University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

本研究探討損害賠償計算方法理論對請求金額與判賠金額間差距幅度之影響。本研究以請求金額與判賠金額的差距幅度作為應變數，以三大損害賠償計算方法作為解釋變數，並設定三大群組變數作為控制變數。本研究之樣本為智財法院所審理之專利侵權求償判決，樣本期間為2008年9月至2010年9月。 本研究所建立之回歸模型解釋該差距幅度的變異量達45.1%。實證結果顯示，我國專利侵權損害賠償訴訟之差距幅度，顯著地受到總利益說及總銷售額說之兩種損害賠償計算方法的影響，但受合理權利金說之影響並不顯著。該等實證結果指出，總利益說的採用對於縮短請求差距幅度的影響能力，優於總銷售額說，代表著專利權人於訴訟中應詳盡地提出損害賠償相關事證，以獲得較高的賠償救濟。 / This research explores the association of the patent-damage calculation theories with the Variance between the amount of damage claimed and that awarded. Specifically, it tests the relationship between the Variance and three explanatory variables, namely, patent-damage calculation theories based on the profit, sales, and reasonable royalty, along with control variables including the case specifics, patents-at-issue, and litigants information. Its sample includes 186 patent infringement cases decided in Taiwan Intellectual Property Court from 2008/9 to 2010/9. The empirical regression model explains 45.1% of the variation in the Variance. The results show significance associations of the Variance with the profit approach and the sales approach, but not with the reasonable royalty approach. Such findings point out that the profit approach is more successful at reducing the Variance, implying that the patentee should present more detailed evidence during litigation to get more awards.

我國自民國77年於大眾捷運法首創徵收取得區分地上權立法例後，即隨之於獎勵民間參與交通建設條例、促進民間參與公共建設法及土地徵收條例訂定徵收取得區分地上權條文，對公共建設穿越用地之取得有相當大之助益，但由於法制並非完備，致在徵收取得區分地上權補償方面產生了一些問題，此不僅影響公共建設穿越用地取得之順利進行，更有害憲法保障人民財產權之意旨，故本文即從財產權保障觀點，以完全補償理念為核心，對這些補償問題加以探討，並提出建議，以建構完善的徵收取得區分地上權補償制度，及做為政府修改相關法令之參考。 本文共分五章，第一章緒論，說明本文研究動機、研究目的與研究方法、研究範圍與內容。第二章財產權保障與損失補償，分析徵收取得區分地上權對財產權所造成之損失，並闡述財產權保障與損失補償之真諦，以奠立本文後續探討充分彌補被徵收人損失之方法。第三章我國徵收取得區分地上權補償制度之探討，對我國徵收取得區分地上權制度、補償法源及補償內容加以探討。第四章徵收取得區分地上權補償問題之探討，分別就補償性質問題、補償範圍問題、補償標準問題、補償費發放問題四方面加以探討問題之所在，並研擬適當解決方法。第五章結論與建議，對徵收取得區分地上權補償法制提出建議。 / After originating the legal case of the expropriation of space superficies in Mass Rapid Transit Law in 1988, the government soon legislated the clauses for expropriating the space superficies in Statute For Encouraging Private Sector Participation In Transportation Construction, Promoting Private Participation In Public Works Law, and Statute For Expropriating Land. It’s helpful to obtain the lands which public works pass through over or under, but some questions about the compensation for the expropriation of space superficies result from the legal system is not complete enough. This not only affects to smoothly obtain the lands which infrastructure need, and will be more harmful for the meaning of the people's property rights which safeguarded by constitution. Therefore this research takes complete compensation as a core and discusses these questions of compensation from the viewpoint of safeguarding the property rights. Finally, it hopes to make propositions for constructing a faultless system of compensation for the expropriation of space superficies and can be as the reference for government when she revises the correlation law. This research is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which shows the motive, goal, method, scope, and content of this research. The second chapter is the indemnification for property right and the compensation for loss, which analyses the losses of property rights caused by the expropriation of space superficies, and elaborates the true meaning of the indemnification for property right and the compensation for loss in order to establish the method for fully making up the losses of the rightful recipients in the following discussion of this research. The third chapter is the discussion for compensative system of the expropriation of space superficies, which discusses the system of the compensation for the expropriation of space superficies, the legal origin of compensation, and the content of compensation. The fourth chapter is the discussion for the questions of compensation for the expropriation of space superficies, which discusses four aspects of questions including the characters, scopes, criterions, and payment of compensation and draws up suitable solutions. The fifth chapter is conclusion and suggestion, which proposes suggestions for the compensative system of the expropriation of space superficies.

私有土地，如供公眾通行多年而成為道路者，該土地已因時效完成而成立公共地役關係，該私人雖仍保有所有權，但其使用權之行使應受限制，不得違反公眾通行之用，通說將該因通行之事實所形成之道路，稱為既成道路或既成巷道。既成道路存在公用地役關係之限制，致土地所有權人無從自由使用、收益，對於所有權人所受損失，是否應予補償？早期行政法院判決採取否定見解。直到85年大法官作成釋字第400號解釋，宣示國家應就既成道路辦理徵收給予補償。對於既成道路應予徵收補償已無爭議，但是，行政機關迄今未能提出具體有效之解決措施。 囿於既成道路補償問題遲遲未能解決之現況，民間嘗以捐地抵稅作法因應，導致稅基流失；既成道路所有權人，也以釋字第400號解釋為基礎，向道路管理機關請求辦理徵收補償，道路管理機關通常均以財源拮据、暫無徵收計畫等理由回應。人民遭拒絕後向行政法院提起訴訟，行政法院一貫見解均為：人民無請求國家徵收其土地之公法上請求權，道路管理機關非徵收核准及補償金發給機關，對之提起訴訟被告適格欠缺，釋字第400號解釋僅為立法指針不得作為請求徵收之法律基礎，補償金以徵收處分存在為前提，無徵收處分自不得請求補償，不得以平等原則、憲法財產權保障規定作為請求權基礎…… 等理由駁回人民請求。然上開理由是否適切？人民應選擇哪種訴訟類型才能達到權利救濟之目的，引發本文寫作之動機。 從憲法財產權保障觀點而言，財產權受到國家公權力之干涉時，應就財產權之權能減損程度，判斷是否達到「公用徵收」程度，或僅是「財產權內容之確定與限制」。又法規範對財產權內涵之確定與限制，如未侵犯財產權之本質內涵，則屬財產權之合憲限制，構成財產權人之社會義務；然而財產權人所受之限制程度，倘逾越財產權人所可忍受之限度而構成特別犧牲時，國家應給予適當之補償，始合乎憲法保障人民財產權之意旨，此為「應予補償之財產權限制」。釋字第400號解釋指出：「既成道路符合一定要件而成立公用地役關係者，其所有權人對土地既已無從自由使用收益，形成因公益而特別犧牲其財產上之利益，國家自應依法律之規定辦理徵收給予補償。」宣示既成道路所有權人所受限制程度構成特別犧牲，其法律效果應為損失補償。至於，徵收補償或其他補償方法均係填補特別犧牲損失之補償方式，既成道路所有權人應可擇一行使「徵收補償」及「損失補償」兩種請求方式。 現行行政訴訟制度，分為撤銷訴訟、課予義務訴訟、一般給付訴訟及確認訴訟等類型，惟既成道路所有權人提起確認訴訟類型較為少見。從其他類型訴訟的判決理由分析，既成道路所有權人提起撤銷訴訟及課予義務訴訟，無法達到權利救濟之目的，而應提起一般給付訴訟類型，以需地機關為被告，請求需地機關提出徵收計畫書，向內政部申請徵收之應為事實行為訴訟；或以需地機關為被告，請求給付損失補償金訴訟，兩種聲明是可行的請求方式。本文結論部分，就既成道路所有權人提起行政訴訟，從訴訟類型之選擇、請求權基礎及善用確認訴訟類型三方面提出建議；憲法財產權保障之規定，無待實體法明文規定，本身便是一種主觀之公法上權利，財產權保障內涵中，實已包括無補償即無財產權侵害之保障，並於財產權侵害之情形已無法排除時，為補償給付之請求，德國、日本司法實務運作均是如此，我國大法官會議解釋也一再揭櫫此一要旨，行政法院固守請求權基礎，應以實定法條文規定之見解，顯然與財產權保障思潮背道而馳。就行政機關處理既成道路問題，應妥善運用徵收補償，市地重劃、容積移轉、以地易地等地政手段，檢討改進既成道路存廢及補償費計算等角度，多方面思考解決對策，才是根本解決既成道路問題應有的方向。

根據近幾年來瑞士洛桑國際管理發展學院發表之「全球競爭力」調查報告與國際透明組織公佈之「全球貪腐印象指數」的排名結果，發現國家競爭力越高者，清廉度亦相對較高，二者間存有強烈的正相關。而歷次調查結果，均顯示臺灣僅為中度廉潔的國家，因此在推動防貪的過程裡，仍存有許多改善的空間。 晚近公部門貪瀆案件、政商掛勾的弊端層出不窮；為遏止公職人員貪污腐化，政府提擬出一系列陽光法案，而公職人員財產申報法就在民國82年匆匆立法通過，成為第一道陽光法案。該法開宗明義即揭示，「爲端正政風、確立公職人員清廉作為，建立公職人員利害關係之規範，特訂定本法」，足徵防制貪瀆係該法所積極追求的目標。但迄今為止，申報不實之公職人員仍然眾多，亦未見任何觸法者因此去職或終結政治生命，可見財產申報法尚無法完全發揮遏制貪瀆弊端的力量，故有修法之迫切需要。 本研究係從文獻資料探析財產申報法的立法歷程與規範重點，並針對法務部95年版修正草案加以檢討，同時擷取美國、新加坡的財產申報制度的優點以供我國修法參考。另外，則藉由深度訪談的過程，了解我國財產申報制度在法規面與執行面的優缺點，進而提出改善建言，以期達成建構廉能政府的施政目標。 經綜合文獻分析與深度訪談的研究結果，發現整體申報制度之缺失有申報對象界定失衡、防堵脫產未克其功、公開透明猶有不足、裁處罰則難以懾人、執行審核確有困境等。依據前述研究發現，本文提出下列建議包括：建置整體陽光法案、法令體系的結合運作、其他配套措施、追查資金流向、建立弊端揭發人保護制度、鼓勵民眾監督公部門、強化公務人員倫理教育、簡化行政作業流程、研議高薪養廉政策等，以期完善整體申報法制。

「知識經濟」時代裡，知識透過流通而生成更多文化資產帶給人類價值。知識，向來就是共有共享的。但起自智慧財產權出現後，開始出現知識私有、知識買賣的情形出現。難道，是著作權(copyright)戰勝了著作義(Copyleft)？近年來全球掀起一片「告！告！告！」的熱潮，無論是美國的Napster訴訟案，還是台灣的「成大MP3」事件；還是微軟在美國的反托拉斯訴訟，或是在台灣面臨合理議價調查，都顯示「著作權」引發的相關問題蔓延全世界。 本研究將知識/文化商品視為資訊資本主義社會的生產工具，並且探討當「智慧」變成「財產」時，資本主義、國家機器爭權奪利的過程中出現的問題與爭議。研究者先就著作權的政治經濟脈絡耙梳出「著作權」不是「道德問題」，而是「經濟問題」，更是國際關係中藉以制衡弱勢小國的利器。 實證部分以1960-2002年間台灣著作權發展過程中三個衝突事件為例，包括1960年代的《大英百科全書》翻印風波、1980年代的「蘋果電腦侵權事件」，及1990年代跨國公司進入後的台灣流行音樂產業作為個案，具體驗證台灣著作權發展過程中，的確受到資本主義與國家機器及國際依賴關係的影響。最終以近年來網際網路發展蓬勃，連帶引出的著作權爭議作結，本研究除了對台灣著作權的政治經濟發展提出看法外，亦在結論中對知識/文化產業，及著作權規範的未來發展提出意見。 / Under knowledge-based economy, knowledge brings more value to human beings by spreading and then generating cultural properties. Although sharing is the essential characteristic of knowledge, there have been some arguments that knowledge is private and knowledge can be traded after the idea of intellectual property rights emerged. Does it mean Copyrights overtops “Copyleft”? In recent years, there have been more and more lawsuits related to copyrights such as Napster vs. RIAA in 1999 in the US, and IFPI vs. NCKU MP3 lawsuit in 2001 in Taiwan. Moreover, Microsoft, the worldwide leading software company, also faced US federal government’s antitrust violations prosecution, and rational price investigation by Taiwan government. All these cases indicate that copyright has caused problems all over the world. This thesis regards both the knowledge and cultural products as the producing tools of information capitalism society. It also discussed the conflicts between Capitalism and state apparatuses when “knowledge” became “property.” By examining the context of political economy in intellectual property, the author achieved two conclusions. First of all, the copyright is not a moral issue but an economic one. Secondly, in international society, copyrights have been the weapon for powerful nations to control the powerless ones. We cited three copyright conflicts in Taiwan from 1960-2002, including the reprint issue of Encyclopaedia Britannica in the 1960s, copyright violation case of Apple Computer in the 1980s, and the international pop music piracy disputes in the 1990s, the author made an empirical research to conclude that the development of copyright in Taiwan indeed was affected by the capitalism, the state apparatuses, and the international interdependency. This thesis ended with the prospective copyright issues originated from the burgeoning Internet industry. Not only did the research indicate some suggestions regard to the development of political economy in copyright, also made comments about the future development of knowledge/culture industry’s copyright regulation.

政府辦理區段徵收希望帶動新社區的繁榮，達成都市整體發展，取得公共設施用地及節省龐大建設經費支出等之目標，而地主希望藉由政府的開發行為，享有土地利用價值提高、公共設施完善等好處，然而所謂的公私互蒙其利，共創政府與民眾雙贏的開發方式，卻仍常產生地主為了財產權保障抗爭之情形而導致區段徵收作業延宕，因此，本研究以高鐵新竹車站特定區區段徵收案為例，針對地主選擇行為進行探討，透過群落分析歸類地主選配抵價地的型態，經由因子分析找出影響選配抵價地行為之因子，最後藉由羅吉特建立地主選配抵價地模型，希望可以提供政府部門及地主在選配抵價地之參考。研究結果如下： 一、 透過群落分析，予以歸類分析，劃分易於解釋的分配類型，可獲得二個群組四個方案，由此可瞭解地主選配抵價地型態。 二、 參與抵價地配地作業以男性地主居多，以年齡層多集中於中年左右，受訪地主多為已婚；受訪地主針對各項選配抵價地之影響因素均表示影響程度上都是以影響很大為居多，其中受訪地主多數認為使用分區類別、面前街道寬度、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、坵塊形狀、街廓評議地價高低等因素對於選配抵價地影響很大，又以鄰近嫌惡設施程度為居高。 三、 經由研究得知目前政府提供予地主之資訊管道不足或宣傳不周，對於整體區段徵收作業仍需加強與地主資訊的傳遞，以及充分公開整體計畫內容。 四、 部份地主不太滿意先抽籤再選配街廓的抵價地配地作業方式，其原因有主要為因籤號先後導致無法選配期望街廓佔多數，其次為權利價值較小者可能無法選配街廓，而需再與他人合併分配。 五、 建構八種類型之二項羅吉特模式，並透過AIC及SC值找出能力較佳的群組方案，由方案中得知地主多數還是以居住適宜性及小規模開發為主要。 六、 由二項羅吉特模式實證結果顯示，模型共通變數為土地變數的使用分區類別、基地最小開發規模訂定、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、緊臨遊憩設施狀況、坵塊座向，以及地主行為變數面前街道寬度影響程度、鄰近嫌惡設施影響程度、區段徵收前土地座落位置影響程度、性別、學歷、職業等等，均顯著影響地主選配抵價地之行為。 / Zone-expropriation by government hopes to achieve these targets like exciting new community's prosperity, achieving the overall development of the new city, accessing the public facilities and saving huge expenditures. By the government's development activities, the landlords enjoy the benefits of increased value of land and good public facilities. Handling Zone expropriation creates a win-win situation between the Government and the landlords. However, in the process of Zone-expropriation often generate opposition of landowners to protect their property rights which led to delays in Zone-expropriation operations. Therefore, this study of THSR (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Hsinchu Station Zone- expropriation as an example and discuss the landowner’s choice behavior. Through cluster analysis classified the landowner’s choice behavior. And by factor analysis to identify the major factors of landlord’s choice behavior. Finally by Logit modeling the landlord model hopes to provide some valuable suggestions for government. The study results are as follows: 1. Through cluster analysis, the study classified and divided into two groups that are easy to explain. The two groups contain four plans each and they can explain the landlord’s choice behavior. 2. Landlords of participation of Zone-expropriation are mostly male with age around 40 to 60 years old. These mostly married landlords think these are the major factors, the use of zoning category, the street width, the neighboring facilities, the shape of street block, the value of street blocks. The neighboring facilities rank the top 1 factor. 3. Through the research shows that government lacks of information or promotional channels. Government should improve the communication with landlords and fully disclosed the contents of the overall Zone-expropriation plan. 4. Landowners are not satisfied by the flow of ballot at first and then land choosing. The major reason is landlords can not choose the expected lands after ballot. And the second reason is the land loads with smaller land value can not choose street blocks unless they combine with other landlords’ land value and choose the expected land. 5. In the study, construction of eight types of models from two of Logit modeling, through the AIC and SC values come out the better group and plan. It shows the better plan is the small-scale residential development and good environment for the most landlords. 6. By the empirical results from Logit model show that model common variables are the land use zoning category, the base size of the minimum development, near the level of aversion facilities, recreational facilities close to the zone, street block location, the width of the street, the impact of land location before zone expropriation, gender, education, occupation, etc. They are significantly affected the selection behavior of land choice.

由於數位化科技、盜版等因素影響，台灣音樂產值逐年驟減，產業步入寒冬。面對中國大陸越來越富裕的十三億人口、對於娛樂文化等資訊需求直線上升的廣大消費市場，全世界的音樂廠商彷彿看見曙光，積極搶進中國，台灣音樂相關從業人員亦紛紛移往彼岸尋求生路。雖然兩岸音樂交流頻繁，然而台灣音樂廠商面對中國大陸陌生的行政、司法體制與繁複的異地法律，產生諸多佈局大陸、保護智慧財產權與解決紛爭的疑難。身為中國大陸流行音樂最主要的輸入源頭，我們自無法置身事外，而有必要對於中國大陸音樂產業法制環境做一深入的探討，從產業角度檢視現有智慧財產問題並提出對策。本研究首先從中國大陸與音樂產業相關之內國法制做一整體性之探討，釐清中國大陸對於外資進入音樂產業所設下市場進入障礙及審批制度之雙重限制，並介紹大陸音樂集體管理組織之運作情形與兩岸合作之問題所在，最後針對大陸近年來關於音樂著作權重要之法令與司法實務、在大陸解決智慧財產爭端之策略、台灣音樂產業在大陸面臨的智慧財產保護問題深入研究，並試圖提出可行之解決方案。由於中國大陸已成為台灣音樂產業的主要市場，本研究除整理前揭發展趨勢外，並提出給音樂業者與政府部門的建議，希望在極力發展文化創意產業、兩岸邁向經濟區域整合之今日，音樂業者得以妥善保護自身智慧財產，維持台灣為全球華語音樂中心之地位，使音樂產業能夠真正成為台灣文化創意產業重要的一環。 / The industry value of Taiwan music industry declines due to the rapid growth of digital technology and internet piracy. On the other hand, music companies around the world invade China Market for its vast population and increasing market demand. Taiwan music talents are no exception. Though the cross-strait communication in music is frequent, Taiwan music companies are not familiar with the complicated legal and administrative system in China and thus usually trapped in intellectual property disputes. Taiwan is the precursor for China’s popular music and it become a necessity for Taiwan music companies to fully understand the law and regulation about music industry in China and frame the strategy for current intellectual property problems from the industry perspective. This thesis begins with a general introduction and analysis on China’s law and regulation concerning music industry, elaborating the dual restrictions of investment examination system for foreign companies which plan to enter the China market. It will also describe the practice of music copyright associations in China and problems in cross-strait collaborations. The thesis will also discuss topics about important issues on music copyright law and legal practice, strategy of intellectual property dispute resolution, and intellectual property protections with which Taiwan music companies are confronted in China. Feasible solution will as well be advised in this thesis. China has become the main market for Taiwan music industry. This thesis will elaborate the developments of the industry and provide some advices for music companies and government. Culture industry is now the focus of government policy in Taiwan and in China while cross-strait economic integration becomes the trend. Hopefully, Taiwan music companies can, through a well-structured intellectual property protection, stay as the heart of global Chinese music and make music industry an important part for Taiwan culture industry.

臺灣農業有優良的傳統，曾經以優越的生產技術，良好的品質，在外銷市場上，屢創佳績。本文首先探討當前農業發展的困境，源自於過度注重生產導向思維，忽略產業鏈上下游息息相關的產業結構，忽略行銷通路的發展，忽略知識經濟中，創新服務的附加價值。 近年來，蝴蝶蘭產業揚名國際，博得蝴蝶蘭王國美譽。分析蝴蝶蘭產業的價值傳遞過程，發現台灣蝴蝶蘭產業，正逐漸步入早期傳統農業的後塵，策略發展以生產能力為核心。這個營運策略為擴張規模，增加產能，以期降低成本，在市場上以價格競爭為手段。對於一個產業而言，這是一個危險的訊號。 今以蝴蝶蘭產業為例，深究台灣農業是否可以從企業經營觀點，健全產業結構，發掘更多附加價值。這個問題的答案存在於以無形資產創價的觀念，以現有良好的生產技術為後盾，結合農業科技智慧財產、聯合行銷與品牌經營，是未來台灣農業應該努力發展的三大策略主軸。 在此一策略思維主軸下，許多創新事業模式可以發展，包括農業生物科技公司，品質認證公司，拍賣公司，行銷公司，溫室營建公司等，或為周邊產業，或為上下游，唇齒相依。農產業一如其他產業，應思考佔據產業關鍵地位，方能提升議價能力，擁有競爭優勢。這些創新事業的特色為科技運用，服務事業，重視品質，最終以品牌經營為依歸。活絡創新事業，將現代化科技與服務精神引入農產事業，這是一場無產經營的變革，成功關鍵在發揮合作精神與善用優質人力。創造的無形資產價值，有一天可以超越農產品本身的價格。 / Agriculture had helped Taiwan earn economic advance in the early time, but went in vain and into history without sustained development. What constrains agriculture itself is the production-centered mind setting. Recently, moth orchid export has become a rising star among other horticulture products. Through analysis of Taiwan orchid value chain, it is found that orchid industry is stepping into the same path of traditional agriculture practice. Individual orchid farmers focus on enlarging greenhouse coverage in order to reduce cost and to win a price-based war. Discussion is made to ask if business management can be integrated into Taiwan agricultural practice. With good field practice technique supporting, intellectual property protection of biotechnology, brand operation and cooperative marketing should be three main strategies for future development of Taiwan agriculture. Agriculture, just like other business operation, should develop strategy to gain advantage in key position to win competition advantages. The characters of these innovative operational models are applications of current technology, service oriented, emphasis on quality, and ends in good brand management. Taiwan orchid farmers should also realize only through cooperative efforts, they can prevail. In the future, agriculture should recruit quality human resource in all aspects including business management, technology, engineering and service. Value generation by new business models producing intangible assets are proposed and discussed.