The purpose for this study was to illustrate how images of Sweden and Swedishness is produced and reproduced in travel literature written by four foreign travellers in 19th century Sweden. By doing a close reading and comparing the material, several analytical themes connected to time, place, nationality and social class were located. The theory of representation were then applied, together with the theoretical concepts representing practices, figure of thought and gaze. Locating different figures of thought and representing practices revealed how the travel literature produced and reproduced several and even opposing images of Sweden and Swedishness. The study is to be regarded as an analytical example of 19th century travel in Sweden, but also as the experiences of four individual travellers.

This essay examines the first chapter in Moa Martinson’s Kvinnor och äppelträd, “Mor badar”. Drawing on the theories of Ahmed and Butler, this analysis considers how the Body, the Gaze, and Space interact to form a new presentation of bathing women, in direct opposition to the one more commonly portrayed by male Swedish primitivists during the same time. Simultaneously, the essay considers, utilizing Grosz’s idea of “body writing”, how the chapter constitutes a method for Martinson as a female writer to claim control over the portrayal of women.

Jag fick en fråga om hur relationen mellan mina olika målningar ser ut. För mig är det viktiga inte hur målningarna relaterar till varandra, utan hur de relaterar till oss som betraktare. Kan vi se dem som någon slags speglar? Eller tillstånd? Befinner vi oss där med dem? Eller står vi på utsidan och tittar in? Är vi närvarande på samma sätt? I denna essä vill jag närma mig mitt måleri genom att diskutera några olika aspekter som alla relaterar till mötet mellan betraktare och verk: blicken och dess maktrelationer, tidsrymder, målningens integritet och närvaro: hur verket sträcker sig utåt och inåt, de rum som skapas. Jag vill reflektera och ställa frågor, vilka jag, kanske, kan svara på genom måleriet.

The thesis "Position of the tabloid press in Switzerland on the example of Blick" deals with the position of tabloid press in general as well as with its development in Switzerland. There is a characteristic of the tabloid press and the necessary economical and social circumstances. The tabloid press is described from the point of view of its signs, form and the way it communicates with the audience. The thesis also describes the history and natural conditions of Switzerland that determinate the development of the press. Switzerland is the country with four official languages that might be regarded as an obstruction to the print media (for example Italian is spoken only by 6.5% of the total 7.785.000 population) on the other hand there is a potential of specialized audience and therefore custom made titles. The third chapter deals with the history of tabloid press in Switzerland on the example of the publishing house Ringier. The tabloid daily Blick has been a part of its portfolio since 1959 (circulation 214.880, audience according to Ringier 628.000). Ringier is one of the most powerful players on the media scene of Switzerland. The last chapter describes the general trend of the change of media towards tabloid type, the trend is supported by the Swiss media quality research done at Universität Zürich.

Intuition som begrepp används vanligtvis inte inom vårdvetenskaplig forskning i Sverige, men används internationellt såväl inom vårdvetenskap som inom annan forskning. Studiens syfte är att tydliggöra begreppet intuition och beskriva begreppets tillämpning i samband med sjuksköterskans beslutsfattande vid vård av patienter med postoperativ smärta. Den vårdvetenskapliga grunden är Benners modell om intuitivt beslutsfattande. Resultatet visar att attribut för intuition är klinisk blick, omedelbar uppfattning utan att behöva fundera, vetande utan att kunna förklara varför och direkt perception. Förutsättningarna är erfarenhet, kunskap om patienten och vårdsituationen, tillit till intuitiv förmåga och vana att använda intuition. Konsekvenser av intuition är positiva följder för patienten, tidsbesparing och yrkesstolthet. I samband med postoperativ smärta behöver intuition kombineras med att lyssna på patienten och användande av smärtskalor för att uppnå effektiv smärtlindring. Resultatet ger även en uppfattning om vad intuition inte är. I diskussionen diskuteras därför om fördomar och förutfattade meningar ibland misstolkas som intuition. I kombination med vetenskaplig underbyggd kunskap och reflektion över hur intuition yttrar sig och kan användas, blir intuition ett verktyg och hjälpmedel i sjuksköterskans yrkesutövning.

Nya examensmål har nyligen utformats för samtliga förskollärarutbildningar i Sverige. Dessa trädde i kraft den första januari i år, 2021, efter att regeringen konstaterat att skolan måste möta barn i neuropsykiatriska svårigheter, som exempelvis ADHD, på ett bättre sätt genom utökad kompetens på området. Sådana socioemotionella svårigheter har visat sig ge upphov till stigmatisering och diskriminering av barn i olika skolkontexter. I läroplanen för förskolan finns riktlinjer som säger att förskolan löpande ska arbeta med åtgärder mot diskriminering. Bland sådana åtgärder har inkludering blivit ett väl etablerat, men omdebatterat begrepp. Kritik har riktats mot gränsdragningen mellan det normala och det avvikande hos barn i förskolan och det finns kunskapsluckor i litteraturen kring konstruktionen av det emotionellt avvikande i förskolan. Studien har utgått från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv med kritisk diskursanalys som ansats. Syftet med studien var att beskriva och problematisera förskollärares tal om hur strategier, för inkludering av emotionellt avvikande barn, formuleras inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik. Kodningsscheman och markeringar i talet, enligt Goodwins (1994) beskrivning av hur den professionella blicken skapas, har legat till grund för utförandet av analysen. I de mest framträdande resultaten skiljer sig diskursen om det emotionellt avvikande barnet från diskursen om det inkluderade barnet. Ur ett normativt perspektiv blir det fysiska avståndet från barngruppen och leksituationer något avvikande. Ur ett inkluderande perspektiv blir barnets behov av lugn och ro istället viktigt att uppfylla. Även diskursen om interaktionen mellan pedagog och barn som ett slags maskineri utgör ett av fynden i studien. Diagnosen framställs i studien som något eftersträvansvärt för att få tillgång till en extra resurs i verksamheten. Samtidigt tyder resultatet på en ökad medvetenhet om relationella och miljömässiga faktorers påverkan på barns emotionella uttryck, jämfört med tidigare studier. Resultaten kan bidra till fortsatt forskning kring kategorisering av barn i förskolan och således till arbetet mot ökad barnhälsa. / New degree objectives have recently been formulated for all preschool teacher education programs in Sweden. These were applied on the first of January this year, 2021, after the government stated that schools must meet children with neuropsychiatric difficulties, such as ADHD, better through increased competence on the subject. Such socio-emotional difficulties have led to stigmatization and discrimination of children in various school contexts. The curriculum for the preschool contains guidelines that state that the preschool must continuously work with measures against discrimination. Among such measures, inclusion has become a well-established, but controversial concept. The determination of what counts as normal and deviant behaviour in pre- school children has been criticized from a social constructionist perspective and there are gaps in the literature on the construction of the emotionally deviant child in preschool. The study was based on a social constructionist perspective using critical discourse analysis as a theoretical framework. The purpose of the study was to describe and problematize preschool teachers' speech about how strategies, for the inclusion of emotionally deviant children, are formulated within preschool as a discursive practice. According to Goodwin's (1994) description of how the professional vision is created, Coding schemes and markings in the speech have been central for performing the analysis. In the most prominent results, the discourse on the emotionally deviant child differs from the discourse on the included child. From a normative perspective, the physical distance from children and play situations, is described as deviant. From an inclusive perspective, the child's need for peace and quiet becomes important to fulfill. The discourse on the interaction between educator and child as a kind of machinery is also one of the main findings. The diagnosis is presented in the study as something desirable to gain access to an extra resource. At the same time, the results indicate an increased awareness of the influence of relational and environmental factors on children's emotional expression, compared with previous studies These findings can contribute to continued research on the categorization of children in preschool and thus to work towards increased child health.

The Revenant (Alejandro González Iñárritu, 2015) is a film that invites the audience to rediscover the gaze of nature that has been a part of cinema since its birth. Nature is often treated as a tool to broaden our understanding of the inner world of humans but it is rarely explored in the manner that allows us to deepen our understanding of nature. Ecocinema is, to a large extent, concerned with how films communicate environmental processes, although the place of nature within this field may be contentious. This thesis aims to explore how the gaze of nature is being constructed in The Revenant in order to expand our understanding of the position of nature in film. The approach involves a close reading of the film where a selection of scenes were rendered by psychoanalytic film theory within the context of ecocinema. Particular attention was given to the concept of spectatorship, where investigations into how cinema positions us as subjects are crucial. The gaze of nature can shape the identity of ecocinema and position itself as a function of the unconscious that allows viewers to process their traumas related to the ecological crisis we are facing. This gaze facilitates an emotional and cognitive encounter with repressed realities. Through the lens of this gaze, nature is positioned as a subject with its own function and identity, of which humans are not independent but merely a small part.

This essay explores male intimacy in popular culture, specifically focusing on how the visual representation of male intimacy in The Blaze's music video Virile can be interpreted in relation to male friendship within patriarchal norms of masculinity in music videos through a western perspective. The method used was semiotic film analysis and theories of body language and representation to analyze the material, which was divided into stages based on dramaturgy. The analysis showed that while the music video challenges patriarchal norms of masculinity by portraying men expressing love and intimacy towards each other, it also satisfies the male gaze through stereotypical masculine body language. The conclusion of the analysis was that due to the constant presence of the male gaze within a patriarchal structure, male representation can never be free from its own oppression.

The study explores Vera Friséns (1910-1990) drawn self-portraits with the aim to establish new knowledge about a previous uncharted part of Friséns artistry, where previous focus mainly has been on painting. The self-portraits are examined and discussed in relation to Bia Mankell's previous reserach about the genre of self-portraits during the 1900's along with the phenomenology of drawing as defined by David Rosand. Study shows three main themes are found in Friséns drawings: the prominent eyes and the gaze, the moving and tactile hand and the occurence of vegetation. Study shows that the visual elements in Friséns drawings partly correlate with modernist conventions. Further, through the directions of the gaze Friséns self-portraits can be interpreted as an exploration of her own identity since eyes tend to represent the immaterial aspects of a human being. The occurence of the moving hand and vegetation can partly be interpreted as symbolic for the artist role as well as the close connection Frisén had to nature, however the most prominent is the connection to the artists moving hand which can be traced through the lines of the drawings. Study touches upon the relationship and interaction between the drawn self-portrait and the viewer, where the conclusion is drawn that when placing previously private drawings in the context of a public exhibition new meanings are created, where the open structure of the drawing together with the viewers gaze contribute to complete the drawings in a new way as well as the materiality of the drawings affect the viewer in relation to time.

I denna essä undersöker jag blickarnas betydelse i förskolan i relation till de yngsta barnen. För att få en kontrast som förtydligar och tillför mer komplexitet får mitt umgänge med hästar och ridning vara med. I min undersökning av blickarna utgår jag från en glidande skala mellan en varm mjuk blick och en kall hård blick. En klok erfaren pedagog vet vilken blick som passar när och kan snabbt läsa av olika situationer. Metoden för undersökandet blir egna erfarenheter, reflektioner över deltagande observationer där också barns teckningar blir ett medel för att få fatt på deras blickar på pedagogerna samt essäskrivandet. Essäskrivandet blir en undersökande metod som låter de egna reflektionerna, de deltagande observationerna och teorin bilda en väv av reflektioner och skapar nya tankar.  Det finns inte mycket forskning om blickens betydelse i förskolan, mer om hur vi använder blicken i olika sammanhang, både barn och pedagoger. Det finns studier om hur barn med funktionsnedsättningar som berör ögonkontakt agerar och om hur man använder blicken i olika situationer. Inom den praktiska kunskapens teori finns det forskning om blickar inom sjukvården som kan kallas kliniska men där de kombinerar faktakunskap med erfarenhet för att fatta kloka beslut. De teoretiska perspektiv som jag använder i min analys är filosofen Hannah Arendt och då främst hennes tankar om politiskt handlande och hur vi binds samman av en väv av relationer samt filosofen Maurice Merleau-Ponty och hans tankar om att jaget/subjektet och kroppen inte kan skiljas åt, vi är en kropp och vi har en kropp. Att kategorisera blickar är svårt och redan idén om den mjuka och den kalla blicken färgar tankarna. Med utgångspunkt i mitt material har jag valt ut några olika typer av blickar som man kan resonera runt, som också blir olika beroende på vilken som tar initiativet, barnet eller pedagogen. Jag låter blickarna speglas i omständigheter och mina valda filosofiska perspektiv samt mina erfarenheter med barnen men ibland också med hästar.  Blickar har betydelse både som de är direkt öga mot öga och som metaforer för ett sätt att förhålla sig till världen. Den här essän hoppas att kunna lyfta betydelsen av att diskutera hur vi använder våra blickar. / In this essay I examine the importance of the eyes in preschool in relation to the youngest children. To get a contrast that clarifies and adds more complexity, my interaction with horses and riding is included. In my examination of the gazes, I start from a sliding scale between a warm soft gaze and a cold hard gaze. A wise, experienced educator knows which gaze is suitable when and can quickly read different situations. The method of investigation becomes own experiences, reflections on participatory observations where children's drawings also become a means of catching their eyes on the educators and essay writing. Essay writing becomes an investigative method that allows one's own reflections, participatory observations and theory to form a web of reflections and create new thoughts. There is not much research on the importance of the gaze in preschool, more on how we use the gaze in different contexts, both children and educators. There are studies on how children with disabilities that concern eye contact act and on how to use the gaze in different situations. Within the theory of practical knowledge, there is research on gazes in healthcare that can be called clinical but where they combine factual knowledge with experience to make wise decisions. The theoretical perspectives that I use in my analysis are the philosopher Hannah Arendt and then mainly her thoughts on political action and how we are bound together by a web of relationships and the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty and his thoughts that the self/subject and the body cannot be separated, we are a body, and we have a body. Categorizing glances is difficult and the very idea of the soft and the cold gaze colors the thoughts. Based on my material, I have selected a few different types of glances that you can reason around, which also become different depending on who takes the initiative, the child, or the educator. I let my eyes be reflected in circumstances and my chosen philosophical perspectives as well as my experiences with the children but sometimes also with horses. Glances are important both as they are directly face to face and as metaphors for a way of relating to the world. This essay hopes to highlight the importance of discussing how we use our gazes.