略互動。競爭廠商的策略與定位與產業生命週期息息相關,且策略創新對於扭轉廠商競爭地位,具有關鍵性的影響。
6.具有國際員工的廠商,在於全球策略上扮演的角色,對於全球化競爭力的進展具有舉足輕重的地位。
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空間地域廠商訊息與產業合作網絡之研究-以台灣ICT產業為例 / Geograph Character,Firm Signals and Industry Network:A Case of ICT Industry in Taiwan蘇育平 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,研究廠商創新之觀點,從以往之產業群聚移轉至網絡演化,然而,影響網絡形成與演化之因素於以往探討廠商創新能力的相關文獻中較少受到關注,而合作,即為網絡關係的一種型態。從個體的角度觀之,廠商的合作行為往往面臨資訊不對稱的情形,因此本研究從廠商資訊不對稱的觀點出發,引入管理學門中訊號理論(signaling theory)的觀點,解構廠商訊息以及廠商過去所累積的社會資本與研發合作網絡建立之關聯性。並探討不同型態的空間地域屬性對於合作網絡的形成是否有所影響。
本研究以台灣ICT廠商為研究對象,該產業不僅在我國經濟發展的過程中扮演重要的角色,於世界的資訊科技產業鏈中亦占有一席之地。並且有著技術上需要持續創新,並且注重分工合作的特性。資料蒐集採用二手資料的方式,建立近似於整體性的廠商技術網絡資料以及廠商基本屬性資料,分析方法以社會網絡分析法、Pair-t檢定以及卜瓦松迴歸模型進行假說驗證。實證分析結果顯示廠商訊息的揭露對於合作網絡的建立有正面影響效果,並且廠商對於研究發展的相關訊號-研發資產的投入,有助於吸引其他廠商和其建立合作網絡的關係;而廠商於過去累積的網絡地位亦有助於合作網絡的形成。最後在空間地域屬性方面,實證結果顯示空間地域屬性對於廠商合作網絡的建立存在影響效果,創新氛圍較強的產業地域有助於廠商研發合作網絡的建立;此外,廠商若位於高網絡密度的產業群聚內部亦有助於其建立合作網絡,顯示廠商區位的挑選對於其外部網絡關係存在影響效果。 / In recent year, the research topic of firm's innovation is transformed from industry cluster to network evolution. However, the factor of network evolution was less mentioned in past research , and the cooperation activity is one type of network relationship.From the perspective of the individual , firm often faces the condition of information asymmetry , while cooperating with others. So our research begin with this problem, and we introduce signaling theory to understand the relation between R&D alliance and firm’s signal or social capital and also discuss whether different types of geography character have the effect on R&D alliance formation.
This research concerns Taiwan’s ICT industry as study object. Taiwan’s ICT industry not only plays an important role in Taiwan’s economic development but also is a key part of the global ICT industry chain. Besides, ICT industry has the character of technical innovation and work division, so the firm’s cooperation behavior is important.We use secondary data to build the database, using SNA, pair-t test and poisson regression to analyze. The result shows that the information reveals a positive effect on alliance formation. In addition, firms investing in the property of research and their accumulating of network position in the past have the positive effect on R&D alliance formation. Finally, the result also shows that firm located on high-innovation and high network density environment is more easily to help them find the R&D alliance partner. It shows that firm’s choice of location affects the outside network relation.
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代工廠商關鍵顧客管理之探討-以辦公室設備T公司為例 / Study on key account management of contract manufacturer-a case of office appliance T Company陳佳勝, Chen, Edy Unknown Date (has links)
台灣許多大型企業,過去都是靠國外客戶之OEM訂單起家,雖有部分廠商後來成功走向自有品牌路線,但目前仍有很多代工廠商的主要業務是接OEM/ODM訂單,近年來,許多顧客開始推動減少供應商數,代工條件或合作關係較差的代工廠商逐漸被淘汰。以往有不少對顧客關係管理(CRM)的相關文獻,但談的多數是一般企業或品牌商對大眾客戶(B2C)的顧客關係管理議題。關鍵顧客管理的相關研究雖然已經發展40年,但過去的研究多數是觀察國外廠商或屬較大型廠商的關鍵顧客管理。目前國內代工廠商或工業行銷的關鍵顧客管理之相關文獻有限,針對中小型代工產業的研究更是少之又少。根據資策會2011年的研究報告,台灣中小企業家數約為123萬5千家,佔總體企業家數的97.7%。台灣中小企業也是台灣經濟發展的主力。因此本研究著重在探討顧客之間可能存在利益衝突的國內屬較中型代工廠商如何實施其B2B關鍵顧客管理,另外也會探討影響關鍵顧客管理的相關因素。
本研究透過質化個案研究方法去深入訪談一家辦公室電子設備的代工廠,從訪談結果和過去文獻中找出關鍵顧客管理的方法架構和相關理論。而影響關鍵顧客管理的因素可以被歸納為顧客型態、海外擴展策略、競爭優勢和產品生命週期。歸納分析結果後本研究做出以下論述:(一)代工廠商的關鍵顧客之認定方法以營業額為主,其次才考量利潤、(二)關鍵顧客的移轉成本、對關係的承諾和目標的一致性影響代工廠商經營關鍵顧客的策略、(三)代工廠商的競爭優勢影響其對關鍵顧客的議價能力、(四)顧客大小及議價能力能使代工廠商對其關鍵顧客管理上做組織等變化、(五)代工廠商的海外發展策略主要以已開發國家但會以產品差異化避免與關鍵顧客之間發生直接性競爭或衝突、(六) 各種型態顧客在產品生命週期的不同階段其關鍵顧客管理上有所不同。
本研究根據分析結果、實務觀察並與既有的相關論文做相互的對應,以提供代工廠商在工業行銷導入關鍵客戶管理的做法和應注意的事項。導入關鍵顧客管理不但能有效應用公司資源、加強與顧客的關係並帶來更高的獲利,也能避免與關鍵顧客之間的利益衝突。但建議代工廠商得注意不要因為長期依頼少數關鍵顧客的訂單而忽略了顧客營業額過於集中的風險且受阻於發展自有品牌。 / There were many Taiwanese companies in the past grew and thrived relied on foreign OEM customers. Although some of the companies later launch successfully their own brand, but so far there are still many contract manufacturers whose main business model is OEM/ODM. Recently, there are many customers starting to reduce their supplier number, contract manufacturer with bad capability or relationship is eliminated gradually. There were a lot customer relationship management (CRM) related paper in the past, but mostly discussed about business to customer (B2C) CRM topics. Although Key Account Management related research had been developing for 40 years, but most of the past researches are dedicated to key account management of foreign or big size company. At present, related paper about key account management of domestic contract manufacturer or industry manufacturing is limited and research focus on medium or small size contract manufacturer is very few. According to 2011 research report, there are 1.235 million small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) that occupied 97.7% of total companies in Taiwan. SMEs are also main force for Taiwan economic development. Therefore, this research focus on studying how Taiwan medium size contract manufacturer whose customers may have interest conflict implement its B2B key account management and also explore related factors that influence key account management.
This research uses quality approach case study method by applying depth-interview to a contract manufacturer of office appliance electronic equipment, explore key account management approach and related theory through interview result and past literacy review. And factors that influence key account management could be concluded as customer type, foreign expansion strategy, competitive advantage and product life cycle. The findings conclude that (1) Contract manufacturer identify the key account primarily based on sales amount, secondary consideration on margin, (2) Switching cost, relationship commitment and goal congruence influence contract manufacturer strategy on managing the key account, (3) Competitive Advantage of contract manufacturer influence its bargaining power over its key account, (4) Customer size, bargaining power may let contract manufacturer adjust its organizational structure and make other changes, (5) Foreign expansion strategy of contract manufacturer is mainly targeting developed countries but will differentiate its product to avoid direct competition or conflict among its customers, (6) Key account management among different customer type varies among each stage of product life cycle.
This research bases on analysis result, practical observation and mutual corresponding suggest how and what factors should be considerated when contract manufacturer applying key account management approach on industry marketing. Applying key account management is not only allocating company resources effectively, enhance customer relationship that bring further profit, but also avoid conflict or direct competition among the key accounts, but this research suggest that contract manufacturer should not because of relying on few key accounts for long term then neglect the risk of concentrating sales amount and have difficulty in developing own brand business.
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臺灣區小型電腦購買決策過程之研究趙元山, Zhao, Yuan-Shan Unknown Date (has links)
本論文乃就「工業品」之一-小型電腦的採購過程予以研究,以了解組織購買者的購
買中心,購買決策過程及影響的因素,以供目前( 與潛在) 電腦廠商,以及其他工業
品廠商擬訂行銷策略參考之用。各章內容如下略述,第一章略述本論文之研究動機及
目的,資料蒐集與分析方法。第二章詳述本論文之觀念模型建立過程。第三章略述研
究園地--臺灣區小型電腦的供需近況及未來發展的方向。第四章分析小型電腦購買
決策過程的四個階段--知覺、接受個人決策過程與及群體決策過程。第五章分析影
響小型電腦購買決策過程的因素即個人變數、購買群體變數、購買組織變數、貨品變
數、廠商推銷變數、環境變數與及購後評估。最後一章前述各章結論彙總, 並據此彙
總提出建議 。
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創新產品預測與產業鏈上游廠商之關聯-以觸控面板產業為例 / The relationship between forecasting innovative product and upstream supplier洪芳婷 Unknown Date (has links)
根據Display Search統計資料指出,從2007年到2011年,直至2015年的預估需求,觸控面板的需求量一路呈現成長的趨勢。短短幾年間,原本應用於軍事用途與大型工業設備的觸控技術,因智慧型手機的帶動,成了消費性電子產品的新寵兒。隨著觸控式面板的水漲船高與技術的快速進步,消費者體驗到用前所未有的人性化與方便性,觸控面板之應用不只停留於手機,將持續擴張,發展更多元化的用途,展望未來,觸控面板技術將無所不在,提供終端使用者更簡單輕鬆的直覺操作,可望成為人機介面的主流輸入方式。
「滿足目標市場」、「為顧客創造價值」是產業鏈上所有廠商都應共同擁有的目標,不應只有一般認為最接近消費者的品牌廠商才需要將眼光集中於消費者市場;加上司徒達賢(2005)提出網絡定位策略(Network Strategy),產業鏈中成員所分配到的利益取決於其在價值遞送系統(Value Deliver System)中的重要性,意即不論上、中、下游廠商都必須想辦法增加其不可取代性、設法提升自己對於最終產品的附加價值。本研究以台灣全球聞名之科技產業為例,從產業上游廠商的角度出發,探究製造廠商與最終消費者之間的關係,並主要將目光聚焦於「技術供給」與「市場需求」兩者間的互動結果。創新活動推拉力量的研究,也可以說是製造商力量與消費市場力量的探討,Bapista(1999)相關文獻中也曾提及,未來研究方向應聚焦於「技術供給」與「市場需求」兩者間的互動結果。另外,基於第二章文獻探討之成果,將「最終消費者」個體的創新產品採用歷程、決策過程與總體消費大眾的擴散模式設定為已知、預設(Given),繼續探討消費市場的訊息對產業中的製造、代工廠商之寓意,研究結果做出差異的比較。
再則,專注討論最終消費市場的訊息之獲取,對一家製造廠商來說,是否具備意涵,若答案為肯定的,製造廠商未來是否應考量投入資源以瞭解消費市場之脈動,以為內部之技術發展方向提供參考,也就是探討外部消費者之資訊是否能對企業的營運產生幫助,結合內外資訊以達改善產業價值鏈中地位之目的。
本研究之目標為提供台灣眾多製造商、代工廠商管理新思維,以往這些製造商、代工廠商在產業鏈中的位置被定義為滿足品牌商之工廠,產品主體由其製造,但在價值中所分配到的利益卻是最低的,無法與發展品牌、實際接觸面對最終消費者之大品牌商抗衡。但實際上,在消費市場瞬息萬變的現今,反應速度是成敗關鍵,若是依循傳統的模式,品牌商將消費者需求與資訊層層回傳給製造商、代工商,再將技術、產品做修正回應市場,絕對不足以快速回應消費市場之變動。若身為產業中、上游之製造商能增家組織通透性,與產品實際使用者多接觸,率先預測與瞭解其未被滿足需求與脈動,結合品牌商沒有的技術知識,將能提前改良技術、提出創新技術。希望藉此改善製造、代工廠商常犯的技術短視症,目光如豆的聚焦於自身擁有的技術已不適用,必須時常與外界環境、消費市場接觸,以調整技術發展方向,符合未來需求。
與品牌商之緊密結合,例如共同研發,提昇上下游之合作程度,雖然也是獲取消費者資訊的管道之一,但品牌商仍掌握較大控制力量。另外,從個案的例子中也得以見得,單一行銷部門之強大,沒有其他單位之配合、共同發展,也無法使組織整體績效提昇。
觸控面板市場目前朝早期大眾及晚期大眾之主流市場邁進,上有許多成長空間,在Moor(1999)提出之競爭定位羅盤中顯示,代表由產品為基礎的思維必須轉變成以市場為基礎之價值轉形期,也就是為因應大眾市場之使用需求,需充分瞭解實際使用者之需求,以改良產品,正好呼應改良技術短視症之觀點。
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新產品品牌策略對於消費者評價反向延伸之影響-以消費者產品知識與原廠商品牌寬度為調節變數 / The Effects of New Product Branding Strategy on Customer Evaluation of Brand Counterextensions王馨 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以原產品與延伸產品之「認知產品類別相似度」為中介變數,探討「品牌延伸」及「品牌傘」兩種新產品品牌策略對於消費者評價反向延伸之影響。反向延伸意指「當原屬於品類A(以下稱原品類)的廠商1(以下稱原廠商)品牌延伸至另一個品類B(以下稱延伸品類)後,原屬於品類B的廠商2(以下稱反向延伸廠商)亦反向延伸至品類A。」研究中並探討「消費者產品知識」與「原廠商品牌寬度」兩者對於新產品品牌策略的調節效果,進而影響消費者認知品類相似度及反向延伸評價。
本研究採2(新產品成功之品牌策略:品牌延伸策略、品牌傘策略)x2(原廠商品牌寬度:窄品牌Nokia、寬品牌LG)x2(消費者產品知識:產品知識高、產品知識低)之實驗設計,並設計無提供先前延伸成功經驗之控制組。根據前測結果,選定手機為原品牌之原產品、數為相機為延伸產品。推出新產品之原手機廠商之窄品牌為Nokia、寬品牌為LG,而數位相機廠商進行反向延伸的品牌則為Canon。
研究結果發現,原產品與延伸產品類別之認知品類相似度為新產品品牌策略與反向延伸評價之中介變數,且當原廠商跨產品類別推出新產品成功,相較於品牌傘策略,品牌延伸策略將使消費者對於認知產品品類相似度提升效果較大、反向延伸之評價也較好。調節效果方面,當消費者產品知識低時,消費者之認知產品類別相似度被提昇的程度較高,且有較佳之反向延伸評價,然其於不同品牌策略間所產生的差異較小;原廠商認知品牌寬度方面,當品牌寬度窄時,消費者之認知產品類別相似度被提昇的程度亦較高,且亦有較佳的反向延伸評價,然品牌寬度較窄的廠商於不同品牌策略間所造成的認知產品類別相似度及反向延伸評價之提升效果差異皆較大。
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