Bakgrund Etnisk diskriminering kan förekomma inom vården, trots att det är förbjudet. Arbetsgivaren har ett ansvar att förhindra diskriminering på arbetsplatsen och det är viktigt att anställda anmäler alla former av diskriminering. Sjuksköterskan ska erbjuda en säker vård med respekt för alla människors lika värde men etnisk diskriminering kan påverka sjuksköterskors hälsa och därav minska patientsäkerheten. Denna litteraturöversikt kommer att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av etnisk diskriminering. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att utsättas för etnisk diskriminering inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod En allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga studier från Australien, England, Storbritannien, Israel, Nya Zeeland, USA och Kanada hämtade från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL Complete. Studierna analyserades och kvalitetsgranskades enligt Fribergs (2022) analysmetod och kvalitetsgranskning frågor. Resultat Tre huvudteman framkom efter analysen som var: i)Fördomar, misstro och underskattning av yrkeskompetens, ii)Orättvis behandling och iii)Verbala kränkningar som beskriver sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter och indikerar att de utsätts för etnisk diskriminering inom hälso- och sjukvården. Diskrimineringen visade sig komma från patienter, närstående, medarbetare och chefer. Slutsats Etniska minoritetssjuksköterskor upplever etnisk diskriminering inom hälso- och sjukvården i de tio olika länder resultatartiklarna hämtades ifrån. Litteraturöversiktens fynd tyder på att etnisk diskriminering har en negativ inverkan på sjuksköterskors hälsa och en bristande kulturell kompetens bidrar till ökad diskriminering. / Background Ethnic discrimination can occur in healthcare, even though it is forbidden. Employers have the duty to prevent discrimination at the jobsite and it is important for employees to report all forms of discrimination. The nurse has the responsibility to offer safe care with respect for the equal value of all people, but ethnic discrimination can affect nurses' health and reduce patient safety. This literature review will highlight nurses' experiences of ethnic discrimination. Aim The purpose was to describe nurses' experiences of being exposed to ethnic discrimination within the healthcare system. Method A general literature review based on ten scientific studies from Australia, England, United Kingdom, Israel, New Zealand, USA, and Canada retrieved from the databases PubMed and CINAHL Complete. The studies were analysed, and quality assessed according to Friberg's (2022) analysis method and quality assessment questions. Results Three main themes emerged from the analysis, which were:i)Prejudice, mistrust and underestimation of professional competence, ii)Unfair treatment, and iii)Verbal abuse which describes the nurses' experiences and indicate that they are exposed to ethnic discrimination in health care. The discrimination was found to come from patients, relatives, colleagues, and managers. Conclusions Ethnic minority nurses experience ethnic discrimination in healthcare in the ten different countries the results articles were taken from. The findings of the literature review indicate that ethnic discrimination has a negative impact on nurses' health and a lack of cultural competence contributes to increased discrimination

This thesis will deal with the development of the situation of the Roma minority in the Swedish school system in the period between 1954 to 2010, based on two Swedish Government Official Reports of the group's situation in the Swedish schools. The study is done by the report Zigenarfrågan (SOU 1956:43) and with the report Romers rätt (SOU 2010:55). The report Romers rätt was written by the Delegation for Roma issues and gives an updated picture of the situation of Roma in the Swedish school system. The state investigation Zigenarfrågan, is also important as the latter resulted in the Roma children enrolled in Swedish schools. This work will look at the various governmental investigations by the theory used for analysis called ”structural discrimination theory”. Comparison of these two reports by structural discrimination as theory has shown that Zigenarfrågan good vision and belief in the assimilation proposals, did not lead to desired results. Instead of achieving a homogeneous school, it resulted in a discriminatory school that still lives by the principle of homogeneity. Many of the proposals made in the report Romers rätt shows that Swedish school much because of its international bonds, trying to counter the structural discrimination directed against Roma and other minorities. But the work becomes very difficult when the structural discrimination norms are deeply ingrained in society's various institutional bodies.

This study analyses how abusive treatment is handled in three novels for adolescents, Färglös, Näthat blues, and Fjärde riket, in order to reveal how these novels can be used as a basis for discussions of values in the teaching of Swedish in upper secondaryschool. The three novels were chosen because statistics showed that they were the most frequently borrowed books for young people under the subject heading bullying at a library in southern Sweden. The analysis shows that there are different forms of abusive treatment in the three books. Färglös describes abusive treatment against a social category, where the members of the vulnerable group are forced to protect themselves and each other as a group. Näthat blues is about net bullying, sexual harassment, and gender-related bullying against a specific individual, while Fjärde riket shows how abuse can be used as a strategy to achieve a higher power position. The latter book tells the story from the point of view of both the victim and the perpetrators. The conclusionis that the three novels, in different ways, invite changes of perspective and can function well as a basis for discussions about abuse using fictitious characters.

Romani people came to Sweden in the early 16th century and is today acknowledged as a minority group. Today in Sweden there’s a large group of Roma EU-citizens who come to beg. Romani people has been an exposed and discriminated group since their arrival in Sweden – a pattern that’s still relevant regarding Roma EU-citizens coming today. One profession that faces Roma EU-citizens in their work is social workers. This study aims to describe and analyse how social workers experience working with Roma EU-citizens, what difficulties or opportunities they see and how this work can be developed in the future. Furthermore, the study examines what beliefs social workers feel exists in society surrounding this group. The study uses labelling theory and theories of cultural competence. Six interviews were conducted with social workers and the study uses a qualitative approach and a hermeneutic perspective. Study results indicate that cultural differences affects working with the group. Results also show that the social workers feel there’s a lot of prejudice against the group. The study concludes that cultural competence is important in order to perform a good social work with the Romani group. Another conclusion is that structural problems complicates working with the group.

Abstract When an employer need to fire employees because of redundancy it has been found out that foreign-born workers are more negative affected than workers who is born in Sweden. The employer can apply several of provisions of 22 § LAS to create the case list. The regulations have in some cases been criticized to contribute to a structural discrimination on the Swedish labour market. The purpose of this study is to examine how the employer in different ways can affect the case list and examine whether the rules can be an example of structural discrimination, and how this in turn may affect the foreign-born workers. A legal dogmatic method has been applied to investigate the legal situation. And addition have also been made from a legal sociological method to create a picture to see how the situation for foreign-born employees looks on the Swedish labour market. The results of the study showed that the employer has great potential to influence the case list and that the employers right to lead the work is a strong principle. The biggest restriction in the employers right to lead the work is in the regulation that says that decision cannot be discriminatory. If the employer would make a decision that is disadvantage for some groups, there must be a factual statement for the decision. Furthermore, the study also concluded that there is a form of structural discrimination from the regulation of 22 § LAS. The structural discrimination is especially showed in how the law is constructed, and in norms and values that was held by employers and institutions.

The purpose of this study is to examine how women with genital pain experience health care in terms of information, availability, treatment and resources. Through interviews with women with vulvovaginal pain these experiences are further compared to the Swedish guidelines and criteria’s regarding equal health care. Applying critical theories of gender and power to the material enables to examine if discourses of female bodies and diseases affect women’s right to health and health care. The analysis shows that women with genital pain are in general dissatisfied with the quality of the health care given to them. Discourses about women's bodies, pain and diseases contribute to the normalization and elimination of female genital pain in the health care system and in the society as whole. The conclusions are that a more fundamental and accurate effort on gender equality is needed to determine how gender and normative male standards in medicine affect women's access to a satisfactory health care on equal terms.

The aim of this study was to identify high school student’s thoughts and experiences about discrimination based on background. Six students, all with foreign origin, was interviewed where different questions about discrimination and stigmatization was asked. The results of this qualitative research show that there are students who are experiencing discrimination based on their origin and that the discrimination differs very much dependently on how deviant the person is from the swedes in terms of background and appearance. Students with foreign origin notice how this affects their conditions and possibilities in school where they are more easily categorized and stigmatized as worse. This is a problem that should be recognized not least because the teacher as official has an obligation to treat every student equally but also because the proceeding discrimination contributes to the maintenance of existing ethnical power hierarchies.

I denna uppsats behandlas strukturell diskriminering av romska barn i utbildningsystemet i tre europeiska länder. Syftet med uppsatsen är tvåfaldigt. Det ena syftet är att jämföra Sveriges, Rumäniens och Tjeckiens arbete för att motverka diskriminering gällande romska barns rätt till utbildning på samma villkor som andra samt undersöka om arbetet främjar rättvisa för de romska barnen. Det andra syftet är att undersöka vilka fler åtgärder länderna bör genomföra för att bryta diskrimineringen och främja rättvisa. Uppsatsen är uppbyggd utifrån en förståelse av att mänskliga rättigheter har en juridisk dimension, en politisk och en moralisk. Med anledning av detta fastställs gällande rätt och de politiska åtgärderna. Vidare analyseras rätten men framförallt politiken utifrån ett perspektiv på rättvisa för att belysa moralen. Detta rättviseperspektiv har inspirerats av Nancy Fraser. Ett främjande av rättvisa innebär enligt detta perspektiv att förändra de strukturer i utbildningsystemet som är förtryckande och dominerande gentemot romska elever. Dessa strukturer utgör nämligen hinder för romska barn att delta som jämlikar i utbildningen. Detta görs för att undersöka om ländernas arbete främjar rättvisa för romska barn då det i uppsatsen hävdas att det också motverkar strukturell diskriminering. I uppsatsen dras slutsatsen att inget av länderna förändrar de strukturer som utgör hinder för romska barns jämlika deltagande. Detta innebär att länderna inte lyckas främja rättvisa och därför inte heller lyckas bryta den strukturella diskrimineringen. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion om vilka åtgärder länderna bör genomföra för att främja rättvisa och bryta den strukturella diskrimineringen. / In this essay, structural discrimination of Roma children in the education system is dealt with in three European countries. The purpose of the thesis is twofold. One of the aims is to compare the work of Sweden, Romania and the Czech Republic to prevent discrimination against Roma children's rights to education on the same terms as others, and to investigate whether the work promotes justice for the Roma children. The second purpose is to investigate which more measures the countries should implement to break discrimination and promote justice. The essay is based on an understanding that human rights have a legal dimension, a political and a moral one. In view of this, the applicable law and policy measures are established. Furthermore, the law is analyzed, but above all the policy measures from a perspective of justice to highlight morality. This justice perspective is inspired by Nancy Fraser. In this perspective, promoting justice means changing the structures of the education system that are oppressive and dominant towards Roma students. This structures hinder Roma children from participating as equals in education. This is done to investigate whether the countries' work promotes justice for Roma children since it is stated in the essay that it also counteracts structural discrimination. The essay concludes that none of the countries change the structures that hinder the equal participation of Roma children. This means that the countries does not succeed in promoting justice and therefore does not succeed in breaking the structural discrimination. The thesis concludes with a discussion of what measures the countries should implement to promote justice and break the structural discrimination.

The migration to Sweden has increased in the last few years and in order to diminishsegregation and unemployment among the population, it has been a prioritized matterto help the migrants to enter the Swedish labour market. Employers that set languagerequirements when recruiting can reduce the possibility for a person with a differentethnical background to obtain employment. These language requirements can beappropriate and necessary to achieve a legitimate purpose. This study aims toinvestigate in which cases the employer has the right to set a language requirementand in which circumstances setting the requirement is discriminatory on grounds ofethnicity. In order to answer the research question, a legal dogmatic method has beenused.The investigation indicates that the court judge discrimination on grounds of ethnicityvery restrictively and in some cases fails to enforce the law correctly. Employersseem to evade sanctions easily, for example by implying that the decision is based onthe applicant’s personal qualities. This could be a reason why there are only a fewcases taken to the court.

<p>In 2006 there was a change in LMA (1994:37) that clarified the division of responsibility be-tween the Migration Board and the municipalities, concerning unaccompanied children. The social services should now be utmost responsible for the housing and care of these children, to assure that they gain the same standards and rights as all other children. The aim of this essay has been to examine how the division of responsibility has influenced the work of the social services and how they interpret their responsibility for the unaccompanied children. How do the social services investigate and make decisions concerning these children? Do these chil-dren have the same rights as other children? To answer these questions a legal study was made, followed by qualitative research interviews with four social services that receive unac-companied children. The study was made from a legal sociologist perspective, which involves analyzing the results from the interviews with the legal results, together with earlier research on unaccompanied children. The results show that the division of responsibility still is indis-tinct and that the investigations concerning these children often are brief and simplified. In two of the interviewed municipalities the view was that unaccompanied children did not have the right to efforts according to SoL (2001:453), which in practice means that the unaccom-panied children are discriminated.</p>