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歐盟創新制度之研究-兼論對台灣創新制度之啟示 / A study on innovation system of European Union and it's possible inspiration to the innovation system of Taiwan高馨馨, Kao, Hsing Hsing Unknown Date (has links)
創新是指將發明本身商品化,亦指將創意或發明轉換為產品或服務的過程。創新的結果是產生新產品、產生新製程、打開新市場、獲得新補給來源、更是任何產業新組織體系的實行。創造創新經濟是創新的最終目標。隨著1980年美國拜杜法案 (Bayh-Dole Act) 制定通過,我國參考其政策亦於1999年跟進制定與實施「科技基本法」。十年以來,我國學研單位之研發成果透過技術移轉與境外實施推及商業化落實之預期效益仍相當有限,顯見由於文化及產業環境不盡相同的關係,美國之經驗對我國並不全然適用。行政院國家科學委員會自87年起推動7項國家型科技計畫,投入總經費八百四十一億餘元,總計產出二千七百一十四項專利中,以技術移轉者一千五百零四項,取得權利金二十一點七六億餘元,技術移轉獲取的權利金收入與投資金額比率只達4.03%,效能不彰,因此監察院教育及文化委員會於99年5月13日通過監委黃煌雄提案,糾正國科會。由於在產業環境及文化型態上,歐洲與臺灣有許多相似之處;例如:中小企業在產業中的比重,產業升級與轉型的壓力,文化傳統中對穩定及安全的依賴,研發體系與產業界相對的疏離等等。事實上,歐盟為了加強科技研發與創新之間的聯繫,採取一連串有益中小企業的措施,在這些機制與措施的影響下,歐盟各學術研究機構不論在專利申請、佈局與技術移轉、授權的發展方面已經有後來居上的態勢。因此,本研究擬藉研究、分析歐盟相關的創新策略和產學合作運作模式,包括里斯本政策(Lisbon Strategy)、歐洲2020政策(The Europe 2020 Strategy)、最近一期的第七期科研架構計畫(Seventh Framework Programme; FP7)、歐洲投資基金(European Investment Fund; EIF)、歐洲各地技術平台(European Technology Platforms; ETPs)、以及瑪麗亞凱利人力網絡系統(Marie Curie Networks)的組織架構、資金來源等,期能提供我國相關單位實際執行創新科學技術之規劃產生、產出技術之經營與技轉等,可茲借鏡之制度與作法。 / Innovation is the commercialization of the invention itself. Innovation is the process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay. Innovation brings the introduction of new goods, new methods of production, the opening of new markets, the conquest of new sources of supply, and the carrying out of a new organization of any industry. The final object of innovation is to create economic benefits.
“Science and Technology Act” of Taiwan referring to the Bayh-Dole Act of U.S.A. was enacted in 1999. During the past ten years, the universities and research institutions in Taiwan worked with limited results in the field of research and development. The effectiveness through technology transfer and off-shore technology transfer was quite limited in Taiwan. Obviously, the U.S.A. experiences are not totally fit to Taiwan, because of different cultural and environmental factors. National Science Council of Taiwan was corrected by Control Yuan of Taiwan because of their low effectiveness to carry out the National Science and Technology Projects. National Science Council of Taiwan spent 84.1 billions NT dollars on seven National Science and Technology Projects, but there are only 2.176 billions NT dollars feedback through technology transfer, only 4.03% of the investment.
Europe and Taiwan are quite similar in industrial and cultural environments, such as the proportion of small and medium enterprises in the industry, the heavy pressure of Industrial upgrading and transformation, the dependence of the stability and security of the cultural traditions, and the relative alienation between R & D system and industry. In fact, in order to strengthen the links between the scientific and technological R & D and innovation, European Union took a serious of useful measures. Under those measures, the universities and research institutes in European Union have come from behind the trend, whether in the patent application, the technology transfer, and the patent licensing.
The aim of this study is to provide Taiwanese government the actual implementation of the innovation of science and technology planning by analyzing the innovative strategies, the industry-university cooperation mode of operation, the organizational structure of innovative R & D system, and the funding sources of innovation development in EU, including the Lisbon Strategy, the Europe 2020 Strategy, the
Seventh Framework Programme, the European Investment Fund, the European Technology Platforms, and the Marie Curie Networks.
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從整合理論分析反分裂法對兩岸統一之影響江敏勳 Unknown Date (has links)
國民政府遷台後,兩岸分治五十幾年是客觀的事實,長期以來各自發展不同的政治體系,經濟行為,意識形態。台灣早期的威權時期,對大陸政策固然保守,大陸方面尤其毛澤東時代更是封閉,兩岸關係在動員戡亂時期是全然隔離,軍事的敵對,影響了經濟、人文的聯繫。兩岸關係解凍後,政治緊張的現象依然存在,國際上互相拉扯,舉世皆知,外交競爭更是激烈。
二十一世紀開始,中國大陸累積實力,國家生產力大增,經濟發展向前跨越,外貿吸引各國,外匯增加速度實不容小視,不論是和平崛起還是霸權抬頭,已足以影響世局。兩岸關係也因而突顯其重要性,政界、國內學者莫不投入精力研究。
從整合理論的角度切入,探討兩岸發展,應有其意義。雖然整合理論最初被運用在1950年代,主要涉及對象是二次世界大戰後的歐洲,而南、北韓交流的互動模式來看也頗類似。整合理論具有規範性,它是以國家的統合作為目標,和分裂國家有很大的相似點。
而中共的反分裂國家法出爐後,引起國際間的關切,儘管事後加以解釋,世界各國大都抱著存疑的態度。我們可以看到「反分裂國家法」對兩岸政治爭議問題,依然沒有理性科學的解構和整合。「反分裂國家法」的訂立,對台灣人民的感情期待與實質認同,究竟是正面的還是負面的,甚或是否直接影響到台灣人民的感情,及是否會產生不利因素?都是非常值得關注問題。
雖然反分裂國家法橫立兩岸之間,我們是否可以試著從整合理論分析兩岸統合策略及面臨的困難。兩岸關係又具有相當錯綜複雜的特性,分歧問題甚多,如何找出一個平衡點,努力以新的觀念思維和智慧來化解的對立衝突危機,是我們應該深思的。
關鍵詞:整合理論、歐盟整合、德國統一、反分裂國家法、兩岸統一 / Upon the relocation of the Nationalist Government to Taiwan, the separate governances on both sides of the Taiwan Strait for over fifty years were an objective fact. For decades, different political systems, economic behaviors, and ideologies had been separately developed. For the authoritative period in Taiwan at the early stage, although a conservative stance was instituted by Taiwan on the Cross-Strait policies, it was a much more explicitly closed society on Mainland China during the Mao Tse-Dong Period. The Cross-Strait relations were thoroughly frozen during the Communist Rebellion Period. The military antagonism toward one another had impacted the economic and human contacts. Upon the liberation of the Cross-Strait relations, the unsettling political struggles are still observed to be in existence. The political wrangling between both parties at the global stage is well known by the international community. The diplomatic competitions are even far more severe.
Since the beginning of the 21st Century, Mainland China has been accumulating competencies and increasing the national productivity profoundly. Many forward strides have been achieved in the economic developments; the foreign trade has attracted other countries, with the foreign reserve increasing at a staggering rate that cannot be easily ignored. Whether China is rising peacefully or as a super power, it is already capable of influencing the world. It has thus projected explicitly the significance of the Cross-Strait relations. Politicians and domestic scholars are unable to not to devote any energy and efforts in this area of discipline.
Investigating the Cross-Strait developments from the perspective of the integration theories should be accompanied with the relevant implications. Although the integration theories were initially applied in the 1950’s, with the post-World-War-II Europe as the main entity involved. Further, the interactive exchange model adopted by North and South Koreas also exhibits a certain degree of similarity. The integration theories are characterized by the normality, which positions the integration at the national level as the objective and exhibits points of profound similarity with the secession of the country.
The disclosure of the Anti-Secession Law enacted by Communist China caused concerns from the international community. Although further elaborations were instituted afterwards, a majority of the members of the international community still exhibit suspicious attitudes. It is observed that the Anti-Secession Law still lacks the rational scientific deconstruction and integration in the controversial Cross-Strait political issues. Whether the enactment of the Anti-Secession Law, in terms of Taiwanese people’s expectations for and substantial identifications with Mainland China, would indeed be a positive or negative impact or even directly affect the feelings of the Taiwanese people or generate any disadvantageous factor is a relatively critical issue for concern.
Although the Anti-Secession Law has been laid between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, we may consider whether we could attempt to analyze the integration strategies and existing obstacles for both sides of the Taiwan Strait from the perspective of the integration theories. The Cross-Strait relations; moreover, exhibit relatively intertwined, complicated characteristics and myriad issues of difference. How to find a balance point to resolve the standoff, conflicts, and crises by applying the new concepts, thoughts, and wisdom is what we shall consider with profoundness.
Key Word: Integration Theory, European Union Integration, German Unification, Anti-Secession Law, Unification Across the Taiwan Strait
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後冷戰時期歐盟與俄羅斯合作關係之研究 / The Cooperative Relationship Between the EU and Russia in the Post Cold War Era楊爵鴻, Yang, Johong Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束改變歐洲的政治和戰略版圖,歐洲與俄羅斯希望在後冷戰時期建立多極體系,避免以美國為主的單極體系出現,雙方在經濟與政治上逐步發展伙伴合作關係,希望削弱美國在歐陸的影響力,並增強雙方在國際上的競爭力。然而,歐俄間在北約東擴、歐盟東擴、車臣問題、加里寧格勒問題上又存在許多衝突。因此,後冷戰時期歐俄雙邊主要特徵如下:既競爭又協調、既爭奪又合作、既對抗又妥協。本文欲針對以下幾個問題加以討論:
1.後冷戰時期使歐盟與俄羅斯改變過去的敵對狀態發展合作關係的因素為何?
2.目前歐盟與俄羅斯的合作關係為何?
3.影響歐俄合作關係的變數為何?
本文主要採用歷史研究法、內容分析法與理性選擇分析法等三種方法來進行研究,並且運用現實主義的理論分析後冷戰時期歐俄建構合作關係的成因,以新功能主義的觀念解釋歐俄從經濟的合作逐漸轉為政治的合作的歷程、並且以新自由制度主義的理論討論歐俄合作機制的架構。本論文由五個章節組成:第一章緒論、第二章歐盟與俄羅斯的關係、第三章歐盟與俄羅斯合作關係之評估、第四章影響未來歐盟與俄羅斯合作關係之變數、第五章結論。
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歐洲共同體廣化進程之研究徐佑典, Douglas Y.T. HSU Unknown Date (has links)
歐體當初被設計成為一個具有彈性及動力的組織,它只是一個開端,而並非為終極目標,所以從一九五七年至今,會員國由原創始的六個國家,擴增至今日之十五國,其創造之經濟及政治成就,不僅使歐洲從戰後的頹敗,變為今日之繁榮、先進,且由於歐洲國家之結合,而使其在國際舞台上之份量愈形吃重。而此等成就亦吸引同為歐洲國家,只是在過去五十年來一直實行共產主義的中、東歐國家希望加入。
在一九九○年代之前,有關於歐體成員國擴增的討論,僅僅止於有關於南歐或北歐國家加入的問題。但隨著以蘇聯為首的中、東歐共產集團的瓦解,一些有關歐盟未來發展的型式、範圍、整合速度以及歐盟現有成員國對於廣化之可欲性等,在近年來一一浮上檯面。本論文之主要研究目的即是在藉由對歐體歷次廣化經驗之研究及解析,瞭解歐體在每次擴大的過程中所遭遇之各項難題,並且瞭解歐體各成員國對於廣化所持之態度,以評估未來中、東歐國家加入歐盟的可行性,同時,亦瞭解歐盟在未來廣化成功之後,整個歐盟在機構及政策上,所將要面臨的改變與調整。
第一章、 緒論
第一節、 研究動機及研究目的
第二節、 研究方法
第三節、 名詞界定
第二章、 歐體的三次擴大經驗
第一節、 第一次擴大經驗:英國、丹麥、愛爾蘭
第二節、 第二次擴大經驗:希臘、西班牙、葡萄牙
第三節、 第三次擴大經驗:奧地利、瑞典、芬蘭
第三章、 歐體三次廣化經驗之啟發
第一節、 申請加入歐體之條件與程序及相關要素
第二節、 各國於加入歐體後之反應
第四章、 中東歐國家加入歐盟的背景
第一節、 中東歐國家申請加入歐盟的進程
第二節、 中東歐國家申請加入歐盟的經貿背景
第五章、 對中東歐國家加入歐盟的評估
第一節、 中東歐國家對於加入歐盟的態度
第二節、 歐盟對於東擴所作的準備
第六章、 結論
參考書目
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國內政治與歐洲整合研究 / Domestic Politics and European Integration Studies陳慶昌, Ching-Chang Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究動機始於有感民族陣線在當今法國政壇的影響力不容小覷,「勒班效應」也使得1980年代中期後極右主義的風潮在西歐蔓延開來,因此吾人在研究歐洲整合的過程時,似應考慮到會員國國內這些反歐洲化的政治現象的發展。然而,主流的國際關係理論認為國際體系構成單位的層次分析並不重要。雖然國際關係體系論的建立被視為是本學門邁向「科學化」的重要嘗試,惟其亦使得學者在研究區域整合時面臨了見林不見樹的困境,本文的研究目的也就在試圖證明會員國國內政治不能被歐洲整合研究所忽視。
本論文以法國極右主義與歐盟移民政策之關聯為例,透過二重賽局的分析架構進行實證研究,研究結果顯示法國右派政府為了爭取極右派選民的票源而吸納民族陣線的反移民訴求,不僅反映在該國自1980年代中期以降的移民政策對非歐盟國家移民的趨於排斥,亦顯現於法國政府在歐盟移民政策共同體化之前與其他會員國協調移民政策時的保守立場。本研究指出,法國極右派在國內層次的影響能夠經由政府的利益匯集過程而到達歐盟層次,從而說明學者不宜貿然分割國內與國際政治研究。另一方面,案例亦顯示政府領袖的偏好在形成後仍有可能發生轉變,因此做為跨層次分析工具的二重賽局尚有修正其架構的必要性,如何發展有效連結國內政治與國際關係的理論途徑與分析架構,對於區域研究學者實屬緊要。
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後社會主義國家金融自由化之政治經濟分析,以波蘭、愛沙尼亞及烏克蘭為例李明修 Unknown Date (has links)
本文採用制度途徑為分析工具,比較歐洲地區的後社會主義國家在金融自由化的過程中,國內外不同的政治力量如何運作。從政治背景和金融發展兩個層面來看,後社會主義國家可以區分為三類:中東歐、波羅的海及獨立國協,因為資料和能力所及的緣故,本文選擇了波蘭、愛沙尼亞與烏克蘭作為比較的個案。
任何形式的改革皆會有阻力與助力,而在金融自由化之前需先做到經濟穩定化和國營部門私有化,這就要國內的既得利益階級犧牲部分利益,才能讓改革繼續下去,既得利益階級不甘利益受損,於是團結起來抵制改革,或對國會遊說、施壓,或藉由選舉進入國會、掌握國家機器,保持舊制度;此時,西方國際組織(歐盟、國際貨幣基金、世界銀行、歐洲復興與開發銀行等)扮演著改革助力角色,利用貸款、加入國際組織條件從外部制度協助後社會主義國家維繫改革動能和抗拒既得利益階級。
本文研究發現,朝野主要政黨能夠遵照新制度而行的國家,往往是經濟改革和金融自由化較為優異的國家,這些國家的既得利益階級和國內對立情況相當較弱者,又有加入歐盟的改革誘因,才能順利推動改革,如波蘭及愛沙尼亞;烏克蘭陷於東西對立,既得利益階級強盛,國會屢屢修改制度,造成金融自由化落後。結論是制度和行為者都很重要,行為者制訂制度,制度提供行為者遊戲規則,行為者要遵守制度而行。
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後冷戰時期歐盟人道救援政策簡嘉宏 Unknown Date (has links)
大多數國際政治研究集中於國際關係理論研究、國際組織研究、區域研究或國際安全研究,對於難民相關之研究卻如鳳毛麟角,事實上,難民問題攸關國際和平秩序之維繫,實為研究國際安全秩序之一重要環節。
歐洲聯盟自1992年成立歐盟人道救援署(ECHO)以來,遂積極從事國際性人道救援行動,歐盟援助的對象無論天然災害或人為戰爭引發之人道危機,援助的範圍更遍及全球,歐盟之國際性人道救援網絡正逐漸成形,影響力隨著歐盟之整合擴大日益重要,成為聯合國人道救援體系以外之另一個救援架構。本篇論文著眼於目前缺乏對歐盟人道救援體系之專門研究,希望透過理論與實務的探討,拼湊出歐盟人道救援全貌,全文主要分為三個層面:一、介紹歐盟主要之人道救援組織、政策與人道救援運作模式;二、分析歐盟於科索沃與達爾富爾地區之人道救援實際案例;三、在結論部分,透過上述案例歸納出歐盟之人道救援特色,並分析歐盟人道救援發展的限制性。
本研究的目的不在挑戰聯合國的人道救援任務,亦不認為歐盟與聯合國的人道救援體系存在競爭的關係,只希望透過對歐盟人道救援體系的研究與認識,提供另一個國際人道救援選項,並喚起世人對國際人道危機之重視。
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論有價證券處分行為之準據法伍偉華 Unknown Date (has links)
法律衝突係國際私法之主要研究對象,凡涉外法律關係所應適用之法律,必與兩個以上之國家法律發生牽連,究應適用何國法律以為解決,此乃國際私法所欲研究之課題,因此,尋求妥適之準據法,應為國際私法學研究重心之一。而不同之法律關係,例如:結婚之方式、夫妻財產、監護、遺囑、侵權行為、契約等等,在尋求連結因素(Connecting Factors, Points of Contact)之際,均有其各自考量,或與主體(Subject)有關,或與客體(Object)有關,或與行為(Action)有關,或與當事人之意思有關。
就有價證券處分行為之準據法而言,因跨國金融業務之蓬勃發展、有價證券之無實體化發行、集中保管及帳簿劃撥交易之普及運用,或有價證券之實體權利證書由集中保管機構統一保管,交易時不必實際移轉有價證券權利證書之實體,甚至發行人發行有價證券,並不發行實體證書,有價證券係直接在網際網路上,以虛擬之數字交易,直至有價證券賣出變現,並且投資人至金融機構或提款機提領現金之那一刻,該財產始轉變為有形之實體鈔票,此致傳統與「客體」及「行為」有關之「物之所在地」或「權利成立地」連結因素,面臨空前挑戰,從而在國際金融需求下,不得不有所調整,以尋求更為妥適之準據法。本論文即在說明有價證券處分行為之傳統準據法為何?其有何缺失?在現代有價證券之交易架構下,哪些有價證券不宜再適用傳統之準據法,而宜採取如何之新準據法?
本論文於第一章敘述所欲解決之問題、研究動機、目的、方法後,即依下列順序鋪陳分析,以求獲致研究成果。
本論文之第二章,擬先敘述有價證券處分行為之傳統準據法,包括有價證券之概念、處分行為之意義、有價證券處分行為傳統之準據法為何,以及在實務上,傳統之準據法有何窒礙難行之處,並藉此釐清需重新探詢其準據法之有價證券有哪些,或符合何種特徵之有價證券,係有必要重新檢討並特別另行規定其準據法者,復接續於第三章中,說明當代跨國有價證券之交易架構,以及可能做為新準據法有哪些,以便後面各章之論述,能針對不再適合適用傳統準據法之有價證券,提出新準據法之立法論。
在理解具有何種特徵之有價證券,始有特別規定其處分行為準據法之必要後,本論文於第四章開始探究應如何獲致妥適之準據法?在探討何為妥適之準據法前,其先決問題,係究竟應以何種原則或態度,來找尋妥適之準據法?申言之,即究竟應採行剛性或彈性之選法規則?因此本論文擬於此章中,將特別說明時下流行之彈性或開放性選法規則,似無法全面適用於所有國際私法領域,其中特別注重預見可能性,以保障交易安全之案件,尤需適用剛性選法規則,而需單一而固定之準據法,基於同一原理,反致理論亦不適用於有價證券之處分行為。此際準據法之規定,並非實現實體法規之價值判斷與利益衡量,而係金融政策之工具或手段,因此亦需附帶論述國際私法之工具論,並彰顯「選法規則實體法化」之論點有時而窮。
承接本論文第四章,在理解為達金融政策及交易安全之目的,致有價證券之處分行為,需單一而固定之準據法,並排除反致之適用後,本論文第五章開始尋找究竟採用何準據法較為適合?首先應觀察相關學說、先進國家立法例及國際公約,俾明瞭國際走勢趨向。
分析國際趨勢及相關學說後,本論文於第六章檢討我國涉外民事法律適用法之草案條文,並於第七章總結論點,並提出能與國際接軌,且符合我國法制之立法論供參。
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後冷戰時期德國中東外交政策之研究 / A study of Germany's middle east policy in the post cold-war era朱子亮 Unknown Date (has links)
二次大戰以前之早期歷史階段,中東地區一直是德國對外政策中之次要項目。而冷戰時期之雙邊關係發展,也多傾向於反映西德與該地區實際往來相對有限之情況,而非突顯類似雙邊在地理位置上之鄰近性、以及雙邊經貿關係發展潛力等有利因素;而就該時期阿拉伯國家對西德之態度立場而言,主要特徵在於前者對後者明顯支持以色列之立場感到失望及不滿。70年代以後,西德政府開始嘗試與以色列和阿拉伯國家建立一個「基於平等對待立場」(Politik der Ausgewogenheit)之往來關係原則,然而由於相關策略仍未能擺脫受到冷戰期間之美蘇對立背景環境、中東地區之以阿衝突問題以及二戰時期納粹德國曾經迫害猶太族群之歷史記憶等因素之影響,故至東西德統一以前,西德對中東地區國家一直未能形成具體可見之外交政策。
90年代之後,國際局勢歷經重大變遷,包括冷戰結束、東西德統一,歐盟內部統合趨勢、以及以色列和巴勒斯坦和平進程之展開等,不但影響了德國對中東地區政策,為上述政策之形成帶來新的動力與契機,同時也致使德國在該地區逐漸扮演更有力、可見度較過去顯著之角色。上述變遷之外,致使後冷戰時期德國在中東議題上之參與程度、以及德國支持歐盟在中東地區扮演積極角色之程度有顯著增加之其他主要因素,尚包括德國在中東地區之實際利益有所提升、德國與歐盟和美國之間的合作關係、以及德國與以色列之特殊關係等因素。統一後之德國,其內部已經逐漸擺脫了畏懼談論有關在中東地區利益以及以阿(以巴)衝突問題之情況,而其在中東地區確實存在某些實際利益,也是不容置疑的:經濟上,該地區提供能源及市場方面之需求;安全保障上,同樣地,可以歸結為德國在中東地區之主要安全利益,在於防止中東地區之衝突和不穩定局勢,包括恐怖主義、武器擴散以及難民遷徙等安全問題蔓延至歐洲地區;而就政治方面,德國於該地區之主要利益,在於以阿衝突問題之和平解決,而相關目標之達成,將能顯著地化解德國在拓展與該地區阿拉伯國家關係上之障礙及困境。
本篇論文探討並歸結出了塑造當今德國對中東地區政策的五個主要面向:(一)能源、經濟以及安全利益;(二)德國在以阿(以巴)衝突問題上之特殊處境與國內考量;(三)支持歐盟內部成員國在中東議題方面彼此進行協調整合之優先性;(四)強調在中東議題上進行國際多邊合作(特別是需要美國方面之參與和支持)之必要性;(五)德國對以色列之歷史責任及雙邊特殊關係。
筆者認為,未來,作為後冷戰時期德國外交政策的一項主要趨勢,德國對中東地區事務之參與情形將更為積極,同時也具備足夠潛力來扮演此一角色,並更願意透過具體實際之措施或行動來展現之,對於該地區局勢未來之變化將具有正面且深刻之影響,故未來其中東政策及在該地區角色之發展不容忽視,有必要予以密切關注。 / Before World War II, the Middle East region was not a high priority for the Governments of Germany. For West Germany, development of relations with the Arabic states during the Cold-War period is prone to reflect far more, the relatively limited scope of bilateral engagement, than the geographical proximity or the trading potential between the Arab world and West Germany. On the other hand, the typical perception towards West Germany that existed among the Arabic countries during the Cold-War period, is broadly characterized by the disappointment with West Germany’s pro-Israeli stance.
From the 1970s onwards, Governments of West Germany had tried to build up a “principle of even-handedness”(Politik der Ausgewogenheit)in its foreign policy towards Israel, and the Arabic countries, but which still could not ignore the impact of the Cold War, Arab-Israeli conflicts, as well as the legacy of the Nazi past. Thus, a definite and visible policy toward the Middle East countries was unable to be formed during the Cold-War period until the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990.
From the 1990s onwards, several major events have occurred which have changed the overall scenario, including the end of the Cold War, the reunification of East and West Germany, European integration, as well as the beginning of the Israel-Palestinian peace process. These developments not only affected Germany’s Middle East policy, but also brought about a new momentum and opportunities, which has resulted in a more forceful, visible and significant role, which Germany now plays in the region. Other major factors resulting in Germany’s increasing participation and its support of the EU role in the Middle East, include the growing German interests in the region, political co-operation between Germany and the EU and the United States, Germany's special relationship with Israel, as well as others.
Post Cold-War Germany shied away, for most of its existence during the time, from discussions about its interests in the Middle East, and the existence of German interests in the region has likewise, become hardly doubtful. Economically, there is a vital interest in a secure energy supply from the region; On the other hand, Germany’s security interests in the region can be boiled down to preventing the problems of regional conflicts, as well as non-conventional threats in the region from exporting into Europe, such as terrorism, arms proliferation, and refugee movements; Politically, Germany’s major interest in the region lies in a peaceful solution of the Israeli-Arab conflict – which can notably solve a dilemma in its development of bilateral relations with both Israel and the Arab states.
The thesis has explored and concluded the shape of today’s German Middle East policy with five major elements:(1)energy, economic and security interests;(2)special circumstances and domestic considerations in facing the Israeli-Arab (Israeli-Palestinian) conflict;(3)to support the co-ordination and the integration of policies toward the Middle East region between the EU member states as a top priority;(4)to emphasize the necessity of international multilateral cooperation on the Middle-East issues(especially with the involvement and support from the United States);(5)Germany's historical responsibility and its special relationship with Israel.
The author believes that in the future, as one of the major trends of the German foreign policy in the post Cold-War era, Germany’s participation in the Middle East affairs will become more active, as it has enough capability and potential to play such a role. It also has become more willing to exercise these attributes through concrete measures or actions, and will have a positive and profound influence upon the development of the region in the future, thus, the future development of its Middle East policy and its role in the region, ought to be put upon with more emphasis and paid with close attention.
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移民政策與社會網絡—九0年代以來的捷克中國移民 / Migration policy and social networks - Chinese community in the Czech Republic since 1990曲北蘭, Tulpikova, Petra Unknown Date (has links)
九0年代初,捷克以及其他東、中歐國家成爲世界移民系統的一部份。當時,捷克的開放移民政策及國家的經濟發展吸引全世界移民的目光,其中也包含了中國大陸移民在内。然而,自1995年開始,爲了準備加入歐盟及申根地區,捷克逐漸將移民政策調整成與歐盟目標一致。因而,捷克的政府推行所謂的限制移民政策。因此,隨著開放移民政策的變遷,捷克對移民的拉力減弱。在限制移民政策的狀況之下,在移民過程中,移民國的社會網絡成爲關鍵的移民因素。本文旨在研究探討捷克移民政策的變遷以及中國移民社會網絡的加強對捷克中國移民人數的影響。 / At the beginning of the 1990’s, the Czech Republic, together with other European post-communist countries became a part of the world migration system. Its liberal migration policy and new business opportunities attracted a lot of migrants from different countries, including mainland China, as well. However, in the mid 1990’s, the Czech Republic initiated an effort leading to the membership in the European Union and Shengen Space. Thus, this central European country adopted a far more strict migration policy which corresponded to the EU’s migration rules. As a result, one of the main pull factor of the Czech Republic, i.e., openess to migrants, disappeared with the enlargement of the EU, and moreover migration process involved many restrictions. In this situation social migration networks undertook the role of the main factor which could enable new migrants access the Czech Republic. This thesis describes and analyzes the influence of changing Czech migration policy and subsequent strengthening of social migration ties on the development of Chinese community in the Czech Republic.
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