近幾年來，有一些研究提出了只用單一一個管制圖即可同時偵測平均數和變異數。根據此目的，我們提出了加權平均損失管制圖，此管制圖是利用加權平均損失所建立的，在一個製成的目標值和平均數不一定相等時，它可同時監控一個製成的平均數和變異數。此加權平均損失統計量是應用一個加權因子，去調整製程平均和目標值的平方差和變異數的損失比重，所以此管制圖的效能比未經由加權因子調整過的管制圖還好。我們不只建立了固定管制參數(FP)加權平均損失管制圖，也建立了適應性加權平均損失管制圖，包括變動抽樣間隔(VSI)、變動樣本數與抽樣間隔(VSI)、變動管制參數(VP)；我們利用平均連串長度(ARL)來衡量固定管制參數管制圖的偵測績效，利用馬可夫鏈的方法計算偵測出異常訊息所需的平均時間(ATS)來衡量適應性管制圖的績效，並且做比較，我們發現適應性管制圖比固定管制參數管制圖的效能還要好。我們也利用最佳化技術建立最加適應性管制圖，當製成失控時，此最佳化管制圖能使ATS1最小。此外，當平均數和變異數的偏移幅度很小時，我們利用指數加權移動平均法(EWMA)建立EWMA加權平均損失管制圖，使其有較好的偵測力。這些我們所提出的管制圖，是只根據單一一個統計量所建立的，和X bar-S管制圖相比，有較好的效能，且和使用兩個管制圖同時偵測平均數和變異數相比，比較輕易理解且容易執行。 / In recent years, a few researchers had proposed different types of single charts that jointly monitor the process mean and the variation. In this project, we use the weighted average loss (WL) to construct WL control charts for monitoring the process mean and variance simultaneously while the target value may be different from the in-control mean. This statistic WL applied a weighted factor to adjust the weights of the loss due to the square of the deviation of the process mean from the target and the variance change. So the WL charts are more effective than unadjusted loss function charts. We not only construct the fixed parameters (FP) WL chart but also the adaptive WL charts which included variable sampling interval (VSI) WL chart, variable sample size and sampling interval (VSSI) WL chart and variable parameters (VP) WL chart. We calculate the average run length (ARL) for FP WL chart and using Markov chain approach to calculate the average time to signal (ATS) for adaptive WL charts to measure the performance and compare each other. From the comparison, we find the adaptive WL charts are more effective than the FP WL chart. We also proposed the optimal adaptive WL charts using an optimization technique to minimize ATS1 (ARL1) when the process was out-of-control. In addition, in order to detect the small shifts of the process mean and variance effectively, we construct the WL charts using the EWMA scheme. The proposed charts are based on only one statistic and are more effective than the X bar-S chart. And the WL charts are easy to understand and apply than using two charts for detecting the mean and variance shifts simultaneously.

證券詐欺訴訟因果關係要件之舉證問題，涉及實體法上規範要件種類之判定及詮釋、訴訟法上舉證必要性所要求之程度、客觀舉證責任轉換必要性之類型考量因素，以及反證證明度之評估等問題。 美國法院就證券詐欺訴訟之因果關係要件，係藉助傳統侵權行為法將因果關係區分為事實上因果關係（Causation in Fact）及法律上因果關係（Legal Causation）之概念(前者據以判斷責任成立與否，後者則用以界定責任之範圍)，創設了交易因果關係（Transaction Causation）及損失因果關係（Loss Causation），分別建立證明標準。個案操作上，交易因果關係及損失因果關係之舉證法則，不拘泥於傳統侵權行為之法律操作，均容有法律政策考量及彈性處理之空間。 反觀我國，在通說所採相當因果關係理論及因果關係二階論之下，原存在責任成立及責任範圍之不同論理層次；再者，基於證券集中交易市場有異於傳統面對面之交易型態，因果關係要件之認定較為不易，其證據評價及客觀舉證責任之分配，實牽動實體法上規範目的及法律政策之拿捏，而非單純機械式之套用。近年雖已有法院參採美國實務所發展之詐欺市場理論及效率市場假說，推定交易因果關係存在，惟此種「推定」在實體法及證據法上之論理基礎何在？法官因應證券詐欺訴訟之特殊性，又如何拿捏證據評價之程度，或於何種情況下得調整客觀舉證責任分配，以緩和規範理論或特別要件說下，一般舉證責任分配所造成之不公平，或作為一種落實實體法政策及管制目的之手段？本文研究之目的，即在於透過美國法與我國法之分析研究，嘗試就下列若干問題提出評估及具體建議： 一、我國民事訴訟法第277條但書納入詐欺市場信賴推定之可行性 二、美國證據提出責任獨立移轉與我國主觀舉證責任依附於客觀舉證責任移轉有何本質上之差異 三、證券詐欺訴訟因果關係要件舉證責任減輕之具體類型 四、原告就因果關係要件是否得以較低蓋然性經驗定律建立表見證明 五、區分交易因果關係與損失因果關係之必要與實益 六、美國Dura Test於因果關係要件舉證責任之意義 七、我國民事訴訟法第222條結合美國Dura Test適用之可行性

在效率市場支配財務理論數十年後，市場上發現許多違反傳統訂價理論與理性假設的現象，以心理學為基礎的行為財務學因而掘起，將投資人之主觀行為及心理因素納入決策分析之考量。本研究便是以台灣股票型共同基金為研究對象，探討行為財務學中的錯置效果，了解是否台灣之股票型共同基金存在“急售利得，惜售損失”的現象。 / 本研究首先以Odean模型之概念，計算基金投資之已實現利得比率與已實現損失比率，再用兩者之差形成錯置效果之代理變數：Disposition Spread (DISP)，當DISP為正時，表示樣本基金存在錯置效果傾向，偏好實現利得。接著計算基金之Jensen’s Alpha，用以代表基金績效，利用迴歸模型觀察基金績效與錯置效果間之關聯性。最後再進一步透過DISP分成五級，觀察錯置效果是否存在持續性。 / 研究結果發現，台灣的股票型共同基金不存在錯置效果之傾向，不論是整體基金而言，或是分類觀察之，皆不存在錯置效果之傾向。但是總樣本觀察值中，有33%的比例出現正的DISP值，因此無法斷言共同基金完全不受錯置效果之影響。而錯置效果與基金績效間，則是存在顯著的負相關，即錯置效果越明顯者，其績效表現越差。普遍而言，台灣股票型共同基金錯置效果不存在顯著的持續性，每一期的基金DISP在各分級變動機率均約在20%上下。 / For several decades, financial literature was dominated by the idea of efficient market. However, we can find many phenomena which violate traditional pricing model or the hypothesis of rational investors. That’s why behavioral finance arises. Behavioral finance takes investors’ subjective and mental factors into account while talking about their decision making process. Based on behavioral finance, this study examines the disposition effect of Taiwan equity mutual funds. We want to know if Taiwan equity mutual funds appear to realize gains more readily than losses. / This study follows Odean model analyzing disposition effect by first calculating proportion of gains realized (PGR) and proportion of losses realized (PLR) of equity mutual funds. Then form the disposition effect proxy, Disposition Spread (DISP), by measuring the difference between PGR and PLR. While positive DISP existed means that sample funds exhibit a propensity to sell their winning stocks and hold on to their losers. Furthermore, we want to know whether the disposition effect influences the performance of mutual funds. Finally, separating samples in to five groups by DISP, we want to figure out if funds exists consistency in disposition ranking. / On average, mutual funds appear to realize losses more readily than gains. However, about 33% of the sample observations exhibit disposition effect. The disposition effect is negatively related to fund performance. Generally speaking, Taiwan equity mutual funds do not have consistency in disposition ranking.

財務報表不實證券詐欺訴訟是近年來新崛起的經濟犯罪型態之一，行為人的詐欺行為不僅要負擔相關刑事責任，更必須對投資人負擔民事損害賠償的責任，而對財務報表出具查核報告書的簽證會計師而言，近年來亦是投資人提出民事損害賠償的對象，顯見會計師的執業風險已有逐漸升高趨勢。 財務報表資訊重大不實，是民事損害賠償訴訟成立的先決要件。但財務報表審計是一項專業複雜的工作，發生財務報表資訊不實，並無法據此即逕行認定簽證會計師有故意或過失，其癥結點仍須回歸到會計師在審計過程中是否有善盡善良管理人注意義務，以及專業上應有之注意義務。因此，本文將以執業會計師的觀點，對於會計師如何進行審計工作做一介紹，包括審計應遵循的法令規範以及一般公認審計準則等，讓一般大眾可以初步瞭解會計師並非是財務報表正確性的保證人，會計師的查核工作仍存有先天上與後天上的限制，而且並非是公司財務報表之編製主體。 投資人以證券交易法第20條之1作為請求權基礎提出民事損害賠償訴訟時，投資人所必須面臨的，即是所謂的「交易因果關係」與「損失因果關係」的舉證問題。為了達到證券交易法保護投資的目的，近年來我國法院開始引進美國司法實務判決發展出的「詐欺市場理論」，藉以解決上述舉證困難的問題。據此，本文除了將蒐集論述美國與我國關於證券詐欺的法規範，包括美國聯邦最高法院對於「詐欺市場理論」之最新見解與發展，並分成以下的主題分別論述： 一、效率市場的認定問題 包括美國司法實務判決對於效率市場的認定指標，以及我國司法實務判決對於我國證券市場是否為效率市場的見解。 二、交易因果關係 「交易因果關係」是否可以推定，歷來即是證券詐欺訴訟兩造攻防的重點。本文將對比較美國與我國證券法制對於因果關係的規範，包括「詐欺市場理論」對於「交易因果關係」的推定，以及被告可以提出反證的例示情形。此外，本文亦將蒐集比較我國司法實務判決對於「交易因果關係」的見解。 三、損失因果關係 「損失因果關係」是否可以採用推定方式認定？或是應由原告負擔起舉證責任？這一部分的認定往往涉及損害賠償範圍計算的認定，亦是曾經造成美國司法判決至為困擾的議題。對此議題，在2005年美國聯邦最高法院於Dura案中已經獲得一致性之見解，確認「損失因果關係」採用推定是一種錯誤後，已經豁然開朗。但我國司法實務判決對於「損失因果關係」係採用推定？或是如同美國私法實務採用由原告舉證證明的方式認定，本文將蒐集我國近年來之司法實務判決予以分析、歸納與討論。 四、損害賠償計算範圍 在對於此部分的認定上，一般有「毛損益法」與「淨損差額法」兩種方法。本文將介紹這兩種方法之優劣，以及美國與我國司法實務判決對於這兩種方法之見解。 五、會計師民事損害賠償因果關係 在證券詐欺案件中，社會大眾常常對簽證會計師予以非難之程度甚高，會計師若要在此等地雷股案件全身而退，在執行審計業務過程中必須確實遵守證券法令以及一般公認審計準則的相關規範，保有專業上之警覺與注意義務，才能將損害與執業風險降到最低。本文蒐集我國司法實務判決對於會計師是否具有故意或過失之判決，以明瞭會計師在審計過程的過失內容與型態。

The CUSUM control charts have been widely used in detecting small process shifts since it was first introduced by Page (1954). And recent studies have shown that adaptive charts can improve the efficiency and performance of traditional Shewhart charts. To monitor the process mean and variance in a single chart, the loss function is used as a measure statistic in this article. The loss function can measure the process quality loss while the process mean and/or variance has shifted. This study combines the three features: adaption, CUSUM and the loss function, and proposes the optimal VSSI, VSI, and FP CUSUM Loss chart. The performance of the proposed charts is measured by using Average Time to Signal (ATS) and Average Number of Observations to Signal (ANOS). The ATS and ANOS calculations are based on Markov chain approach. The performance comparisons between the proposed charts and some existing charts, such as X-bar+S^2 charts and CUSUM X-bar+S^2 charts, are illustrated by numerical analyses and some examples. From the results of the numerical analyses, it shows that the optimal VSSI CUSUM Loss chart has better performance than the optimal VSI CUSUM Loss chart, optimal FP CUSUM Loss chart, CUSUM X-bar+S^2 charts and X-bar+S^2 charts. Furthermore, using a single chart to monitor a process is not only easier but more efficient than using two charts simultaneously. Hence, the adaptive CUSUM Loss charts are recommended in real process. / The CUSUM control charts have been widely used in detecting small process shifts since it was first introduced by Page (1954). And recent studies have shown that adaptive charts can improve the efficiency and performance of traditional Shewhart charts. To monitor the process mean and variance in a single chart, the loss function is used as a measure statistic in this article. The loss function can measure the process quality loss while the process mean and/or variance has shifted. This study combines the three features: adaption, CUSUM and the loss function, and proposes the optimal VSSI, VSI, and FP CUSUM Loss chart. The performance of the proposed charts is measured by using Average Time to Signal (ATS) and Average Number of Observations to Signal (ANOS). The ATS and ANOS calculations are based on Markov chain approach. The performance comparisons between the proposed charts and some existing charts, such as X-bar+S^2 charts and CUSUM X-bar+S^2 charts, are illustrated by numerical analyses and some examples. From the results of the numerical analyses, it shows that the optimal VSSI CUSUM Loss chart has better performance than the optimal VSI CUSUM Loss chart, optimal FP CUSUM Loss chart, CUSUM X-bar+S^2 charts and X-bar+S^2 charts. Furthermore, using a single chart to monitor a process is not only easier but more efficient than using two charts simultaneously. Hence, the adaptive CUSUM Loss charts are recommended in real process.

This article proposes the algorithm of a new control chart (loss function control chart) based on the Taguchi loss function with an adaptive scheme for binomial data. The loss function control chart is able to monitor cost variation from the process by applying loss function in the design. This new angle economically explores production cost. This research provides designs of the loss function control chart with specified VSI, optimal VSI, VSS and VP, respectively. Numerical analyses show that the specified VSI loss function chart, the optimal VSI loss function chart, the optimal VSS loss function chart and the optimal VP loss function chart outperform the Fp loss function chart significantly and show costs can be controlled systematically.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24178号 / 理博第4869号 / 新制||理||1697(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 倉田 博基, 教授 島川 祐一, 教授 寺西 利治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

保險代位之本質，可說是整個保險代位體系之核心所在。本文乃以保險代位之本質—亦即求償模式為重心，對於保險代位之相關問題，依序加以討論。本文首先自保險代位存在之法理、以及學說上對其之批評加以分析、並提出回應。在保險代位之求償模式方面，我國傳統以來循大陸法系之傳統，採取法定債權移轉理論，而與英美法有所不同；英美法之架構近年來漸受學說之重視，甚至對其有所爭議，故實有釐清之必要。本文乃對英美保險代位之本質、架構加以探索，並對其與擬制信託之融合詳加分析，以求釐清其法律關係。除了英美以外，本文亦對其他主要國家之立法例詳加分析，並歸納為大陸法系與英美法系兩大系統。而中國大陸與台灣均屬於繼受法之地位，關於保險代位求償模式、名義等，亦可見受不同立法例所影響之軌跡；其許多條款與學說見解亦有疑義，值得我國引以為戒。於分析英美法與各國立法例，並審酌我國之背景後，本文乃嘗試對我國提出「保險代位求償模式相對論」—即原則上仍採取法定債權移轉理論，但在保險人與被保險人有特定具體之特約時，則可約定採取英美法之模式、或是自行約定其他求償模式。 另外，關於不足額保險、而應負責之第三人資力不足時，保險人與被保險人之間受償順序之問題，本文將由傳統的法釋義學方法出發，藉由對立法例、實務與學說見解的分析，以重新思考相關的法理基礎。本文也將使用法律經濟分析的方法，以經濟模型重新考量代位求償過程中可能的因素，重新驗證被保險人優先受償模式對於被保險人的效用。就結論而言，在損失填補原則的架構下，被保險人優先受償模式仍應為最適的解決方案。但此原則應有以法規或嚴格意定予以排除、修正之空間。在判斷順序上，可依三階段判斷：先檢視法規有無特別規定，再檢視當事人間是否有特別約定，若均無再適用被保險人優先受償模式以分配之。 對於特別保險—如全民健康保險法、勞工保險條例、強制汽車責任保險法等中之代位體系，本文亦加以分析，並同樣認為於適當之類型中，本文之保險代位模式求償相對論亦應可加以適用。在再保險與保險代位之適用問題上，本文肯認保險人對第三人之求償無庸扣除再保險之給付。而對於再保險是否、如何適用於保險代位，本文則認為可以三階段判斷之：首先，就再保險之類型為判斷；再判斷原保險人是否欲向第三人求償；如再保險之類型適合、又原保險人不欲向第三人求償時，則應允許再保險人向第三求償。最後，總結全文提出結論；並分三階段對於我國法提出相關建議，以供未來進一步之參酌。 / The nature of subrogation can be regarded as the core of the subrogation system. This research put stress on the nature of subrogation which was the subrogation. Regarding the related problems of subrogation, they will be discussed orderly. The article firstly starts to analyze from the existence of subrogation and the criticism for the theory to provide the responses. In the aspect of the way how subrogation operates, our country traditionally follows the Continental Law System to adopt the “legal assignment theory” which is different the Anglo-American Law System. The structure of Anglo-American Law System is stressed by the theory and is very controversial. Consequently, it is necessary to figure out the truth. This research is aimed at exploring the nature and structure of common law subrogation theory and analyzes other integration of the constructive trust to figure out the law relationship. Except for Anglo-American countries, this research also analyzes the lawmaking of other countries and induces the two main systems which are Continental Law System and Anglo-American Law System. Mainland China and Taiwan belong to the status of Succession Law. Regarding the subrogation and nominal, it can be seen that the orbit is affected by different ways of lawmaking. Understandings of many clauses and theories are still uncertain. Our country should learn a lesson from it. With analyzing the ways of lawmaking of common law and each country, and considering the background of our country, the research attempts to address the “relativity theory of insurance subrogation” to our country. In principle, it still adopts legal assignment theory. However, when the insurer and insured have specific agreement, they can negotiate to adopt the Anglo-American model or make other subrogation model by themselves. Other problems can arise with regard to payment priority between the insurer and the insured, particularly in cases of underinsurance and when the responsible third party has insufficient funds to make up the difference. The present study takes the traditional rechtsdogmatik approach as its starting point, analyzing legislative precedents, practical aspects and academic theories to re-examine the underlying legal principles. The paper also makes use of economic analysis of law techniques, employing economic models to reconsider the factors that may be involved in the subrogation process, and re-examining the efficacy of the insured-whole doctrine from the point of view of the insured. The main conclusions reached are that, within the framework created by the principle of indemnity, the insured-whole doctrine is still the optimal solution; however, there may be situations in which the insured-whole doctrine must be rejected or modified in light of legal or regulatory requirements or strict interpretation. Determination can be made in three stages. Firstly, the relevant laws and regulations should be examined to determine whether any special provisions apply. Then, an examination should be made to determine whether any special agreements exist between the parties concerned. If no special legal or regulatory provisions apply and no special agreements exist, then the insured-whole doctrine can be applied. For the subrogation systems in special insurances—for examples, the National Health Insurance, Labor Insurance, and Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance, the research also analyzes them and considers that in the proper type, the relativity theory of insurance subrogation can be adopted. About the problems about reinsurance and subrogation, this research admits that insurer asks for subrogation for the third party not need to deduct from settlement of reinsurance. For reinsurer and how to apply to the subrogation, the research considers that it can be judged from three stages. If the type of reinsurance is suitable and the original insurer does not want to claim against the third party, it should be allowed that the reinsurer can claim against the third party directly. Finally, the research makes the conclusion and provides related suggestions to the law of our country to be viewed as the future reference.

粉体の微粒子化に伴い，固液分離操作の中でも高精度かつ多量処理が可能なろ過の重要性はますます高まっている．しかしながら，微粒子スラリーのろ過抵抗は非常に大きく，所望の処理能力を得られないことが多い．本論文では，ろ過操作設計におけるろ材抵抗，スラリー凝集・分散状態，ケークろ過抵抗の予測に関して数値シミュレーションを利用した検討を行うことで，微粒子スラリーのろ過抵抗の低減に有用な知見を得ることができた． / 著者名の「吉」は「土」の下に「口」の置き換え / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

本論文係以工程風險及我國工程保險之現況與發展作為基礎，先予敘明目前當代工程保險的起源與趨勢，鑒古知今，推論出工程保險應回歸以安全檢查與損害防阻作為思考核心，並強調工程風險管理的重要性，進而有發展工程界與保險界聯合行動模式之可能性，使工程從策劃階段即獲得風險管理，而保險人亦得依保險法第九十六條以下之規定，於施工過程中介入安全檢查措施，共同防範出險。 再者，就工程保險之本質以言，應強調工程保險係屬於損失填補保險，故於處理相關實務爭議時，必須考量到工程保險應受到損失填補原則之限制。且因工程保險係採取全險保單的方式為之，是以，本文認為應得參酌美國立法例，而特別強調保險利益有無之判斷。 此外，現今工程保險實務上所面臨之諸多爭議，實得以「保險責任期間」作為軸心而貫穿之。即本文認為，應辨明保險期間並非完全等同於保險責任期間，而於探究保險人是否應負理賠責任時，其重點之一應係在於保險責任期間是否開始、終止或延長。對此，本文認為，應可從下列幾個主要之面向加以觀察：一者，若自工程契約之關係以論，首須探討者，係民法相關概念（如交付、受領）與工程實務上所使用之「啟用」、「接管」、「驗收」之概念是否相同？有無歧異之處？更為重要者，係工程風險究應如何合理分配？二者，若自工程保險契約之角度以觀，則需分析保險契約所承保的危險是否增加？保險利益是否變動？具權威性之地位，而被譽為工程契約「聖經」的國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容為何？ 本文認為，由於判斷工程保險契約時往往將受到工程契約內容之影響，而工程契約又多係由定作人一方所主導擬定，故而在判定保險人是否應依工程保險契約負擔理賠責任時，毋寧應本著公平合理之精神，配合工程慣例，從工程契約、工程保險契約所關涉之定作人、承攬人，以及保險人三方關係而為綜合審酌認定。換言之，不應使業主人有機會利用工程契約之約定，而將本應由業主承擔之風險移轉至承包商一方，進而間接地影響保險人應否理賠之判斷。 歸納以言，本文認為，我國工程保險實務爭議的解決方向，應以保險責任期間作為保險人是否需予理賠的主要判斷基準之一；再者，並應認知到工程保險本質上係屬於損失填補保險，而需受到損失填補原則之限制；另參酌美國立法例，需強調工程保險之保險利益有無之判斷；又於配合我國國情之前提下，應得適時適度地引進國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容，以使我國與國際之接軌能更為緊密切實。