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大學生逆境經驗及其相關因素之研究蔡雅如 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討大學生的樂觀、調節焦點、情緒調節、逆境經驗與恢復力、創造力之關係。以台灣地區公私立1033位大學生為研究對象,其中男生450位,女生583位。研究工具包括逆境感受量表、逆境因應量表、逆境意義建構量表、樂觀傾向量表、調節焦點量表、情緒調節量表、自我恢復力量表、創新行為量表、創造力自我效能量表。研究中使用單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、多元迴歸分析、典型相關等統計方式進行資料之分析。
研究發現陳述如下:
一、大學生還算樂觀,同時具有求成與避敗的調節焦點,還算同意使用重新評估與沈著冷靜之策略以調節情緒,也有一點壓抑情緒的傾向,面臨逆境時還算符合徬徨無助、丟臉憤怒之感受,還算能用積極處理和調適轉移的策略因應逆境,也還算能從逆境中建構積極信念和領悟磨練之意義。
二、樂觀與逆境感受(N=1033, r=-.320)呈顯著負相關,而與逆境因應(N=1033, r=.558)、意義建構(N=1033, r=.572)呈顯著正相關。
三、調節焦點的求成取向與逆境因應(N=1033, r=.316)及意義建構(N=1033, r=.400)呈顯著正相關;避敗取向與逆境感受(N=1033, r=.266)、逆境因應中的消極處理(N=1033, r=.193)呈顯著正相關。
四、情緒調節的重新評估與逆境因應(N=1033, r=.339)、意義建構(N=1033, r=.407)呈顯著正相關;壓抑與逆境因應中的消極處理(N=1033, r=.118)呈顯著正相關;沉著冷靜與逆境感受(N=1033, r=-.168)呈顯著負相關,與逆境因應(N=1033, r=.430)及意義建構(N=1033, r=.428)呈顯著正相關。
五、逆境感受與恢復力(N=1033, r=-.255)、創新行為(N=1033, r=-.156)、創造力自我效能(N=1033, r=-.184)呈顯著負相關;逆境因應與恢復力(N=1033, r=.327)、創新行為(N=1033, r=.366)、創造力自我效能(N=1033, r=.362)呈顯著正相關;逆境意義建構與恢復力(N=1033, r=.338)、創新行為(N=1033, r=.314)、創造力自我效能(N=1033, r=.306)呈顯著正相關。
六、樂觀中的正向結果預期和勇於面對挫折、求成取向的調節焦點、沈著冷靜的情緒調節與調適轉移的逆境因應策略對恢復力有正向預測力,而避敗取向的調節焦點與徬徨無助的逆境感受對恢復力有負向預測力;勇於面對挫折、求成取向、沈著冷靜與積極處理的因應策略對創新行為有正向預測力,而避敗取向與徬徨無助對創新行為有負向預測力;正向結果預期、勇於面對挫折、求成取向、沈著冷靜與積極處理對創造力自我效能有正向預測力,而避敗取向與徬徨無助對創造力自我效能有負向預測力。
最後根據本研究結果對教學與輔導實務及未來研究提出建議。
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經典與實踐-當代臺灣讀經運動之研究李建弘, Lee, Chien-Hung Unknown Date (has links)
本文是關於臺灣讀經運動之研究。讀經運動始於1990年初,由台中師院王財貴教授發起,發展至今已有十多年,估計參與過之學童數超過百萬,活動遍及全臺灣各地,甚至蔓衍至世界各地的華人社群。讀經運動雖然以讀最有價值的書為訴求,在實質上是民初以來儒家發展的新階段。包括主要的推廣者王財貴,乃是知名新儒家學者牟宗三的學生,實際的讀經活動中則以儒家經典為主皆說明這是以儒家為主的運動。此論文之預設是視經典為宗教傳統的一個重要現象,儒家為華人之重要宗教傳統,它提供華人意義和作為華人之世界觀。
首先藉由歷史發展,說明讀經運動與1912年教育總長蔡元培廢止讀經,1935年和1953年等讀經問題之關聯。這些歷史說明儒家經典從被視為宗教經典,轉變為「文化」傳統的歷程,它是知識分子有心的造作,加以反宗教的潮流和時尚下完成,而政治力的介入和運用,使得儒家的發展憑添變數。其次,簡述推廣者之主要推廣歷程和理念,敘述讀經發展成社會運動的轉折、建立組織的過程以及讀經運動的現況,並且指出這些過程或現象與宗教的關聯,以及其全省分佈之狀況,接下來則證明讀經運動以儒家經典為主,而經典的定位問題與儒家之宗教性有關,最後,指出當代讀經運動的推廣者與支持者,對儒家經典的建構,以及讀經活動與社會規範、儒家的宗教定位等之關聯。
經由描述當代讀經運動的發展歷程,反映出儒家傳統如同各宗教傳統一般,有類似的特徵,包括有(一)儒家經典成為善書,推廣讀經被視為善行。(二)有著聖人和聖典。經典被人們認為必然蘊含倫理道德。(三)經典代表秩序感,有永恆和全面的知識內涵。(四)、讀經有其經驗層面等。華人社會各宗教團體或人士之投入,即在於儒家傳統乃是華人之世界觀,它提供華人意義,如同盧克曼宗教社會學意義下之隱形宗教,儒家傳統是華人宗教之底色。因此,儒家傳統於宗教研究中,有必要以別於單一傳統等相關概念加以理解,儒家傳統在華人之宗教生活中扮演重要的角色。 / This thesis is about a Confucian movement which is called “Du Ching “(讀經) in Taiwan. Du 讀 means reading literally. In actually, Du ching include reciting, memorizing, chanting etc. Du ching movement which started by a professor Wang tsai guei (王財貴)in Taichun about 1991. The movement developed to the whole Taiwan in a decade and over millions of pupils had attended it. “Reading the most valuable book” is Professor Wang’s appealing slogan though. Actually, almost all of the pupils who attend the movement use Confucian scriptures. Beside, Wang is the famous Confucian scholar Mou Tzung san’s follower. So, this movement can be seen as a Confucian movement. My assumption is Confucianism which is a religion to Chinese. As a world view to Chinese, Confucianism provides meanings.
First, I will show the history of Confucian scripture’s changing in 1900s. In the history, people can find how the scriptures was shaped by Confucian intellectuals by intention from religious texts to cultural texts. The politician influence made this changing violently. Second, I describe the ideas of Professor Wang about du ching and the movement’s key process. To show how did people organize themselves to promote Confucian scripture? And what are people’s practicing about the scriptures? Lastly, I will point out the du ching movement’s promoter and supporter’s idea about Confucian scriptures is part of imaginations. The imagination is connected to the social order and people moral state. The core of the imagination is Confucius not the scriptures which some students think of.
By the history what Confucian scripture met in early modern era and the du ching movement in modern Taiwan, it reflects Confucianism as well as the other religions, it has the same character. It comprises Confucian scriptures and classics as moral books, sainthood holly books, moral and order phase, as if an encyclopedia, experimental phase etc. In summary, Confucianism is the worldview of Chinese. It is the basic tone of Chinese religious life, as the sociology Thomas Luckmann said “ the invisible religion”. However, Confucianism still plays an important role in Chinese communities globally.
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影響使用大眾捷運系統因素之研究陳芊灼 Unknown Date (has links)
台北捷運通車至今已達十年,雖然隨著路網擴展乘客漸增,但根據統計資料顯示汽機車的持有不減反增,且目前搭乘情況距離政府設定搭乘大眾運輸運具比例達60%之目標仍有相當的成長空間,顯示仍有相當比例的民眾不使用或不願意搭乘捷運。另外,全球觀光客已將台灣視為消費平價的觀光地點,又根據文獻發現60%的遊客於旅遊時會將交通列為首位,而台北市是一個相對發展良好且充滿國際化的都市,並有較完整的大眾運輸系統,為了提升大眾運輸使用率,因此,影響使用者搭乘捷運的因素為何,又國人與國際觀光客的看法有何差異便值得探討。
從相關文獻探討中可知影響消費者搭乘捷運的因素,包括:搭乘捷運能快速到達目的地、等車時間短、捷運準點性高、搭乘環境是安全的、搭乘環境是舒適的、捷運票價合理、捷運車站內設施乾淨、提供外語的資訊導覽、有充足的無障礙設施、捷運車站周邊人行步道設計舒適、捷運車站周邊的業種多元、捷運車站附近逛街方便、捷運車站服務人員態度友善專業、容易了解如何搭乘捷運、捷運轉乘系統方便、捷運資訊充足、捷運系統資訊標示清楚、捷運車站設計具有地方特色、捷運車站設計具有景觀意象、捷運車站為顯著的地標、住宿地點緊鄰捷運站、捷運至觀光遊憩地點具方便性、捷運系統能串連許多景點等。
本研究之目的在於調查國人與國際觀光客搭乘捷運之體驗與評價,透過因素分析所粹取出的構面來瞭解搭乘捷運所重視的因素,本研究分別調查304位國人與312位國際觀光客,研究結果顯示,國人與國際觀光客分別在社經特性、旅遊行為及搭乘捷運經驗上,對於搭乘捷運重視因素有顯著性之差異,最後針對分析結果提出三大努力目標與策略:(1)高可及性的運輸系統:提高可及性、完善轉乘系統、串連捷運周邊景點;(2)豐富的資訊系統:提供完善資訊、提升服務人員專業性;(3)友善鮮明的空間與多元的使用:注入設計感、增添形象性、多元化土地使用、人性化步道設施等,以供提升大眾捷運系統使用率的參考。 / Taipei MRT has already operated more than ten years. Though the basic traffic network has been built up to serve more citizens, the number of cars and motorcycles is still increasing. Moreover, only 60% of targeted people set by the government use public transportation system but actually it is less than expected. The evidence shows that some people are unwilling to take Taipei MRT or do not use it. Of all cities in Taiwan, Taipei is fully internationalized and best-equipped with a completed metro public transit system. Taipei MRT Company is trying to increase number of inbound tourists by providing a better travel experience and designing different marketing strategies to increase better MRT tourism attraction. Therefore, the important factors influencing people and inbound tourists to take Taipei MRT are worth studying.
According to the related studies, this study analyzes those factors influencing people and inbound tourists to take Taipei MRT. The factors include efficient, short waiting time, on-time, safe and reliable, comfortable, reasonable ticket price, clean and neat environment, multi-language interpretation, sufficient handicapped facility, comfortable pedestrianization, diversified functions of land use, convenient for shopping, friendly service people, easy process, convenient transfer system, abundant information, clear signpost, unique interior design, good landscape design, distinctive landmark, close to the hotel, convenient to sightseeing spot, attached to tourism spots et al.
Thus, this study aims at exploring the factors influencing the people and inbound tourists to take Taipei MRT. This study first conducts 616 samples by using a closed-ended questionnaire. Then it employs exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to derive meaningful and uncorrelated factors. Further, it analyzes whether people and inbound tourists with different background and carriage behavior have difference in influential factors of taking Taipei MRT. Finally, based on the result of factor analysis, it provides three main goals and suggestions for promoting people to take Taipei MRT. The three main goals include: (1) The high accessible transportation system: advance the access, improve the transfer system, and attached to tourism spots along Taipei MRT line. (2) Abundant information system: offer sufficient information and improve the services people more professional. (3) Friendly, distinct space and diversified use: create the stations with full of image and design, diversified land use, and humanized pavement facility.
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網路世代學童之價值觀與網路社會化學習機制參與之關聯性分析-以大台北地區國小五、六年級學童為例 / A study on the relationship between personal values and internet socialization mechanism-A case of grade five and six elementary school students in greater Taipei馬振剛 Unknown Date (has links)
根據調查指出,台灣12歲以下的人口上網率已達61%以上,平均三位學童就有兩位曾經使用過網路,足見網路在青少年族群中的滲透力。這些「網路世代」的孩子們在自我概念、人格發展與社會關係,也深受網路的影響,不同於過往世代的成長經驗。
此一新興媒體的影響力,在他們的身上表現的最為明顯。然而,網路是一個多元卻也複雜的媒體。而此時正是兒童價值觀與人格形塑的重要時期,其心智未成熟,無法判斷網路內容與行為的正確性。因此,本研究欲探討網路使用與網路社群關係對此階段的兒童在價觀上的相關影響,並得到結論如下:一、人口背景變項對於學童價值觀的影響力有限;二、自我意向與兒童價值觀具有相當程度之關連;三、網路社會化學習機制的參與,對於兒童價值觀具有影響力。 / Based on survey, the average rate of internet use of those who under 12 years old is beyond 61%.It is obvious that internet has great impact on self concept, personality development and social relation of this "Net generation".They have different experience from other generations.
However, internet is a emerging media of variety and complexity. And this is an important period of child personal value developing and personality shaping. Their immature mind may not determine the correctness of internet content and behavior.Consequently, this study examined how internet usage and virtual community affect personal value.
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江澤民時期中共軍事思想房彼得, Fang, Bi De Unknown Date (has links)
中共軍事思想發展之歷史軌跡已歷經三代領導人,分別為毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平新時期軍隊建設思想及江澤民國防和軍隊建設思想,三者依序反映出各時期之相異背景與時代特徵。
江澤民主政期間一面遵循鄧小平理論政策,一面強調「一個中心三個著眼」,逐漸形成「打得贏、不變質」的國防和軍隊建設思想,其重要決策諸如:建立新時期軍事戰略方針、堅持「科技強軍」政策、提出「兩個武裝」號召、以「三步走」和「跨越式」為發展戰略、加速新型武器裝備與軍事人才之建設、積極於共軍機械化與信息化建設、要求貫徹「三個代表」思想、推進「中國軍事變革」等。
江澤民國防和軍隊建設思想,成為建設國防和軍隊的基本理論與指導思想,因而確立江澤民軍事思想於中共現代軍事思想之地位,並為現階段胡錦濤時期之國防現代化與信息化發展奠定根基。
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貓空纜車對貓空地區之觀光經濟影響分析朱沛婕 Unknown Date (has links)
貓空纜車為台灣首座具有觀光及大眾運輸性質之纜車系統,由政府投資十三億,希冀藉由纜車的設置改善貓空地區假日交通擁擠問題,同時提升本地的觀光吸引力,帶動觀光發展活絡地方產業。貓空纜車營運首年搭乘人數突破五百萬人次,遠超越原先的預期,纜車特殊的觀光吸引力為地方觀光帶來人氣,但是否也能有效帶動地方產業發展值得探討。本研究的主要目的為評估纜車所引發的經濟效益,檢視貓空纜車的設置經驗,供政府未來投資經營觀光地區之參考。本研究經由四百位旅客之問卷調查及店家訪談,瞭解纜車通車後貓空地區觀光產業發展的變遷,並藉由投入產出模型評估貓空纜車設置之觀光經濟效益,釐清觀光發展所面臨的課題,進而提出貓空地區觀光發展策略。
研究結果發現,貓空纜車開通使貓空自地方休憩景點升格為國民旅遊景點,台北縣市以外的旅客比例明顯上升,並增加團體旅客的到訪,纜車體驗勝過登山健行與泡茶品茗,成為旅客前來貓空旅遊最主要的遊憩活動。然而,旅客數量的增加並不等同於觀光產業發展的蓬勃,由旅客問卷調查結果發現,旅客在當地的旅遊消費並不熱絡,旅客在貓空地區停留時間偏低,近五成旅客停留不到一小時。經濟影響分析結果顯示,觀光纜車業的產出乘數為1.007,顯示貓空纜車所引發之外溢效果有限,未能發揮帶動周邊產業的功效。究其原因,貓空地區觀光發展存在有纜車體驗與地方特色未做適當連結、貓空茶文化的消逝,以及地方觀光供給系統品質未能同等提升等問題。
因此,在傳統產業轉型觀光的歷程中,政府除需積極進行觀光投資建設之外,為求有效提升觀光經濟效益,本研究提出下列觀光發展的策略建議,以供政府未來經營觀光地區之參考:一、加強地方傳統產業之經濟鏈結,避免經濟遺漏,有效提高經濟效益;二、以地方特色為核心,發展多元觀光,刺激旅客在當地的旅遊消費;三、提升觀光供給系統之整體品質,延長旅客在觀光地區的停留時間,連帶提升旅客的旅遊滿意度;四、進行遊程規劃,有效串連景點,擴大經濟影響範圍,有效帶動周邊產業發展。經由相關配套措施的施行,加強觀光建設與地方觀光系統的連結,提供更優質的旅遊環境,輔助政府藉由觀光投資建設以提振地方產業經濟之目標的達成。 / Taipei Maokong Gondola, the city's first cable-car system, was inaugurated at July 4, 2007, and has attracted more than 5.12 million passengers on the first year of operation. As the Maokong Gondola was built to improve traffic conditions and to further boost the tourism in the tea-growing area around Maokong in the rural Wenshan District, the primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of Maokong Gondola. The study sampled 400 tourists to estimate the change in the number and types of tourists visiting the Maokong area, and futher applies the change in the expenditures of tourists to a regional input-output model to determine the economic impacts.
The study result indicats that the operation of Maokong Gondola contributed an increasing proportion of tourists from other cities to Maokong, making the area a national traveling spot. However, the expenditures of the tourists in the Maokong area did not raise at the same time. The economic impact analysis shows that the sales multiplier of cable car tour is only 1.007, indicating a limited economic benefit. Based on the result of the economic impact analysis, this thesis provides four suggestions for boosting the tourism in the tea-growing area around Maokong: (1) Strengthen the economy chain knot between the traditional industries and the service industries to avoid the economical leakages. (2) Take the local characteristics as the core while developing various activities. (3) Improve the quality of the whole tourism supplying system. (4) Connect the scenery spots around Maokong to expand the boundary of the economy influence.
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報紙政治新聞小報化傾向初探─《蘋果日報》在台發行前後之比較 / Tabloidization of Political News in Newspapers - Before and After the Publication of Apple Daily in Taiwan尹俊傑, Yi,Chun Jeh Unknown Date (has links)
國內報業在開放報禁後逐漸邁入競爭激烈的市場型態,各報先後朝以讀者需求與利潤為依歸的市場導向模式發展,而《蘋果日報》於2003年在台灣發行之後,再度對台灣報業市場產生一次極大衝擊。本研究聚焦在報紙政治新聞,觀察以往以硬性資訊為主的政治新聞在此脈絡下是否也受其影響開始出現或加劇原有的「小報化」傾向。
本研究以《自由時報》、《中國時報》、《聯合報》三大報的前三版政治新聞做為「非小報」的政治新聞樣本,並以《蘋果日報》在台發行當年、以及前後三年(2000年、2003年與2006年)做為分析期間,採用量化內容分析法,比較這三階段政治新聞的報導形式、內容與風格等面向。
在形式面,國內報紙政治新聞的報導內文篇幅並沒有顯著的減少跡象,其標題與搭配的照片面積也沒有明顯增大,改變最大之處在於報紙政治新聞搭配刊登照片的新聞比例逐漸提高,使得整體版面呈現出更加視覺圖像導向的「小報化」形式特色。
在內容面,本研究發現在報導主題的轉變上,關乎政府政策與國會等較具公共性質的新聞量明顯減少、針對政治醜聞的報導明顯增加;然而,聚焦單一政治人物的個人化報導,多年來卻維持一定比例沒有明顯增加,這部分並不吻合「小報化」的新聞主題發展。
在風格面,政治人物的個人報導朝軟性化發展,含納更多私領域動態或是人情趣味元素;而記者在撰寫特稿與評論時,更容易以明顯字句對特定政治人物或黨派進行負面批評;聚焦政治衝突的新聞量雖然沒有顯著增加,但衝突事件的主角卻也逐漸轉移到政治人物彼此的個人恩怨上。
最後,本研究以四個客觀性報導處理手法做為觀察指標,檢視國內政治新聞報導是否受「小報化」負面影響而在新聞專業與報導素質上做出讓步。在純淨新聞裡不摻記者個人意見、和明確提供消息來源等基本處理方式上,《蘋果日報》登台前後的政治新聞差異並不大;然而,國內報紙政治新聞的解釋與評論性質報導卻帶有了更多的黨派色彩,且平衡陳述對立意見的報導比例也逐漸減少。 / Apple Daily has made an impact on the strongly competitive newspaper market in Taiwan since its publication in 2003, spilling over tabloid news values into other media outlets. This study focuses solely on traditionally serious and hard political news and sets out to examine whether it has been influenced, or tabloidized, over time.
Quantitative content analysis on political news items from three largest non-tabloid newspapers - Liberty Times, United Daily and China Times - was carried out and measured at three different levels: form, main topic and style. News samples were randomly selected in 2000, 2003 and 2006.
In terms of form, more and more political news incorporated visual elements, such as photographs, as means for presenting information, while the page space devoted to text remained relatively stable. As for main topic, the overall decrease of coverage on government, parliament and policies was evident, and the focus has been shifted toward political scandal. With regard to style, the personalized coverage on political figures was done with a more softer approach by focusing more on human interest stories. And personal conflicts of politicians were highlighted in coverage on political conflict.
Finally, measurement of objective reporting was adopted to gauge whether there was an overall decrease in journalistic standards of political reporting. The results were mixed. While the basic practices of not presenting subjective opinion and anonymous news source were maintained over the period, the news comments have become more partisan and the balanced presentation of conflicting political views has decreased.
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學前教師運用坊間教材之研究蘇品樺 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的在於探究學前階段坊間教材於課程中扮演的角色,學前教師如何使用轉化教材及其影響因素,而後更進一步探究教學觀點是否對於學前教師運用方法有所影響。
本研究為質性研究,採深入訪談法以及非參與式觀察對兩所園所,共計五名教師進行研究,並以其中兩位教學觀點差異較大的教師進行教學行為的分析,研究發現以學前教師運用教材及其影響轉化差異之因素、教學觀點對於運用坊間教材的影響及坊間教材於課程中的定位此三面向進行討論:
一、在坊間教材轉化及其因素方面發現,學前教師視教材為正式課程,運作課程以教師主體,而教師所持之課程觀為互相調適觀,學生以及教師特質等因素皆會影響教師教學轉化。但教師缺少對教學目的的省思、學校資源不足以及家長因素都可能造成教材轉化的困境
二、教學觀點會影響教師運用坊間教材的方法:從教學目標的選擇到教學方法的運以及評量。研究中兩位教師分別主張課程為教學經驗、課程為計畫,故前者教師運用教材的方法多為「調應」以及「更換」,其與教材互動結果為「教材修正」;後者教師運用教材的方法多為「使用」、「調應」、「更換」,其與教材互動結果為「教師調適」。
三、滿足家長的需求是園所繼續或開始使用教材的最初原因,然而坊間教材的運用將有助於教師專業發展:能夠提供教師較統整的學習架構,以彌補教師專業能力上的不足,也能作為教師教學的參考資源。教材的內容的完善編輯也能夠引發學生學習興趣,加強學生學習動機,促進學生的學習。
四、學校行政體系的支持、班群間的協同以及資源分享都將有助於教師教學上的專業發展,提供教師更多的刺激、激發更多的創意,促使教師能不斷的反思教材內容進行創新。
最後,針對以上幾點發現以及研究過程中遇到的困難與限制提出幾點對於學前教師以及未來研究者一些建議。
關鍵字:坊間教材、教學觀點、課程轉化 / The purpose of this research is to investigate the application of textbooks among preschool teachers. Questions to be answered are as follows: 1.How do teachers transform the textbooks? 2.How do teaching perspectives affect the application of textbooks? 3. How do teachers define the role of textbooks in the curriculum?
The research collects data by means of observation, interview, and analysis. Research is focused on the application of textbooks in teachers’ teaching. Results are as follows:
1.Teachers view textbooks as formal curriculum, and hold the core of operational curriculum. Teacher’s perspective of the implemented curriculum is mutual adaptation, and the characteristics of the teacher or the student will affect the curriculum transformation.
2.One teacher views curriculum as teaching experience and the other views
curriculum as a plan. The former applies textbook with revising and replacing and the interaction with textbook, and the result is that the modifications of textbooks are made. The later applies textbook with using, revising and replacing, and the result of interaction with textbook is that the teacher adapt it.
3.The reason to adapt to textbook is that it fulfils parent’s expectations, and applying
textbook is useful for teacher’s professional development.
4.The support of the education administration authority, the cooperation of the classes
and the sharing of resource will be used for teacher’s professional development, and
can offer more impetus to create more.
Key words: textbook, teaching perspective, curriculum transformation
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從國際關係理論探討中國的崛起蘇建文 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要探討中國自2000年以後的外交戰略。除了分析中國的崛起之外,同時也探討在崛起的過程中,中國所必須面對的質疑與挑戰。中國國力的提升是有目共睹的,然而,中國的崛起究竟是採用何種方式?中國崛起之後帶給全世界的究竟是福還是禍?中國崛起之後,是否有意與美國爭取霸權地位?這都是值得探索的問題。
面對中國的崛起,西方學者對此都有各種不同的看法,也提出各種不同的見解。然而,中國在面對崛起的過程中,面對西方國家的質疑時,中國究竟是如何面對這些懷疑呢?這些問題都是本文想要一一解答的部分。
本文從中國的國內經濟開始談起,觸及中美之間的貿易摩擦,探討中國在經貿上如何面對美國。其次,從軍事的角度切入,除了瞭解中共人民解放軍的現代化腳步以外,同時也將中共的軍備與美國做一比較,以便深入瞭解中美軍事實力的差距。最後,則是探討中國的外交戰略,除了早期中美之間的外交關係外,也深入探討中國在2000年以後所主張的外交戰略。藉由這三個面向,希望能夠對中國的崛起做一探討,瞭解中國在新的國際局勢當中,可能扮演的角色與國家地位。
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齋藤月岑的《江戶名所圖會》葉晏如, Yeh, Yen Ju Unknown Date (has links)
《江戶名所圖會》是分別於1834年及1836年出版的一套江戶地誌,當時共有七卷二十冊,內容上圖與文各佔半數,介紹當時的「名所」(近似於今日之景點)。就書的規模及插圖的數量與精緻度來說,它在當時出版的眾多地誌中,佔有集大成的地位。而此書的作者並非只有一人,而是擔任江戶町名主(近似於今日之里長)的齋藤家三代祖孫,耗時約40年編纂而成,最終是在齋藤月岑手上出版。
這七卷地誌共收錄了1043個名所項目,分布的範圍遠遠超出當時的江戶,遍及到近郊。書中主要以文字說明名所的歷史,而以圖片補足文字所無法傳達的名所遊樂氛圍,讓讀者更清楚知道當時江戶的居民在名所中玩些什麼、如何玩。
本論文主要是透過齋藤月岑的日記及其著作《江戶名所圖會》等史料的爬梳,來觀察町名主的實際生活樣貌,探討「名所圖會」作者的文化背景、編纂意圖及出版過程;然後分析圖會中所介紹的名所及遊樂方式,來掌握江戶居民們遊樂的特徵,最後進一步試著闡明當時齋藤家眼裡的江戶是什麼樣子。 / 『江戸名所図会』は1834年と1836年の二回に分けて出版された江戸の地誌で、合計七巻二十冊ある。収録する名所の項目数と挿絵の豊富さによって、当時出版された地誌の中で集大成の地位を占めていると指摘されている。著者は一人ではなく、江戸の町名主を勤めていた斎藤家の三代であり、40年に近い歳月をかけて、この大作を編纂した。三代目の斎藤月岑が最終作者として出版したのである。
七巻の地誌は1043個名所の項目を収録しており、名所の分布範囲は当時の江戸を遥かに越え、近郊にまで及んでいる。内容には文と挿絵との両方があり、当時の「名所」を紹介している。この著作は文字で名所の歴史と由緒を説明し、挿絵で文字が伝えられない名所の雰囲気を表現して、江戸の人々はどのように名所を楽しんでいたかについて、読者たちに最も生き生きとしたイメージを伝えている。
本稿では斎藤月岑の日記と著作の『江戸名所図会』などの史料を分析し、町名主の生活実態を観察して、「名所図会」の著者の文化背景、編纂意図と出版過程を解明する。そして、『江戸名所図会』に紹介された名所と遊楽の方式に対する分析を行い、江戸住民の遊楽の特徴を把握する。最後に斎藤家の江戸観を解明する。
キーワード:江戸名所図会、斎藤月岑、名所、遊楽、江戸観 / Edo Meisyozue is a set of books about Edo topography that were published in 1834 and 1846. It contains seven volumes, twenty books. Because of the splendid illustration and the vast quantity of the famous spots recorded in it, it is indicated to stand at a dominant position among all the contemporary books about Edo topography. The writers are three people from different generations of Saito family that served as machinanushi (the lowest official position in Edo government). They spent around 40 years writing this voluminous work. Saito Geshin was the one that finished it and saw it published.
The seven volumes contained 1043 entries of famous spots and the distributed area of these spots was far beyond the range of Edo at that time. Edo Meisyozue introduced famous spots through both words and paintings. Words talked about history of those famous spots, while paintings gave readers a vivid image of the atmosphere there. And readers can get a full understanding of how people in Edo enjoyed these famous spots.
Through the analysis of Saito Geishin ‘s diary and Edo Meisyozue, this thesis will shed light on the real situation of machinanushi’s life, the writer’s cultural background, his intention of writing and the process of publication. Moreover, the features of how people in Edo had fun will be clarified by analyzing the famous spots and the ways of recreation introduced in Edo Meisyozue. Last, Saito family’s view on Edo will be clarified in this thesis.
Keywords: Edo meisyozue, Saito Geshin, meisyo, recreation, view on Edo
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