Decision-making process is an inherent daily life and business element. Its relevance to administration is such that, for some authors, to make a decision is a synonym of managing (MAXIMIANO, 2011). At the strategic level, these decisions are made by the senior managers of the organization and are related to the execution of the critical activities. This study used the strategy as a social practice approach in the analysis of decision making. By this perspective, the strategy is defined as the way by which the managers and others involved in an organization interact and operate throughout the whole process of formulating and implementing the strategy, focusing on the social practices of everyday life (AVILA et al., 2009). On this study, the background considered in the strategic decision-making process are the organizations of knowledge intensive business (KIBs), characterized by Miles et al. (1995) as companies that rely heavily on professional knowledge, are primary sources of information and knowledge, use their knowledge to produce intermediary production processes of its customers, have great competitive importance and are the main providers of other enterprises. Thus, it was defined as the research objective of this investigation the analysis of how the strategic decision-making process takes place in SICs of Aracaju-SE. To achieve this purpose, a methodological qualitative approach was proposed. The research strategy of multiple cases was adopted in order to describe and, at the same time, to explore the studied phenomenon. Nevertheless, the triangulation of data was developed through the collection on primary sources, conducting interviews and observation, and secondary sources, documental analysis. On the investigated cases, it was observed that companies were unincorporated, and relied on very lean and highly qualified teams. It is noteworthy that the strategic goals and the objectives of the organizations are well defined and disseminated among their peers. Members participate actively on the meetings, but the most crucial issues are concentrated on partners and certain key employees. These actions impact directly on the decision-making, since they are taken together in regular meetings with the participation of all staff and, in some cases, of customers and suppliers. As a consequence, the preponderant influence of external factors – such as customers, suppliers, competitors and technology – is assumed on the decision-making process of these companies. It was also observed the use of analytical methods and software to support the decision-making. Such considerations on how the strategic decision is taken in these organizations reflect the notion of strategy as social practice. This can be observed by the three concepts of the theory: Practitioners of the strategy; social, symbolic and material Practices through which the strategy is carried out and the Praxis or flow of activity in which the strategy is developed. / O processo decisório é um elemento inerente ao cotidiano das pessoas e das empresas, sua relevância para administração é tanta, que para alguns autores tomar decisão é sinônimo de administrar (MAXIMIANO, 2011). No âmbito estratégico, essas decisões são tomadas pelos gestores principais da organização e estão relacionadas com a execução de atividades de caráter crítico. Este trabalho utilizou a concepção de estratégia como prática social na análise da tomada de decisões. Por essa abordagem, a estratégia é definida como o modo pelo qual os gestores e demais envolvidos de uma organização interagem e operam durante todo processo de formulação e de implementação da estratégia, com foco nas práticas sociais do dia a dia (AVILA et al., 2009). Nesse estudo, o pano de fundo considerado na investigação do processo decisório de caráter estratégico são as organizações de serviços intensivas em conhecimento (SICs), caracterizadas por Miles et al. (1995) como empresas que dependem fortemente de conhecimentos profissionais, são fontes primárias de informação e conhecimento, usam seu conhecimento para a produção de serviços de intermediação de processos de produção de seus clientes, possuem grande importância competitiva e são as principais fornecedoras de outras empresas. Dessa forma, definiu-se como objetivo de pesquisa a análise de como o processo decisório de cunho estratégico se realiza nas SICs da cidade de Aracaju-SE. Para alcançar tal finalidade, propôs-se uma abordagem metodológica de cunho qualitativo, na qual a estratégia de pesquisa de casos múltiplos foi adotada com o propósito de descrever e, ao mesmo tempo, explorar o fenômeno em questão. Não obstante, buscou-se a triangulação dos dados mediante sua coleta em fontes primárias, realização de entrevistas e observação, e em fontes secundárias, análise de documentos. Nos casos pesquisados, observou-se que as empresas foram constituídas em sociedade, além de contarem com equipes bastante enxutas e com alto nível de qualificação. Destaca-se que as metas e os objetivos estratégicos das organizações são bem definidos e disseminados entre seus pares. Os membros participam ativamente das reuniões, mas os assuntos mais cruciais são concentrados nos sócios e em alguns funcionários-chave. Essas ações impactam diretamente na tomada de decisão, pois são tomadas conjuntamente em frequentes reuniões com a participação de toda equipe e, em alguns casos, com clientes e fornecedores. Como consequência, presume-se a preponderante influência de fatores externos, como clientes, fornecedores, concorrência e tecnologia no processo decisório dessas empresas. Observa-se ainda utilização de métodos de análise e softwares para apoiar a tomada de decisão. Tais ponderações sobre como a decisão estratégica é tomada nessas organizações refletem a noção de estratégia como prática social na medida em que mostram a relação dos três conceitos da teoria, a saber: os Praticantes da estratégia; as Práticas sociais, simbólicas e materiais por meio das quais a estratégia é realizada e a Práxis, fluxo de atividade na qual a estratégia é desenvolvida. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damares Medina Coelho.pdf: 2740980 bytes, checksum: 1d46465ad2d42335e3d5b98a884d43d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / This paper analyses Brazilian Supreme Federal Court s ( Supremo Tribunal Federal , STF) decision behavior, under the specific perspective of the general repercussion of the constitutional question. The starting point was the academic debate and several empiric studies regarding the judicial decision making process in the supreme courts. The Brazilian experience was analyzed using a comprehensive empiric research that comprised the examination of the whole universe of general repercussion s topics judged by STF until December 31st 2013. We have investigated how STF has been applying the institute of general repercussion in order to understand general repercussion effects on the access to constitutional jurisdiction. The outcome evidenced the rapporteur power over the definition of general repercussion s result, as well as his selectivity of the case, of the process to be judged and of the judging house. We have identified that the institutional context influences the trial s output, once the virtual plenary is the main competent house for judging general repercussion on STF. The analysis showed that, despite virtual plenary success and its adjustment to general repercussion trial, there are limitations to be faced for its improvement and a possible amplification of its competences. Finally, we concluded that the incorporation of the general repercussion of the constitutional question to STF s decision process increased access to constitutional jurisdiction. / O presente trabalho analisa o comportamento decisório do Supremo Tribunal Federal, sob o específico crivo da repercussão geral da questão constitucional. O ponto de partida foi o debate acadêmico e inúmeros estudos empíricos acerca do processo de tomada de decisão judicial nas supremas cortes. A experiência brasileira foi analisada a partir de exaustiva pesquisa empírica que compreendeu o exame de todo o universo de temas de repercussão geral julgados pelo STF, até 31 de dezembro de 2013. Investigamos de que forma o tribunal vem aplicando o instituto da repercussão geral, para compreender os seus efeitos na jurisdição constitucional: restritivos ou ampliativos do acesso à jurisdição constitucional. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram o poder do relator na definição do resultado da repercussão geral, bem como a sua seletividade da matéria, do processo a ser julgado e do órgão julgador. Identificamos que o contexto institucional influencia no resultado do julgamento, sendo que o plenário virtual é o principal órgão competente para o julgamento da repercussão geral no STF. A análise demonstrou que, apesar do êxito do plenário virtual e de sua adequação para o julgamento da preliminar de repercussão geral, há limitações a serem enfrentadas para o seu aperfeiçoamento e possível ampliação de suas competências. Por fim, concluímos que a incorporação da repercussão geral da questão constitucional ao processo decisório do STF ampliou o acesso à jurisdição constitucional.

Orientadores: Denis Jose Schiozer, Eliana L. Ligero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:02:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Madeira_MarceloGomes_M.pdf: 1487066 bytes, checksum: 39d5e48bf728f51d3c85f7d5ef207d41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os processos de tomada de decisões em campos de petróleo estão associados a grandes riscos provenientes de incertezas geológicas, econômicas e tecnológicas e altos investimentos. Nas fases de avaliação e desenvolvimento dos campos, torna-se necessário modelar o processo de recuperação com confiabilidade aumentando o esforço computacional. Uma forma de acelerar o processo é através de simplificações sendo algumas discutidas neste trabalho: técnica de quantificação do risco (Monte Carlo, árvore de derivação), redução no número de atributos, tratamento simplificado de atributos e simplificação da modelagem do reservatório. Ênfase especial está sendo dada à (1) comparação entre Monte Carlo e árvore de derivação e (2) desenvolvimento de modelos rápidos através de planejamento de experimentos e superfície de resposta. Trabalhos recentes estão sendo apresentados sobre estas técnicas, mas normalmente mostrando aplicações e não comparação entre alternativas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar estas técnicas levando em consideração a confiabilidade, a precisão dos resultados e aceleração do processo. Estas técnicas são aplicadas a um campo marítimo e os resultados mostram que (1) é possível reduzir significativamente o número de simulações do fluxo mantendo a precisão dos resultados e que (2) algumas simplificações podem afetar o processo de decisão / Abstract: Petroleum field decision-making process is associated to high risks due to geological, economic and technological uncertainties, and high investments, mainly in the appraisal and development phases of petroleum fields where it is necessary to model the recovery process with higher precision increasing the computational time. One way to speedup the process is by simplifying the process; some simplifications are discussed in this work: technique to quantify the risk (Monte Carlo and derivative tree), reduction of number of attributes, simplification of the treatment of attributes and simplification of the reservoir modeling process. Special emphasis is given to (1) comparison between Monte Carlo and derivative tree techniques and (2) development of fast models through experimental design and response surface method. Some works are being presented about these techniques but normally they show applications and no comparison among alternatives is presented. The objective of this work is to compare these techniques taking into account the reliability, precision of the results and speedup of the process. These techniques are applied to an offshore field and the results show that it is possible to reduce significantly the number of flow simulation maintaining the precision of the results. It is also possible to show that some simplifications can yield different results affecting the decision process / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Das Thema der Nachhaltigkeit hat in dem letzten Jahrzehnt einen spürbaren gesellschaftlichen Aufschwung erfahren. Doch trotz dessen zeigt sich immer noch eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen dem Bewusstsein der KonsumentInnen und dem tatsächlichen nachhaltigen Handeln (Pufé 2014). Diesbezüglich wird in dieser Arbeit dem sog. Framing-Effekt von Daniel Kahneman eine entscheidende Rolle zugeschrieben. Er beschreibt eine Möglichkeit, das Entscheidungsverhalten von VerbraucherInnen durch die unterschiedliche Darstellung gleicher Informationen zu steuern (Kahneman 2012). Bisher wurden diese beiden Themenkomplexe kaum in Verbindung gebracht, sodass Framing selten einen Beitrag zur Förderung nachhaltiger KonsumentInnenentscheidungen zugesprochen wird. Die Arbeit versucht mit folgender Forschungsfrage genau diesen Zusammenhang zu ergründen: Wie lässt sich Nachhaltigkeit in ökonomischen Kontexten bei Kaufentscheidungen durch Framing realisieren? Durch ein deduktives Ableiten aus der Theorie sowie einer Analogiebildung mittels einer Beispielstudie, konnten handlungsleitende Schlüsse für das Framing von nachhaltigem Konsum gezogen werden. Die Resultate zeigen auf, dass eine Modifizierung der klassischen Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen notwendig erscheint. Branchen- und zielgruppenübergreifend sollte die ökonomische Dimension beim Framing ausgeklammert werden, um den vorherrschenden „Bias“ der Kosten zu entkräften. Zudem wurde eine neue Dimension „Individuum“ deduktiv abgeleitet, welche die individuellen Konsum- und Lebensstile und damit eine Differenzierung von Zielgruppen und Branchen beim Nachhaltigkeits-Frame einschließt. Des Weiteren wurde festgestellt, dass sowohl Unternehmen, KonsumentInnen als auch die Wissenschaft jeweils einen Beitrag zur Förderung des nachhaltigen Konsums mittels Framing leisten können.

Das Thema der Nachhaltigkeit hat in dem letzten Jahrzehnt einen spürbaren gesellschaftlichen Aufschwung erfahren. Doch trotz dessen zeigt sich immer noch eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen dem Bewusstsein der KonsumentInnen und dem tatsächlichen nachhaltigen Handeln (Pufé 2014). Diesbezüglich wird in dieser Arbeit dem sog. Framing-Effekt von Daniel Kahneman eine entscheidende Rolle zugeschrieben. Er beschreibt eine Möglichkeit, das Entscheidungsverhalten von VerbraucherInnen durch die unterschiedliche Darstellung gleicher Informationen zu steuern (Kahneman 2012). Bisher wurden diese beiden Themenkomplexe kaum in Verbindung gebracht, sodass Framing selten einen Beitrag zur Förderung nachhaltiger KonsumentInnenentscheidungen zugesprochen wird. Die Arbeit versucht mit folgender Forschungsfrage genau diesen Zusammenhang zu ergründen: Wie lässt sich Nachhaltigkeit in ökonomischen Kontexten bei Kaufentscheidungen durch Framing realisieren? Durch ein deduktives Ableiten aus der Theorie sowie einer Analogiebildung mittels einer Beispielstudie, konnten handlungsleitende Schlüsse für das Framing von nachhaltigem Konsum gezogen werden. Die Resultate zeigen auf, dass eine Modifizierung der klassischen Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen notwendig erscheint. Branchen- und zielgruppenübergreifend sollte die ökonomische Dimension beim Framing ausgeklammert werden, um den vorherrschenden „Bias“ der Kosten zu entkräften. Zudem wurde eine neue Dimension „Individuum“ deduktiv abgeleitet, welche die individuellen Konsum- und Lebensstile und damit eine Differenzierung von Zielgruppen und Branchen beim Nachhaltigkeits-Frame einschließt. Des Weiteren wurde festgestellt, dass sowohl Unternehmen, KonsumentInnen als auch die Wissenschaft jeweils einen Beitrag zur Förderung des nachhaltigen Konsums mittels Framing leisten können.

Dans le contexte actuel d’évolution et de transformation du travail, notre recherche s’attache à comprendre et à expliquer de quelle manière des acteurs professionnels (individuels et collectifs), engagés dans la définition des politiques et des pratiques de formations professionnelles aéronautiques, parviennent, collectivement, à se mettre d’accord sur des normes et des contenus de programmes de formation. Cette recherche compare des activités de délibérations collectives de deux groupes professionnels (l’un à dimension nationale et l’autre à dimension locale) qui ont en charge la définition de nouveaux programmes et normes de formations techniques qualifiantes. Les membres de ces groupes (27 et 20 sujets) représentent des entreprises, des formateurs, responsables de lycées techniques, des Ministères compétents, des figures individuelles reconnues du secteur aéronautique au plan national. Au niveau méthodologique, dans une approche exploratoire compréhensive, nous avons observé et enregistré systématiquement les réunions de ces deux groupes durant une année. Nous avons aussi analysé les discours qui en découlent ainsi qu’effectué et examiné des entretiens semi-directifs et des questionnaires que nous avons construits. Dans une perspective systémique, active et plurielle de la socialisation, le modèle de l’interstructuration du sujet et des institutions (Baubion-Broye & Hajjar, 1998) auquel nous nous référons considère que les activités du sujet sont construites et signifiées par lui, tout au long de sa vie, et en interaction avec autrui. Nos résultats montrent, notamment, que les décideurs prennent majoritairement des décisions collectives par « consensus apparent » et qu’il y a un lien entre l’expression manifeste d’alliances et le degré de consensus. Les relations interpersonnelles évoluent au cours du temps. / In the current context of evolution and transformation of work, our research attempts to understand and explain how professional actors (individual and collective), engaged in the definition of policies and practices of aeronautic vocational trainings, come to an agreement, collectively, on standards and contents of training programs. This research confronts processes of collective deliberations of two professional groups (one of national size and the other of local size) which have to define new programs and norms concerning qualifying technical trainings. Members of these groups (27 and 20 subjects) represent companies, trainers or managers of technical schools (private or public), competent ministries, individual figures recognized in the aeronautic field. At a methodological level, in a comprehensive exploratory approach, we have systematically observed and analyzed meetings of these two groups during one year as well as the speeches that come out from meetings. We made and analyzed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires we had built. In a systemic, active and plural approach of socialization, the interstructuration model of subject and institutions we refer to (Baubion-Broye & Haijar, 1998), considers that subject builds his activities all along his life and in interaction with other people. Our results show, on one hand that, generally, decision-makers arrive on a conclusion and a decision thanks to “apparent consensus”. On the other hand our study proves there is a link between the evident expression of coalitions and the consensus degree. Interpersonal relations change over time.

Crowdsourcing och den kollaborativa ekonomin är modeller för öppen innovation som blir allt mer centrala i ett samhälle som står inför morgondagens utmaningar. För att ta itu med globala problem krävs det ett globalt samarbete och ett gemensamt ansvar, där delningsekonomin kan bli avgörande. I denna kvantitativa undersökning svarar vi på frågeställningen om hur upptagandet av och beslutsfattandet kring kollaborativa tjänsteinnovationer kan se ut när vi låter 50 studenter ta del av en kollaborativ tjänsteinnovation. Vi undersöker några befintliga kollaborativa tjänster, redogör för relevanta begrepp och visar på hur Diffusion of innovations kan användas för att förstå något så komplext som hur innovationer kan upptas och spridas i sociala system. Vidare visar vi hur ramverk för konceptualisering av crowdsourcing kan användas för att förstå hur miljöaspekten och viljan att samarbeta kan driva en stor grupp människor till att dela på kompetens, resurser och kunskap. Slutsatser och ett innovationsbidrag lyfts fram som kan hjälpa företag att förstå hur crowdsourcing kan användas och de villkor som spelar roll för individers upptagande. / Crowdsourcing and the sharing economy are essential models for open innovation when facing the challenges of tomorrow. Dealing with global problems require global cooperation and common responsibility, where the sharing economy may become crucial. In this quantitative study we examine how the adoption and decision-making process occurs when we let 50 students take part in a collaborative service innovation. We look at some already existing collaborative innovations, explain relevant concepts and show how Diffusion of innovations can be used to understand something as complex as adoption and diffusion of service innovations in social systems. Furthermore, we show how the framework for conceptualization of crowdsourcing can be used to understand how the environmental aspect and the willingness to cooperate can drive a crowd to share skills, resources and knowledge. Conclusions are presented and a contribution to help crowdsourcing ventures and collaborative networks is highlighted to understand individual adoption and the preconditions that affects their decision-making.

新聞教育以培育新聞專業人才為主旨，但近年的統計數據指出，新聞系仍是台灣許多高中生嚮往的大學志願，畢業後願意投身新聞職業的新聞系學生卻越來越少。在這之中，新聞系學生在大學期間的從業意願轉變過程與原因值得探討。 本研究從Tiedeman的歷時性觀點出發，以14位不從事新聞工作的新聞系畢業生為研究對象，將他們的職業選擇視為一段由學習與生活經驗構築而成之歷程，並透過深度訪談法瞭解他們對自身學習經驗的主觀詮釋，分析其畢業後首份職業決定的形成過程，並循Krumboltz的生涯決定社會學習論剖析各項影響職業選擇的因素。 研究發現，新聞系學生的非職業抉擇實屬一段歷經新聞從業意願起伏的過程，而非一夕促成的決定。其中，大學學習經驗的影響最是深遠，而「個人的興趣與能力」、「校內實習」與實際接觸新聞實務的「校外實習」是最重要的三個節點，新聞系學生在三者之間經歷職業期望落差，對他們的新聞從業意願造成負面影響。研究者並將新聞系學生的非新聞職業抉擇歷程分為四類：（1）發現新聞之外的職業興趣、（2）校內實習期間經歷職業想像衝突、學習挫折、（3）在校內、外實習經驗的轉換間感知新聞理想與現實的落差，以及（4）從未萌生新聞從業意願。 縱使未投入新聞業，新聞系的專業訓練仍對新聞系學生的職場表現有所助益，諸如資訊蒐集、溝通表達、團隊合作能力等。最後，研究者根據研究結果，對當前的新聞教育提出相關討論與建議。

L’efficacité de la prise de décision au sein du conseil des gouverneurs de la BCE fait l’objet de nombreux débats en raison d’un degré d’hétérogénéité élevé parmi les pays européens et en raison du manque de transparence de la BCE. Ce contexte génère des incertitudes sur la répartition du pouvoir au sein du conseil des gouverneurs. L’objectif de notre travail est d’analyser dans quelle mesure le manque de transparence peut affecter la prise de décision au sein du conseil. Afin de traiter cette problématique ce travail se scinde en deux parties. La première partie tente d’appréhender le risque de biais régional dans les décisions de politique monétaire. Notre analyse révèle que d’importantes hétérogénéités persistent au sein de la zone monétaire entraînant de nombreuses incertitudes au niveau de la gouvernance monétaire de la BCE. La deuxième partie s’attache à identifier les interactions susceptibles d’apparaître au sein du conseil des gouverneurs et s’intéresse principalement à la propension à former des coalitions au sein du comité décisionnel. Notre analyse en termes de pouvoir de vote soutient que les membres du directoire disposent d’une faible influence lors de la prise de décision. Ce travail insiste sur les insuffisances de la structure décisionnelle de la BCE et sur la nécessité d’une réforme. / The lack of transparency of the European Central Bank (ECB), as well as the heterogeneity among European member states have generates many debates about the effectiveness of the decision-making process within the ECB’s governing council. Such a context creates uncertainties about the distribution of power inside the governing council. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse to what extent the decision-making process within the council responds to such lack of transparency. In the first part, we focus on the effect of the regional bias on monetary policy decisions. Our analysis shows that persistent heterogeneities among members generate uncertainties with regard to the effectiveness of the ECB’s monetary governance. In the second part, we analyse the ability of the governing council to generate strategic interactions among its members, and we focus in particular on coalitions formation. Our analysis based on voting power demonstrates that board members have only a weak impact on the decision-making process. Our thesis focuses on the inadequacies of the current ECB’s decision-making framework and on its necessary reform.

近年來，大陸已經從一個強調經濟發展的國家蛻變為一個注重經濟發展但是也關注永續發展的國家。大陸從只願付出共同但有區別責任到積極做出空氣污染管制的大國，是否可以藉由不同於以往的模型來解釋？本論文主要運用路徑分析法的概念來闡述北京的空氣污染治理政策演進，藉由設定奧運和APEC北京為治理的「關鍵節點」，進一步闡述國家與地方環境政策的變化與演進。而中國政策決策制度的演進也是影響環境政策的輔助因素，因此第四章也特別說明中國大陸制定決策的模式演變。希望藉由不同的理論來解釋當前北京乃至中國的環境治理，並檢視當前環境治理的不足及說明未來可能的發展方向。 / In the past decade, countries and organizations around the globe have devoted themselves to brought out the important message of sustainable development. Climate change and environmental protection have been two of the core issues to be considered into state’s foreign policy. China has been facing the environmental issues in recent years. In this thesis, it argues that China’s awareness of sustainable development and environmental protection, especially on air pollution problem in Beijing, was gradually flourished as time went by. From ignoring environmental problem and devoting effort on one-sided economic development to positively face and try to solve the air pollution problem, China has gone through its decision-making and mindsets reform. Furthermore, this thesis suggests that the progress of it corresponds with a certainly path. Hence, path dependent analysis would be applied to test whether this kind of path fits air pollution control methods in China and possibly foresee the environmental future of Beijing to be a cleaner and healthier city.