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Beauty Without Pity, Ambition Without Remorse: Lucrezia Borgia and Ideals of Respectable FemininityRusconi, Gloria 17 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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The Choir Books of Santa Maria in Aracoeli and Patronage Strategies of Pope Alexander VICox, Maureen Elizabeth 01 January 2013 (has links)
This study examines painted leaves and fragments that were extracted from a set of choir books created in the last decade of the fifteenth century for the basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in Rome. These remnants are currently housed within various library and museum collections throughout Europe and the United States. The set is agreed upon generally by scholars to have been commissioned by Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia, 1431-1503), who was pope from 1492 to 1503, as a gift to the church during his time as pontiff. The choir books for Santa Maria in Aracoeli contain the bulk of the known body of work by the enigmatic illuminator Fra Antonio da Monza. The best known items from this set of choir books are a complete gradual (or book of chants for the Mass) currently housed in the Getty Museum, called the Ludwig Aracoeli Manuscript, and a montage of cuttings in the Albertina Museum, Vienna, that features a miniature of the Pentecost. These are studied in the context of the artistic patronage of Alexander VI, and political and diplomatic gift cultures in papal Rome during the last decade of the Quattrocento.
Alexander VI's gift to Santa Maria in Aracoeli served multiple functions. It advanced church music, but is also an example of a pontiff using custom luxury books for cultural diplomacy. The intent of the choir books was to build social relationships and augment the prestige of Alexander VI's regime with a local audience. Alexander VI sought to acknowledge the symbolic resonance of Santa Maria in Aracoeli and attempted to recuperate the site's importance for his reign through the gift. This study argues that the choir books were commissioned by the pontiff to promote his cultural and religious authority through abbellimento or "embellishment", the practice of commissioning ostentatious liturgical objects and additions to religious ceremonies for the purpose of developing esteem for an ecclesiastical office. This thesis argues that another purpose of the bestowment was to appease the Observant Franciscans in charge of the basilica in anticipation of Alexander VI's reforms of the Franciscan order.
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ERUDITIO, PIETAS ET HONOR: JOAN DE BORJA I LA MÚSICA DEL SEU TEMPS (1533 - 1606)Escrivà Llorca, Ferran 01 June 2015 (has links)
[EN] Joan de Borja i Castro (1533-1606) was one of the culturally and politically active members of the Iberian nobility in the second half of the sixteenth century. The son of Saint Francis of Borgia, he was Philip II's Ambassador in Portugal and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Empress Maria's mayordomo mayor. Music occupied a central role in Borja's life. This thesis studies his musical activities, notably his patronage of specific works, and identifies the international networks in which he participated. The collection of music books and instruments inventoried after his death lies at the heart of this study and, complemented with new research in Spanish archives, reveals an unusually detailed profile of a major music patron of the sixteenth century. / [ES] Joan de Borja y Castro (1533-1606) fue un de los miembros cultural y políticamente más destacados entre la nobleza hispánica en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Hijo de San Francisco de Borja, fue embajador de Felipe II en Portugal y Alemania y mayordomo mayor de la emperatriz María. La música estuvo presente durante toda su vida. Esta tesis estudia las actividades musicales de Borja, el patrocinio de obras y las redes clientelares internacionales donde figura como una persona clave en el mundo ibérico de su tiempo. La colección de libros de música e instrumentos, inventariada a su muerte, permite profundizar en esta investigación y mostrar un perfil de un mecenas poco habitual en las postrimerías del siglo XVI. / [CAT] Joan de Borja i Castro (1533-1606) va ser un dels membres culturalment i política més destacats entre la noblesa hispànica a la segona meitat del segle XVI. Fill de sant Francesc de Borja, va ser ambaixador de Felip II a Portugal i a Alemanya y majordom major de l'emperadriu Maria. La música va estar present durant tota la seua vida. Aquesta tesi estudia les activitats musicals de Borja, els patrocinis d'obres i les xarxes clientelars internacionals on figura com una persona clau al món ibèric del seu temps. La col·lecció de llibres de música i instruments, inventariada a la seua mort, permeten aprofundir en aquesta investigació i mostrar el perfil d'un mecenes musical poc habitual a les darreries del segle XVI. / Escrivà Llorca, F. (2015). ERUDITIO, PIETAS ET HONOR: JOAN DE BORJA I LA MÚSICA DEL SEU TEMPS (1533 - 1606) [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/51022 / TESIS
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To begin, continue and complete : music in the wider context of artistic patronage by Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) and the hymn cycle of CS 15Robb, Stuart James January 2011 (has links)
This thesis takes as its area of exploration the papal chapel choir and its repertory, alongside the papacy and its patronage of the arts at the end of the fifteenth century. It draws on previous research concerning the singers, polyphonic manuscripts and artistic culture of the Vatican, but places Pope Alexander VI as the central figure of the thesis, showing schemes of patronage that shaped his reign. The research presents a transcription and analysis of the hymn cycle contained within the manuscript Cappella Sistina 15, alongside an assessment of the polyphonic music collection and places these against accounts of music making and evidence of music copying at the papal chapel during Alexander’s reign. The thesis also considers the environment of secular music making at Alexander’s court. In order to provide a context in which to understand this information, the life of Alexander VI is examined, tracing his artistic patronage and involvement with music both prior to his election and afterwards. Of particular note is the engagement of the artist Pintoricchio to decorate the papal apartments. Here, the artist’s representation of music as part of the seven liberal arts is analysed, providing a unique, contemporary and important insight into music practices in Alexander’s court. Three classifications of patronage are identified for Alexander’s reign, while also showing that these were strategies that he had used before he became pope. The music culture at the papal chapel is shown to be part of this strategy, through the consolidation of old music and the introduction of new music into the repertory, ending a task that had taken approximately 60 years. It shows that Alexander’s reign was an important period musically, that instituted new musical traditions and created an environment that prepared the way for the golden ages of patronage of Julius II and Leo X.
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Die Macht der SterneKlingner, Annett 04 June 2018 (has links)
Darstellungen der Planeten und ihrer Kinder gehörten zu den ersten paganen Bildern, die im Spätmittelalter produziert und rezipiert wurden. Während der rund 200 Jahre ihres hauptsächlichen Auftretens, bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts, erreichten sie eine enorme Popularität. Im Weltbild des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit war jeder Mensch von dem Gestirn geprägt, unter dessen Einfluss er geboren wurde. Dieser Planet bestimmte, wie man körperlich und charakterlich beschaffen war, welchen Beruf man ausübte und welche gesellschaftliche Stellung man erwarten durfte. Der Geburtsmoment sorgte für eine lebenslange, familiäre Verbindung zum Gestirn, man wurde quasi zu dessen Kind.
Die Macht der Sterne zeichnet die Entwicklung von der ersten Erwähnung der Planetenkinder in Schriftquellen, über die Herausbildung eines relativ stabilen ikonografischen Kanons in verschiedenen Medien, funktionsgebundene Variationen bis zum Aufgehen in anderen Bildgattungen nach. Die zumeist siebenteiligen Zyklen stellen sich als Teil eines weit ausgebauten Beziehungsgefüges und Verweissystems dar, in dem sich das jeweilige gesellschaftliche Bild der Zeit spiegelt. Die Darstellungen dokumentieren zudem zentrale Entwicklungen des individuellen Denkens bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Sie zeigen, wie das jeweils aktuelle kosmologische Verständnis und Wissen einem breiten Publikum durch Bilder vermittelt werden konnte, wie dies mit dem religiösen Leben vereinbar war oder sich im Alltag niederschlug.
Planetenkinder-Darstellungen hatten im Verlauf ihrer Geschichte vielfältige Funktionen. In ihnen manifestierte sich die Vorstellung einer Einheit der Dinge in zahlreichen Analogien. Gezielt eingesetzt wurden die Bilder zur Markierung sozialer Aufstiege, politischer Interessen und der Reklamation von Machtansprüchen sowie der Repräsentation von Einfluss bzw. Verherrlichung von Auftraggebern. Die Bilder zeigen philosophische Diskurse auf, verweisen auf konkrete historische Ereignisse und bewerten diese. / Representations of the planets and their children were among the first pagan images to be produced and adopted in the late Middle Ages. During the circa 200 years in which they mainly appeared, up until the end of the sixteenth century, they became enormously popular. In the worldview of the Middle Ages and early modern era, every person was believed to be influenced by the celestial body under whose influence they were born. This planet determined one’s physical appearance and character, one’s profession, and the social standing one could expect. The moment of birth ensured the continuation of a life-long, familiar connection to this celestial body, and a person was effectively considered its “child”.
Die Macht der Sterne traces these developments from the first written references to the children of the planets, through to the emergence of a relatively stable iconographical canon in various media, variations in terms of function, as well as their appearance in other pictorial genres. These cycles, usually consisting of seven parts, presented themselves as part of a highly elaborate relational structure and system of references which reflected the current social worldview. The images also document key developments in individual thought up until the end of the sixteenth century. They show how the prevailing understanding of the cosmos and knowledge could be communicated to a wide audience by means of imagery, how this was reconciled with religious life, and how it was reflected in everyday life.
Over the course of their history, images of the children of the planets served a variety of functions. By means of a number of analogies they illustrated the notion of the unity of all things. These images were also consciously employed to underscore social advancement, political interests, and the reassertion of claims to power as well as representations of influence or the glorification of patrons. These depictions also highlight philosophical discourses and refer to concrete historical events while offering evaluations of these phenomena.
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A Pragmatic Standard of Legal ValidityTyler, John 2012 May 1900 (has links)
American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.
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