勞工退休金條例於民國94年7月1日正式施行。此制度最重要的特色為個人帳戶之確定提撥制度。企業退休金採行確定提撥模式，國外經驗多以信託模式運作，與我國強制勞工提撥儲蓄、配合保證收益規範之單一基金集體運作制度有所不同。 國外退休基金運作過程，主管機關多針對受託人、受委託之基金經理人、資產保管者等人之「忠實義務」加以規範。強調以忠實義務條款，將忠實義務人處理事務之方法標準化，以保障勞工大眾權益。但我國勞工退休金條例第四十二條條文內容，並未針對其所謂「管理人忠誠義務」作實質內容規範，同時在違反效果部份也附之闕如。 本研究以忠實義務之起源「信託關係」開始討論，進一步介紹英、美、香港信託法及退休金法中，相關忠實義務之實質內容與違反效果，並從「忠誠義務、謹慎投資注意義務、與授權義務」三方面探討忠實義務之相關規範。 最後本研究建議勞工退休金條例第四十二條應充實相關實質內容與違反效果，將管理退休基金之各忠實義務者行為標準化，同時建議我國未來基金經營架構可朝信託模式邁進，以金融機構或雇主為受託人，輔以成立補償基金或受託人購買專業彌償責任保險的方式，將企業退休金制度回歸自由經營本質，而政府權位則提升至監管機制。

人力資源管理策略運用作為管理思想的一環，原本就和社會經濟情勢息息相關，特別是在當前全球化發展助益下，受影響的層面，幾乎涵括了政治、經濟、社會價值與社會秩序等廣泛議題，意即人力資源管理策略運用所面臨的是來自於世界各國社會經濟環境的考驗。誠如管理學大師彼得杜拉克所言：「人是我們最大的資產」，人力資源管理要塑造出優勢的企業文化、正面的企業形象、良好的工作環境，以具前瞻性的獎勵計劃與引導設計，減少控制與威權管理，吸引優秀人才與維繫人才。 拜資訊科技的發達，藉著網路無遠弗屆的特性，工作型態多樣化與豐富化的程度已超出想像的範圍，員工與組織之間的關係因工作型態的不同，產生勞動本質根本的改變，員工不再為單一組織服務的工作態勢逐漸成型。企業在競爭力新戰場所爭奪的是可移動的智慧資本，卻又不能不面對成本的壓力，在經常重組與不斷轉型的時期，台灣的勞工退休金制度因經濟社會的發展成為「可攜式」的個人帳戶，企業在不斷轉型的過程中如何以適當的人力資源管理及運用作為因應，在進行以「人」為中心的業務流程改造與組織架構的調整時，能符合法令規範且持續維持人力質量的精緻化。本文各章節要點說明如下： 第一章：緒論 研究動機與目的、研究方法、研究範圍限制及流程架構。 第二章：文獻探討 人力資源管理的各功能領域是相互關聯及相互影響，策略性人力資源管理就是在促使人力資源管理的各項功能，成為一種相互支持的綿密網路，將組織的資源有效發展成競爭優勢的運用，結合組織成員之發展與組織目標，有效的達成組織任務。在資訊科技不斷革新的趨勢下，企業與員工都需要持續不斷學習與成長，以適應未來的環境，高素質的人力是企業賴以生存的重點；然而，勞動法制的變遷，瓦解了員工對組織的承諾，員工忠誠度持續下降，若是以人力資源作為競爭優勢，必需有效彌補日益淡薄的勞資關係。 第三章：企業退休金制度及其影響 由企業退休金制度之重要性，理論與演進，說明實施企業退休金制度之必要，探討不同國家的企業退休金制度文獻，期能由此提供我國企業退休金制度設計的觀念。環境改變及對企業的影響、因應策略摘要圖示如下圖 第四章：個案研究 由個案公司人力資源管理功能的SWOT分析，歸納出個案公司內部環境之優勢與劣勢、外在環境之機會與威脅，提出企業退休金制度是有效對策的重要因子；接續以個案公司企業退休金制度設計實務與效益分析提供印證。 企業退休金制度，對員工而言，是在現有法令規定之下，提昇退休後生活達適當水準，使員工的利益最大化，不僅可確保核心人才的維護，當薪資成長趨緩時仍能視組織經營成果提供誘因，同時可使組織保有長期活力與競爭力，無論是對個案公司或是對員工而言，此舉符合雙方利益，也確保個案公司核心人力之維護。 第五章：結論與建議 綜合各章之探討及個案研究提出企業退休金制度結論，並對勞工退休金新制提出建議。

我國65歲以上的老年人口，於民國82年底達總人口比率7.1％，正式邁入聯合國世界衛生組織所稱之高齡化社會（7％以上）。根據行政院經濟建設委員會之推估，65歲以上的老年人口比例於97年將達總人口數之10.15％，而於116年達總人口數之20.04％，人口老化速度明顯高於歐美國家，未來人口年齡結構將更趨於高齡化。隨著我國老年人口成長，社會安全制度日益受到重視，提供老人經濟安全之適度保障將成為我國未來福利發展之新方向。 本研究根據世界銀行提出的「三層保障」之老年經濟安全保障制度架構為基礎，說明我國公務人員退休制度在老年經濟安全保障方案之定位，闡述有關第二層保障之職業退休金制度理論演變，以釐清公務人員退休金之屬性及正當性，以助於退休制度及其財務規劃的擬定，期使整套制度循著適當的理論脈絡而發展。基於對退休金重要性的認知，先進國家早已發展成熟的職業退休金制度，而我國公務人員退休制度係建制於民國32年，實施50餘年，雖歷經4次修正，由於退休金給付方式仍屬於恩給制，除造成財政上重大負擔外，也產生退休給與偏低等嚴重問題，相關機關自62年開始研究改革，經過22年研議規劃完成，自84年7月1日實施退休新制，其與舊制最大的差異，是將退休經費籌措方式，由政府編列預算支付之恩給制，改由政府與公務人員共同撥繳費用成立退撫基金之共同提撥制，其餘退休對象、退休年資、退休條件、核給退休金原則大致維持不變，而退休金給付方式，也維持著確定給付制。經分析新退休制度之主要內容，實施迄今8年餘，有關改進退撫經費籌措方式，減輕政府財政負擔；及提高退撫所得，加強安老卹孤之改革目標，均已獲致初步成效。然而現階段面臨之問題，是退休經費導致各級政府財政負擔增加，且依公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會委託基金精算結果也顯示基金將面臨財務危機。 本研究係分析新制退休金給付方式，全面採行確定提撥制，對解決基金現存財務危機之可行性，為便於瞭解，爰敘明確定提撥制與確定給付制之意涵與優、缺點，及我國採用此兩種制度之適例。茲因退休金給付方式之政策變革方案，影響層面甚廣，方案之可行性如何，必須審慎探討與分析，爰就制度變革方案可行性列舉幾項評估面向進行分析。 例如為解決基金財務問題，除必須從經濟上分析外，茲因制度變革方案，必須符合現時的政治生態，始能確保政策推行之成果，方案的周詳與否，關係到該方案能否被接受及未來能否順利執行。由於退休舊制恩給制時期，因退休經費籌措方式不當，同樣存在著財政負擔之問題及缺失，其能於84年7月改革成功推動新退休制度，在政治方面包括政黨、民意機關、相關主管機關、公務人員，甚至學者等等支持的因素，在現今新制推行後，為解決財政問題，而將退休金給付方式，全面改採確定提撥制，是否同樣具有政治上支持的可能性，自須審慎分析；此外，退休金政策之改變，直接受影響的便是公務人員之退休所得，在退休金採行確定提撥制後，是否仍能達成新制推行時所設定之提高退撫所得、加強安老卹孤改革目標，應為關鍵之所在，由於職業退休金理論中之維持適當生活，係本研究在規劃退休金制度時所考量的重點，因退休後的生活水準應能與退休前相當，乃是探討退休金制度的核心，爰列為評估面向。又世界各國實施公務員退休金制度之經驗，包括採行確定給付制與確定提撥制例證，及面臨困境或改革之趨勢，均能在我國制訂退休金政策時有所啟示，故亦列為評估面向。本研究依據上述重要項目進行整體性評估，針對現存政經環境及職業特性，歸納我國新制退休金採行確定給付制或確定提撥制之個別效益，深入檢討何種給付方式較能維持公務人員權益？及退休前之生活水準？藉以說明並支持可行方案，以作為方案選擇之參據。最後提出本研究之結論與研究發現，進而本於基金能否永續經營，將是制度得否存續的關鍵，減少財務潛在危機，應具有合理的制度設計與有效的經營管理之基本條件，爰研擬若干建議措施，以降低財政問題的嚴重性，俾確保基金日後退休給付之能力，保障參加基金人員之權益。 / Taiwan has officially joined the “aging society” as defined by the WHO (up to 7% of the senior citizen ratio) because senior citizens aged over 65 accounted for 7.1% as of December 31, 1993. The official forecast by the Council of Economic Planning & Development of the Executive Yuan (the Cabinet) indicates that the senior population age over 65 will hit 10.15% of the total population by 2008 and even up to 20.04％ by the year 2027. Taiwan significantly outpaces their European and American counterparts in terms of the ratio of aging citizens. The aging society problems will likely turn from bad to worse in the future. In turn, the social security system is receiving mounting awareness and attention. The efforts to provide sound financial standing, secured social systems and protection to senior citizens will represent the new orientation of future welfare development in Taiwan. The present study takes the “Three-Level Assurance” oriented senior citizen financial security system proposed by the World Bank as the very grounds to elucidate the positioning of the Public Servant System in the senior citizen financial security system, annotate the evolution pension system of the Second-level Assurance to clarify the attribute and justification of the pension granted to civil servants. The present study is intended to help draw up a retirement system and financial planning so that the entire system will develop toward appropriate and justified orientation. With awareness of the importance of pension, those advanced countries have developed sound and mature professional pension systems for quite some time already. In the Republic of China, the retirement system for civil servants was initiated in 1943 and has been updated four times during the subsequent half century. The pension has been granted as a sort of benefit, or a government favor. As a result, pension to civil servants has become a heavy financial burden to the government and has been illogically insufficient. In response, the competent authorities concerned began initiating research for a reform of the pension system in 1973 and completed the research program 22 years later. The new retirement system was officially put into place on July 1, 1995. Between the old and new retirement system, the greatest difference is that the pension fund is jointly contributed by both the government and civil servants themselves in the new system instead of being solely budgeted by the government as a sort of government favor in the old system. Except for this, the aspects of the target retirees, seniority requirements, prerequisites for retirement and the principles to grant pension largely remain unchanged. Pension is paid in an unchanged “Defined Benefit Plan”. Now, with the new system in enforcement for over eight years, the new system proves to have primarily attained the goals in improving the method of pension fund raising, easing up the government’s financial burden, providing added pension to retirees and better safeguarding the senior civil servants. The problems currently confronting the pension practice are largely the mounting financial burden to the government as incurred by the retirement expenses. Meanwhile, the actual calculation outcome consigned by the Pension Management Committee indicates that the Pension Fund is on the verge of financial difficulties. The present study is to analyze the terms of pension payment to determine the feasibility there-of and to solve the present financial problem by means of the “Defined Contribution Plan”. For better a understanding into the issues, the present study elucidates the connotation, strengths and weaknesses of the “Defined Contribution Plan” and “Defined Benefit Plan”, as well as the precedents in Taiwan in adopting such two systems. Where a reform in the policy of pension payments will create quite an extensive impact, the feasibility of the policies calls for prudent analysis to enumerate a few feasible alternatives before further analyses into a few aspects of the assessment. To solve the financial difficulties in the Pension Fund, for instance, other than the economic analyses, the reform of the system must live up to the current political ecology before it can ensure the effects expected through the enforcement. Whether or not the policies are detailed and comprehensive enough will determine whether or not the policies are acceptable and whether or not they can be put into successful enforcement without a ensuing problems. During the extended practice under the old system while pension was budgeted as a sort of government favor, the pension system led to a heavy financial burden and shortcomings on the government. The new pension system was successfully put into enforcement in July 1995, thanks to the unanimous support from the political parties, congress, competent authorities concerned, civil servants as well as scholars. Now, in an effort to solve the current financial problems under the new system, the pension will be paid under the “Defined Contribution Plan”. Will the present reform receive equal political support? It calls for well-advised analyses. Besides, in a change in the pension system, the top impact will be upon the pension income to civil servants. After the pension is under the “Defined Contribution Plan”, will civil servants receive added pension income and receive better security in their retired life? These will be the key issues under the present study. The core consideration should aim at the retired lifestyle, which should be equivalent to the pre-retirement one. The hands-on experiences in enforcing civil servant pension systems accumulated in other countries the world over, including precedents of their practices in adopting the “Defined Benefit Plan” and “Defined Contribution Plan” will function as the constructive examples in Taiwan’s policymaking process regarding pension systems, and will be, therefore, be covered in the assessment in the present study as well. The present study will launch an overall assessment on the aforementioned key issues. Aiming at the existent political and economic climate as well as the professional characteristics, the present study will generalize the individual effects and benefits under “Defined Benefit Plan” or “Defined Contribution Plan” under the new retirement system to find out the optimal terms of payment to assure maximum possible benefits to civil servants, safeguard the quality of their retired lifestyle to be equivalent to the pre-retirement lifestyle. The findings and conclusions yielded through the present study will function as handy reference materials for policymaking. By submitting the findings and conclusions so yielded, the study will help the policymakers draw up sound enforcement rules to ensure the sustained existence of the Pension Fund, alleviate the potential financial crises through reasonable design of systems and effective management as the very fundamentals. Further by offering constructive proposals, the study will help the competent authorities of the government solve the financial difficulties to ensure sustained sound competence of pension payments and to, in turn, safeguard the Pension Fund and the Fund’s beneficiaries.

近年來我國經濟快速成長，社會趨向於更為開放的環境，隨著國民所得上升，人民智 識水準提高，以及企業家體認社會責任的結果，對於保障經濟生活安全的需求日益迫 切。退休金方案即為提供退休後經濟生活保障之重要利器。政府為促進社會安全，乃 制定勞動基準法，對於勞工退休設有專章規定，以立法強制企業建立退休制度。 退休制 度是否健全，能否依照計劃順利實施，端賴企業之財力支應與調配，退休金方案之合 理安排、政府機關之嚴密監督，以及退休金制度觀念之確立與溝通，才能臻於完善。 本文之目的，係探討退休金方案之規劃與管理，並針對勞動基準去及相關法令加以檢 討，以期作為健全我國退休金制度之參考。 本文擬探討退金方案之規劃與基金之管理，主要內容分為：退休金方案設計決策、退 休基金提撥決策、退休基金管理運用決策等主題，並針對現行勞動基準法及相關法令 之疑義，提出個人見解。最後，根據以上之研討作成結論與建議。

隨著人口老化，台灣地區退休人口也逐年增加，然國內缺乏對退休調適的研究，以及兩性退休調適差異之比較，故本研究欲探討之主題包括：（一）瞭解老人退休調適之狀況，並比較兩性退休調適狀況。（二）探討影響退休調適之因素，及退休調適影響因素之性別差異。（三）根據研究結果，提供建議給退休者、老人福利政策制訂者作為參考。 本研究從調適著手，來探討退休調適之意涵。本研究認為個體退休調適良好與否，可從態度上與行為上去瞭解。退休調適良好者，對喪失工作角色會持較正向態度，並會積極安排自己的退休生活。接著，分別從角色理論、社會交換論、及女性主義觀點來探討退休調適之影響因素。從角色理論觀點提出退休準備；社會交換論提出月收入、自評健康、疾病數目、社會支持等；女性主義觀點則提出退休原因、退休前職業地位等解釋因素。 本研究採結構式問卷，以台北市北投區長青學苑、及中山區老人服務中心為取樣地點。總計發放180份問卷，有效問卷152份。資料分析採用次數分配、百分比、卡方檢定、階層化迴歸分析、多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究主要發現如下： （一）退休者傾向對喪失工作角色態度持正向態度，但安排退休生活之行為卻傾向消極。又相較於男性，女性對喪失工作角色持較正向態度，並在退休生活安排行為上較積極。 （二）影響喪失工作角色態度之因素包括性別、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響退休生活安排行為之因素包括性別、自評健康、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 （三）影響女性與男性之喪失工作角色態度的因素皆為退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響女性退休生活安排行為之因素包括生活費來源、退休準備、月收入、自評健康、退休原因。影響男性退休生活安排行為之因素包括社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 本研究之理論貢獻為：（一）退休調適概念之初步建構；（二）擴大對退休調適影響因素之理解。根據上述發現，本研究提出之實務建議如左：（一）個體因應策略方面：1.從事退休準備，充裕時間累積資源、調整心態。2.維護身體健康，活力迎向休閒人生。3.累積社會支持，學習社會技巧。（二）環境配合調整方面：1.重新檢討強制退休制度，採多元方式增進選擇自主性。2.打破傳統性別分工限制，角色彈性增進適應能力。3.主動關懷退休者，促進社會整合。4.辦理退休準備研習。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the factors associated with retirement adjustment of older people, and compare the difference of factors between men and women. Interview survey was used to collect data. Data was analyzed by frequency distribution, percentage, chi-square test, hierarchical regression, and multiple regression. The conclusions can be drawn from the findings. Firstly, the retirees tend to have positive attitude forward the lost of work-role, but arrange his/her retirement life passively. In comparison with men, women have more positive attitude, and arrange her retirement life more positively. Secondly, the factors affecting the attitude are gender, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. In addition, the factors influencing the behavior are subjective evaluation in health, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Thirdly, the factors affecting men's and women's attitude are the same--retirement reason and occupation status before retirement. Furthermore, the factors influencing women's behavior are income resource, retirement preparation, monthly income, subjective evaluation in health, and retirement reason. And the factors affecting men's behavior are social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Finally, practice and policy implications are discussed.

在老人絕對數量與相對比率逐漸增加、產業結構改變、扶養意識與能力低落之今日，老年經濟安全的問題日益顯得重要。睽諸已開發國家之經驗概況，皆以「確保老年經濟安全」此一保障制度列為其主要施政內容，其中大多採行世界銀行之多層年金保障制度，利用重分配、儲蓄和保險三項不完全相容之功能搭配運用，並依國情、經濟狀況與人口結構等因素取得最適之平衡模式，達成各種社會與經濟的目標。 我國目前亦實施多層老年保障年金制度，回顧過去行之多年之公、勞保制度，不難發現其給付水準普遍有偏低之情況，僅能提供老年基本之生活保障。而規劃中之國民年金亦將採取「業務分立、內涵整合」原則之社會保險方式辦理，強制25歲至64歲之國民一律參加，而無法依照不同身份、類別設計符合個別需求，故不易以提高繳納保費來提升老年生活保障程度。再者，依過去公共年金計畫之經驗，常有超出意料之外使財政負擔日益加重，進而產生世代間負債之移轉，導致年金制度之推行影響其他市場之運作。在在都顯示第二層職業年金之不可或缺性，因此惟有公、私年金之互相搭配方得建構完整之老年經濟安全保障體系。 我國勞動基準法中規範之退休金給付辦法，賦予企業給付退休金之義務，而此義務係屬之企業經營成本，在尚未制訂一套公認準則時，企業實務上多按所得稅法第33條為相關之退休金會計處理，係以當期提撥之退休金準備或提撥之退休基金作為當期退休金費用，導致財務報表無法公正允當的表達。證管會有鑑於此，乃委託中華民國會計研究發展基金會制訂第十八號公報「退休金會計處理準則」，明訂企業應於財務報表中充分揭露退休金之提撥狀況，避免企業藉由退休金提撥的手段而操縱損益。第十八號公報雖未規範企業應如何提撥退休基金，但已明訂相關退休金費用、退休金負債等項目應於財務報表上列示、揭露，故公報之實施勢必會影響企業之提撥策略，因此，本研究試圖瞭解公報實施前、後與勞基法賦予企業退休金給付義務間之關聯性，是否會因公報之實施而改變企業之退休金提撥策略。除此，對於不同性質之企業於決定退休金提撥水準是否有所差異？一般企業提撥退休金考慮之因素為何？及勞委會擬定之「勞工退休金條例草案」與現況制度比較等問題作一探討，相信本研究將有助於進一步架構我國完整之老年退休保障制度。

依據國際研究機構之預測，人口老化與少子化是本(21)世紀人類最重大的挑戰，我國在近年生育率下滑的情況下，社會人口老化問題尤其嚴重。本研究基於關切現行社會保險制度與退休金準備，能否支應個人在未來老年時期之醫護照顧與經濟負擔等議題，先敘述國人將面臨日趨嚴重之長壽風險，再引述美國、香港運用兼具財產隔離與專業服務基本功能的信託制度經營管理退休金市場的成功模式，導論政府與企業建立退休金管理制度、個人及早儲備退休金之重要性，希冀喚起國人對儲備個人退休金帳戶準備之重視。 本研究架構共分一、緒論；二、基礎理論與文獻探討，涵蓋信託制度、退休金信託計畫與資金運用、國外退休制度探討等；三、我國信託制度退休商品之運用；四、台灣勞工族群退休需求與不足度分析；五、信託制度退休商品之實務運作個案探討；六、結論與建議共六章。藉由闡述信託制度的特質、功能，與退休金於累積期間資金運用、清償期資金規劃之基礎理論；引申先進國家退休金制度以信託制度結合退休金計畫的成熟實施經驗，本研究以三個實際個案研究，分析我國勞工族群之退休需求與不足度；並就勞工族群潛在之退休金財務缺口所提出之相關建議。 在探討個案之退休需求與不足度分析部分，研究之限制有二：一為計算模組係以目前實施之退休金制度為基礎，並假設一單純之通貨膨脹率與排除社會經濟可能之變動因素，如未考慮政府可能進行社會保險政策變革因素。二為在計算過程中，投資報酬率之假設係依照過往之投資報酬率推估，並採用資產單一投資報酬率之方式計算分析，未能符合現實狀況中，資產投資組合有其各自之風險係數與不同之報酬率情形。 本研究報告除提出結論外，並提出以下建議： 一、勞工消費大眾在目前之社會保險、企業退休金給付制度無法完全滿足退休需求下，個人應及早另行儲備退休金。 二、企業雇主照顧員工、留住優秀人才，可採行額外之勞工退休福利制度。 三、主管機關可就退休金稅賦優惠措施、勞保、新舊制勞退三大退休基金經營管理方式適度調整及勞退新制開放勞工自選投資標的等。 / It has been foreseen by international research institutions that both problems, the aging of population and the trend towards fewer children, are the most significant challenges which the mankind is facing in the 21st century. In Taiwan, the trend of decreasing birth rate, as shown in recent years, indicates that the aging of population is particularly severe in Taiwan. Based on concerns about whether the present social insurance system and the pension provision are sufficient to meet personal retiring needs such as health care and living expenditure and so on, the research begins with the narration of the rising longevity risk faced by people in Taiwan, then illustrating the successful mode set up by the US and Hong Kong that utilizes the trust system incorporating both the property isolation and the basic professional services to operate and manage the pension market, and eventually concludes that it is of significance for both the government and the enterprise to establish the pension management system as well as for the individual to prepare for the retiring funds as early as possible, looking forward to drawing high attention to the importance of provision for personal pension account. This research is constructed in six parts, Part I: Introduction; Part II: Basic Theory and Literature Review, covering trust system, pension trust plan and funds utilization, foreign retirement system review and so on; Part III: Application of Retirement Products in Taiwan’s Trust System; Part IV: Analysis of Taiwan’s Labor Group’s Retiring Demand and Insufficiency of Funds; Part V: Case Study on Practical Operation for Retirement Products in Taiwan’s Trust System; Part VI: Conclusion and Suggestion. By means of elaborating trust system's characteristic and function and the basic theories on both utilization of pension in the accumulation period and funds planning in the disbursement period, and further introducing the advanced countries’ sound experience in integrating the trust system with the pension schemes, the research, by three case studies, analyzes Taiwan’s labor group’s retiring demand and insufficiency of funds and presents some suggestions relative to improvement on the latent financial gap. The case study for retiring demand and insufficiency of funds is subject to two factors. One is that the computing module is based on the pension system being run currently, a fixed inflation rate and excluding any potential factors in changing the society and economy, such as the updated social insurance policy by the government. The other is that the Return on Investment (ROI) is computed by using past data and only one simple ROI is applied, not in line with the actual situation that the assets in investment portfolio have individual risk coefficient and varied ROI. In addition to the conclusions, the research presents the following suggestions: 1.Given the present situation in Taiwan that both the social insurance system and enterprise’s pension schemes are unable to meet personal retiring needs, the individual is supposed to prepare for the funds as early as possible. 2.To take care of the staff and preserve the talent, the employer can set up extra program of retirement and welfare for the employee. 3.The regulator can take preferential measures to lessen the tax burden on pension, modestly adjust the operation and management of three material pension funds comprising Labor Insurance, Old and New Labor Pension Funds as well as offer the option for the laborer to invest the self-choosing target pursuit the New Labor Pension Fund and so on.

過去國外的實證研究結果指出，民眾在退休後的消費支出會有減少的現象，文獻稱此現象為 “退休消費的難題 （Retirement Consumption Puzzle）”。本研究主要目的在於探討不同世代是否在退休消費難題的程度上有所差異。研究結果顯示，臺灣民眾在退休後，家戶的消費並未有顯著的減少現象，但對不同世代戶長退休後的家戶消費行為進行分析，本研究發現相較於20年代的家戶，40年代的退休家戶其退休後的消費有顯著減少現象，可能的原因在於年輕世代面臨人口平均餘命增加所產生的長壽風險，而人口結構老化使得過去養兒防老的觀念式微，以及年輕世代對未來退休金制度產生疑慮，使得年輕世代家戶退休後的消費有顯著下降的現象，此結論顯示不同世代在退休後的消費行為確有顯著差異。 / The world is facing the dual effect of life expectancy and declining fertility, this phenomenon will enable society and individuals exposed to the longevity risk. In this study, we use “The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.（Taiwan）. The results show that there is a decline in the expenditure of food after retirement, and younger generations decline less than elder generation obviously. There are also declines in work-related expenditures, including clothing, transportations and communication. It means that retired-consumption puzzle is not obvious to younger generations. While the consumption of home management, recreation and education do not drop after retirement, showing leisure time increase and also increase those consumption. Health and medical expense is related to the age and health status, not to the status of work. Total consumption expenditure is no significant correlation with retirement. Finally, there is a trend of younger generation consumption increase. Comparing, it may have retirement plan to support the increasing consumption.

為探討臺灣民眾退休不足度，本研究不同以往問卷式詢問臺灣民眾準備狀況，使用所得替代率(replacement rate)為工具，建構估算模型，透過宏利人壽委託政大民調中心進行的民調數據，實際估算勞工與軍公教民眾退休不足度，其中發現台灣有24%勞工民眾在退休後無法達到60%所得替代率，且低估死亡時間與高估報酬率都會對勞工退休不足度造成影響。而對軍公教民眾而言，以80%所得替代率進行估算，才會有退休不足的問題，而低估死亡時間與高估報酬率對退休不足影響較小。此外探討退休信心與實際估算不一致的情況，主要發現高所得的勞工民眾，較可能發生有信心但準備不足60%所得替代率的情況，而低所得的勞工民眾，較可能發生沒有信心但可以準備80%所得替代率的情況，本研究認為是因為臺灣現行退休金制度下，高所得的勞工民眾若要達到相同所得替代率，所需儲蓄率高於低所得的勞工民眾。 / The purpose of this paper is to examine the Retirement Shortfall in Taiwan by using replacement rate. Building model with the poll data which is commissioned by Manulife Life Insurance and conducted by Market Survey Research Center of National Chengchi University, we found that the populations of the civil servants can achieve 60% replacement rate after retirement, but 24 percent of labors can’t reach the 60% income replacement rate. Besides, the retirement shortfall of labors become worse after adjusting by the overestimate of rate of return and underestimate of longevity risk. In short, labor people should contribute more to their pension in case they may have inadequate retirement situation. Using logistic regression, we found that people of high-income have tendency to feel overly optimistic of their retirement shortfall, vice versa. Social security and pension benefit provide less replacement rate for people of high-income, so rich people need highly save rate.

退休制度與社會安全體系之良窳息息相關，在現今政府財政愈見困窘之情況下，世界各國對於退休制度均進行相關之改革，尤其在老年化與少子化衝擊之下，如何建構適當與合理的退休制度，實是政府不得不正視的課題。 我國公務人員退休制度行之已久，最廣為人知的變革即為1995年的退撫新制，近期則為2011年1月1日實施之改革，但是上述兩次修正，均屬對退休法制整體之改革，而國內對於退休法制中的重要制度卻付之闕如；尤其在現行社會環境快速變遷之下，有關退休法制中的傷殘命令退休制度是否應隨之有所修正，值得加以思考探究。 本研究藉由次級資料分析法與歷史文獻回顧法了解傷殘命令退休之立法意旨與制度設計理念，並藉由對政策主管機關人員、各機關承辦退撫業務人事人員以及適用傷殘命令退休制度之公務人員共計9名，從事深度訪談，並以Dunn W. N. (1994)及Poister T. H. (1978)所提政策評估6個一般標準，探討傷殘命令退休制度政策之實際執行情形是否有需要再次修正之必要。研究結果顯示傷殘命令退休之立法意旨為淘汰機關不適任人力，並提升政府施政效能；惟其實施迄今卻開始與實際執行結果產生落差，並據此提出研究建議如下，冀能對退休法制提供若干參考： 一、傷殘命令退休制度之成就要件部分，應適時因應修正公教人員保險殘廢給付標準表；並可設多元評估機制以資認定。 二、服務機關應秉持客觀、中立之立場，審慎評估其工作能力之有無。 三、因公傷殘命令退休之給與標準，可設置分類標準，而非一致擬制為相同年資。 四、因公傷殘命令退休之因果關係認定，可設置客觀專業之審查機制。 五、相關制度變革時，應舉辦座談會，加強人事人員素質，以維護權益。