Mehrdeutigkeit ist ein grundsätzliches Merkmal literarischer Texte. In der Literaturwissenschaft wird dieses Charakteristikum allerdings häufig undifferenziert als ‚Komplexität‘, ‚Ambivalenz‘ oder ‚Ambiguität‘ bezeichnet. Auch in der Shakespeare-Forschung, besonders aber bei kontrovers diskutierten Texten wie Henry V und Julius Caesar, tauchen diese Bezeichnungen schlagwortartig immer wieder auf. Oft jedoch stellen sie Verlegenheitsformulierungen dar, die mehr verdecken als sie erklären. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich dem Phänomen textueller Ambiguität und betrachtet sie – entgegen verallgemeinernden Auffassungen – als ein vom Autor bewußt eingesetztes und damit funktionales gestalterisches Mittel, das sowohl mikrostrukturell als auch auf der größeren Textebene angesiedelt sein kann. Die Untersuchung stellt in einem einleitenden Teil eine Theorie literarischer Ambiguität auf, wobei der Begriff von anderen gebräuchlichen Termini abgegrenzt wird. Literarische Ambiguität wird als eine dem Text oder Textteilen eingeschriebene, scheinbare Widersprüchlichkeit in der Aussage definiert, deren letztliches Ziel es ist, den Rezipienten aktiv an einer Sinnfindung zu beteiligen. Im textanalytischen Teil der Studie wird die Praktikabilität dieses Ambiguitätsbegriffs am Beispiel der zwei genannten Shakespeare-Dramen überprüft. Ambiguität wird als ein strukturelles Prinzip herausgestellt, das wesentlich zur ästhetischen Wirkung der untersuchten Texte beiträgt.

Submitted by Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima (tatyalima@yahoo.com) on 2017-03-08T12:25:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado em Educação - Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima.pdf: 4107381 bytes, checksum: 97b307bc2606240a47ea39d3834e5d42 (MD5) / Rejected by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br), reason: Prezada, Os campos do autor, orientador e componentes da banca devem ser preenchidos com os nomes completos; somente com as letras iniciais maiúsculas. Saudações, Maria Auxiliadora on 2017-03-08T19:03:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima (tatyalima@yahoo.com) on 2017-03-08T19:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado em Educação - Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima.pdf: 4107381 bytes, checksum: 97b307bc2606240a47ea39d3834e5d42 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-03-14T17:53:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado em Educação - Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima.pdf: 4107381 bytes, checksum: 97b307bc2606240a47ea39d3834e5d42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T17:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado em Educação - Tatiana Polliana Pinto de Lima.pdf: 4107381 bytes, checksum: 97b307bc2606240a47ea39d3834e5d42 (MD5) / O texto “Entrelaçando Saberes e Práticas: a História ensinada no 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental na cidade do Salvador/BA” foi construído em consonância com uma pesquisa que busca compreender como no cotidiano da sala de aula a disciplina História é organizada no 5. Ano do Ensino Fundamental a partir das falas de duas professoras da Escola Municipal Luiz Anselmo e das escritas de cinquenta e quatro docentes das mais diversas escolas da rede municipal de Salvador. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, que acontece em dois momentos. A primeira fase foi realizada na Escola Municipal Luiz Anselmo, localizada no bairro de Luiz Anselmo, em Salvador/BA, a partir de entrevistas com duas docentes, observações do cotidiano escolar, das salas de aula das docentes e da escrita de um Jornal de Pesquisa. A segunda fase contou, como principal instrumento de coleta de dados, com um questionário aplicado em 35 escolas municipais da cidade, escolhidas aleatoriamente. Ao final percebe-se que as professoras da Rede de Educação do município de Salvador/BA reconhecem que é necessária uma mudança na forma como os conteúdos são selecionados e no modo como estão sendo trabalhados em sala de aula. Deixam transparecer que, mesmo desesperançadas, em alguns momentos, em outros espaços-tempos, buscam trazer para suas salas de aula recursos e metodologias diversas e enriquecedoras que tornem, em suas óticas, as aulas de História prazerosas. / ABSTRACT The text "Weaving knowledge and practices: the history taught in the fifth grade of elementary school in the city of Salvador/BA" was built in line with a survey that aims to understand how the discipline History is organized in fifth grade everyday classroom of elementary school based on two teachers view of the Municipal School Luiz Anselmo and on the writings of 54 teachers from different schools of Salvador. The research was developed based on a qualitative and quantitative approach, which takes place in two phases. The first phase was held at the Municipal School Luiz Anselmo, located in the neighborhood of Luiz Anselmo, in Salvador/BA, from interviews with two teachers, observations of daily life, the classrooms of teachers, and the writing of a Research Newspaper. The second phase had, as the main instrument of data collection, a questionnaire applied in 35 schools in the city, randomly chosen. The study highlights that the teachers of the Municipal Educational System of the city of Salvador/BA recognize that there is a need for a change in the way the contents are selected and how they are being worked in the classroom. They report that, even hopeless in a few moments, in other spaces and times they try to bring various and enriching methodologies to their classrooms that make, in their view, History lessons more enjoyable. / RESUMEN El texto “Entrelaçando Saberes e Práticas: a História ensinada no 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental na cidade do Salvador/BA” se construyó de acuerdo con una investigación que intenta comprender cómo se organiza en la rutina del aula la enseñanza de historia en el 5 año la Escuela Primaria tenendo em cuenta los discursos de dos maestras de la Escuela Municipal Luiz Anselmo y los escritos de cincuenta y cuatro maestras de varias escuelas municipales de Salvador. La investigación se desarrolló con enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, que se lleva a cabo en dos etapas. La primera fase se llevó a cabo en la Escuela Municipal Luiz Anselmo, ubicada en el barrio Luiz Anselmo en Salvador / BA, tenendo en cuenta entrevistas con dos maestras, observaciones de la rutina de la escuela, de las aulas de las maestras y la escritura una revista de investigación. La segunda fase tiene como el principal instrumento de recolección de datos un cuestionario que ha sido aplicado en 35 escuelas municipales de la ciudad, elegidas al azar. Al final, se concluye que las maestras de la Red Municipal de Educación de Salvador / BA reconocen que es necesario un cambio en la manera en que son elegidos los contenidos y la forma en la que se trabajan en el aula. Ellas demuestran que, aunque sin esperanza, a veces, en otros espacios-tiempo, tratan de aportar a sus aulas recursos y metodologias diversas y enriquecedoras que hacen, en sus miradas, las clases de Historia placenteras. / RESUMÉ Le texte “Entrelancent savoirs et pratiques: L’histoire enseignée au 5º année de L’enseignement Fondamentale dans la ville de Salvador/BA” a été construit em consonance avec une recherche qui cherche comprendre comment le quotidien dans les cours d’histoire est organisé dans le 5º année de L’enseignement Fondamental à partir des discours de deux professeures de L’École Municipale Luiz Anselmo et des écritures de cinquente et quatre enseignants de plusieures écoles du réseaux Municipal de Salvador. La recherche était dévelopée à partir d’une approche quali-quantitative, qu’ a eu lieu em deux moments: La première phase était réalisée dans L’École Municipale Luiz Anselmo, localisée dans le quartier de Luiz Anselmo, en Salvador/BA, à partir des entretiens avec deux enseignantes, des observations du quotidien escolier, dans les classes des enseignantes et de l’écriture d’um jornal de recherche. La deuxième phase a compté, comme principal instrument de recueils de donnés, avec um questionnaire aplique em 35 écoles municipales de la ville, choisies au hasard. A la fin on s’aperçoit que les enseignantes du réseaux de L’Education Municipale de Salvador/BA reconnaissent le besoin d’un changement dans la façon que les contenus sont selectionnés, ainsi que dans la forme qu’ils sont travaillés en classe. Laissent transparaître que, même sans espoirs, em quelques moments, em d’autres espaces-temps, cherchent apporter pour ses cours de ressources et méthodologies diverses et enrichissantes qui rendent, par ses regards, les cours d’Histoire avec plus de plaisirs.

The present thesis deals with the reign of Nyuserre, one of great Old Kingdom rulers who ruled in the mid-Fifth Dynasty (2402-2374+25 BC). A transformation of whole society of ancient Egypt came to pass during his reign as a consequence of the events in the late Fourth and early Fifth Dynasties, when the highest posts in the administrative system had passed over from members of the royal family to dignitaries of non-royal origin. This fact had been reflected in whole society and started numerous rivulets of change, which merged in a single river in Nyuserre's reign. The gradual transformation of Egyptian society from a kingdom to a state took place during this crucial period, and a number of innovations came about in various spheres (religion, society, administration, tomb architecture, etc.), mirroring a change in the participation in power. This situation was reflected primarily in dignitaries' tombs dated to the given period, which became indicators of the transformation of society. The research is focused on an analysis more than 100 tombs of high-ranking individuals and their family members, and particularly of their titulary, offering formulae, false doors (the central point of the funerary cult), etc. The individual chapters of the present thesis exemplify the most noticeable changes in...

The master's thesis "Selected Legal Aspects of the Digital Single Market" delineates the legislative reaction of the European Union ("EU") to technological development for the Jacques Delors' encompassing overhaul of Europe's The master's thesis answers the on by identifying the DSM's theoretical and conceptual framework, DSM. The second part delineates the DSM's foundations arket's regulatory framework is DSM's foundations to assess the state of play of the DSM through the EU's most advanced - strengthening of the status of the free flow of data in the internal market's architecture, which

The topic of this dissertation focuses on the functioning of the sense of Brazilianness in the CELPE-Bras exam. We try to understand the movement of senses produced in the relationship among official certification, Brazilian culture and the circulation of brazilian portuguese abroad. We first observe how and why Brazil joins some regional and local blocs for economical or linguistic reasons, such as the case of its entry into MERCOSUL in 1991 or CPLP (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) in 1996. We understand that CELPE-Bras plays an essential role in the context in which all these subjects are related. From this presupposition, we try to recall the senses on which the discourse of Brazilianness (ORLANDI, 1998) is based, as well as understand what legitimates CELPE-Bras to take these senses as a representation of Brazil and Brazilians, to spread them abroad. We intend to investigate what the place of CELPE-Bras is in this representation. We retake the periodization established by Guimarães (1996) for the process of grammatization of portuguese in Brazil, dividing it into four phases, besides the fifth period defined by Zoppi-Fontana (2007) from the reformulation of the notion of space of enunciation . We understand that this exam has a special place in the History of Linguistic Ideas (HLI) because it integrates the process of Brazilian instrumentalization by the diffusion of brazilian portuguese to transnational spaces. Last, we consider these assumptions to analyze two pieces of audio of the Collective Test of CELPE-Bras from 2010/1 and 2009/1. Moreover, we have taken the perspective of the Semântica do Acontecimento which consider historicity in the composition of senses and thus to pay attention to the marks of Brazilianness that integrate these textualities, such as beans and rice and cachaça . We analyze these considering their rewriting (GUIMARÃES, 2002b) which, under different views, promotes the derivation of senses of these names. The reconstruction of the different moments of this work allowed us to see that these marks of Brazilianness, which characterize Brazil and Brazilians, perpetuate a vision of brazilian portuguese and rewrite a version of the Brazilian history legitimized and spread abroad by CELPE-Bras. / A temática desta dissertação centra-se sobre o funcionamento do sentido sobre a brasilidade no exame CELPE-Bras. Assim, buscamos compreender o movimento de sentidos produzido na relação entre certificação oficial, cultura brasileira e circulação no exterior. Dessa forma, primeiramente, observamos como e porque o Brasil integra alguns blocos regionais ou globais, que obedecem a motivações políticas, econômicas ou linguísticas, como, por exemplo, sua entrada no MERCOSUL em 1991 ou na CPLP (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) em 1996. Compreendemos que o CELPE-Bras cumpre uma função fundamental nesse contexto em que todas essas questões estão imbricadas. A partir desse pressuposto, buscamos rememorar os sentidos que fundam o discurso da brasilidade (ORLANDI, 1998), bem como, compreender o que legitima o CELPEBras a tomá-los como representação do Brasil e do brasileiro, para então difundi-los no exterior. Assim, procuramos investigar qual o papel do CELPE-Bras nessa representação. Para isso, retomamos a periodização estabelecida por Guimarães (1996) para o processo de gramatização do português no Brasil, dividindo-o em quatro fases, assim como, o quinto período de gramatização do português no Brasil , definido por Zoppi-Fontana (2007), a partir da reformulação da noção de espaço de enunciação . Compreendemos, então, que esse exame ocupa um lugar especial na História das Ideias Linguísticas (HIL), pois integra o processo de instrumentalização brasileira pela difusão do português do Brasil para espaços transnacionais . Por fim, consideramos esses pressupostos ao analisar dois áudios da Prova Coletiva do CELPE-Bras de 2010/1 e de 2009/1. Além disso, assumimos a perspectiva da Semântica do Acontecimento, que considera a historicidade na constituição dos sentidos, sendo que, atentamos às marcas da brasilidade das textualidades: feijão com arroz e cachaça . E as analisamos considerando sua reescrituração (GUIMARÃES, 2002b), que, sob diferentes recortes, promove a deriva de sentidos desses nomes. A reconstrução dos diferentes momentos deste trabalho nos permite observar que essas marcas de brasilidade, que significam o Brasil e o brasileiro, perpetuam uma visão do português brasileiro, e assim, reescrevem uma versão da história brasileira legitimada e difundida no exterior pelo CELPE-Bras.

De nombreux travaux ont été réalisés sur la franc-maçonnerie, son histoire et ses pratiques, mais aussi sur son influence au XVIIIème siècle. Cependant, aucune recherche universitaire n’a été menée sur son activité au cours des XXème et XXIème siècles. Organisation discrète, la franc-maçonnerie compte aujourd’hui un peu plus de 6 000 000 de membres à travers le monde et a toujours été significativement présente au sein des gouvernements français. Il n’est aujourd’hui plus contesté qu’elle a marqué de son empreinte les combats pour la laïcité de l’enseignement, la liberté d’association ou la séparation de l’Eglise et de l’Etat. Néanmoins, à l’heure actuelle, on doute parfois de la réalité de cette influence. Les lois relatives à la contraception, à l’interruption volontaire de grossesse ou encore, plus récemment, à la bioéthique ou à l’interdiction du voile intégral sont pourtant toutes réputées avoir reçu le soutien de la franc-maçonnerie. De la pure et simple rédaction dans des loges d’un texte voté ultérieurement, à la fameuse coalition parlementaire, sans oublier les innombrables ministres réputés maçons, l’influence des obédiences prendrait des formes diverses. Ce travail a pour objet de démontrer la réalité de cette influence tout en en déterminant les spécificités : son identité, son fonctionnement, mais aussi son but et certaines de ses techniques la distinguent des autres auteurs d’influence. Ensuite, cette recherche s’attache à vérifier l’adéquation de la qualification de groupe d’intérêt que revendique la maçonnerie. La démarche adoptée emprunte aux outils proposés par la sociologie juridique, l’influence de la maçonnerie apparaissant comme un phénomène social, comptant parmi les causes de ces lois. En outre, le recours aux données statistiques, comparatives, historiques, à l’entretien, ainsi qu’à la légistique a permis de pallier les lacunes qu’auraient laissées les seules recherches bibliographiques. / A lot of research work has been carried out about Freemasonry, its history and its customs, but also about its influence in the 18th century. Nevertheless, no academic research has been led on its activity during the 20th and 21st centuries. Freemasonry, a discreet organisation, is nowadays composed of a little more than 6,000,000 members around the world and has always been significantly present within the French governments. No one now denies that it has left its mark in the fights for school secularism, freedom of association or the separation of Church and State. However, currently, the reality of its influence is sometimes put into question. The laws pertaining to contraception, voluntary termination of pregnancy or, more recently, bioethics or the ban on the full veil, are however all well-known for having received the backing of Freemasonry. From the sheer writing in the lodges of a text which is to be voted in at a later stage to the famous parliamentary coalition, as well as the countless ministers who are well-known for being freemasons, the influence of the Masonic Obediences is said to take various forms. This work’s objective is to check the reality of this influence while determining its specificities: its identity, its workings, but also its purpose and some of the techniques used make it different from those written by other influential authors. Moreover this research also aims at checking that the classification claimed by Freemansonry as an interest group is adequate. The approach chosen required the use of the tools suggested by legal sociology, since the influence of Freemasonry appears as a social phenomenon, being one of the causes of these laws. Besides, the use of statistical, comparative and historical data, of interviews as well as legal drafting has made it possible to fill in the gaps that would have remained if only bibliographic sources had been used.

Le découpage électoral est marqué par le mythe du gerrymandering, ou du « charcutage électoral ». Gouvernements et majorités l’utiliseraient dans l’objectif d’établir une carte électorale favorable par la délimitation de circonscriptions visant produire des gains électoraux. Il serait un outil électoraliste utilisé à des fins partisanes. En France, cette perception prédomine notamment en raison du peu de travaux consacrés au découpage électoral qui est, pourtant, un objet important au sein de la littérature politiste internationale. La thèse propose une étude du découpage des circonscriptions législatives sous la Ve République selon deux axes. Le premier, relatif au processus, interroge le rôle et l’action du gouvernement. Grâce à une analyse pluridisciplinaire, il apparaît que le découpeur est soumis à de fortes contraintes, et que les députés y occupent un rôle majeur. Le second porte sur les conséquences des délimitations. Après l’élaboration d’une méthode permettant d’appréhender l’aspect politique des découpages, l’étude empirique – statistique et cartographique – établit que les circonscriptions sont découpées en fonction des députés – sortants –, avant d’être favorables aux partis politiques, ou à la majorité qui y procède. S’il apparaît également que les changements de délimitations ne produisent pas toujours les effets escomptés, ils disposent de conséquences structurelles qui se vérifient sur la compétition électorale. Sous la Ve République, les découpages électoraux peuvent être qualifiés d’interparlementaires et d’intrapartisans. In fine, ni le processus, ni les conséquences des découpages électoraux ne correspondent à sa représentation cognitive classique. / The myth of the gerrymandering overshadows the redistricting. Governments allegedly use it to draw a favorable electoral map aiming electoral profits. Thus, it is supposed to be an electioneering mechanism used for partisan motives. In France, few studies have been devoted to redistricting which is also an important object within the international political scientist literature. The thesis puts forward a study of the legislative redistricting under the Fifth Republic following two axes. The first one, the analysis of the policy process, questions the role and the actions of the government. Through a multidisciplinary analysis, it appears that the government is strongly constrained and that MPs have a main function. The second one relates to the consequences of redistricting. After developing a method to understand the politics of limits, the empirical study – statistical and cartographic – shows that districts are made according to deputies – incumbents –, before favoring political parties, or the majority making the redistricting. It also appears that if the constituency boundaries are not decisive, they still have structural consequences on the electoral competition. Under the Fifth Republic, redistricting can be described as interparliamentary and intrapartisan. To sum up, neither the redistricting process nor its electoral consequences match the "classic" cognitive representation of the redistricting.

Depuis 1958, les parlementaires, quels que soient leur assemblée ou leur groupe, manifestent une unité de vote exemplaire. Celle-ci est la manifestation de la discipline de vote, phénomène complexe que certains, notamment, les parlementaires et ceux qui ont vocation à les assister, définissent comme une autodiscipline. Elle apparaît, cependant, comme le résultat d’un conditionnement mâtiné de contraintes exercées par des structures, groupes parlementaires, partis politiques et Gouvernement, qui ont intérêt au maintien de l’unité. Tous agissent en direction des élus qui, s’ils adhèrent par principe à la consigne de vote élaborée dans le cadre du groupe, sous le contrôle du parti et/ou du pouvoir exécutif, peuvent parfois exprimer quelques réticences. Ces actions, cumulées, prennent la forme de pressions et confortent l’existence de la discipline de vote.Au-delà de la pratique parlementaire, et parce qu’elle assure la collaboration des pouvoirs propre au régime parlementaire, la discipline de vote est devenue, comme le démontre sa constance, une caractéristique de la Cinquième République. Une pratique institutionnelle qui semblait pourtant contraire aux principes du régime représentatif, forgés à la Révolution. Si la discipline de vote est aujourd’hui considérée comme, sinon conforme, du moins compatible avec eux, c’est qu’elle révèle une lecture rénovée du régime parlementaire, fondée non plus sur la division, mais sur la fusion des pouvoirs / Since 1958 MPs’, whatever their assembly or their group, show an exemplary unity of vote. The latter is the result of party discipline, a compound subject, which some, in particular, MPs’ and those who have authority to assist them, define as self-discipline. Party discipline appears, however, as the outcome of a conditioning mixed with constraints exercised by organizations, parliamentary groups, political parties and Government. Their common interest is to maintain unity. They all act towards the elected members. The latter, on principle, subscribe to the voting instructions, worked out within the scope of the group, under the party and/or the executive power control. Nevertheless, the elected members may sometimes be reluctant.All these actions become pressure, confirming that unity is not only the result of cohesion but really of party discipline. Beyond the parliamentary practice, and because it guarantees powers’ collaboration, which is peculiar to the parliamentary system, party discipline has become, as its constancy shows, a major characteristic of the French Fifth Republic. An institutional practice that appeared, however, to go against the French representative system’s principles, established during the Revolution. If party discipline is now considered as, if not in accordance with, but at least compatible with them, it is that it reveals a new way to define the parliamentary system, based not on powers’ divisions anymore, but on their fusion

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JURČA Jan: The manufacturing of sheet metal part by deep draw technology. Thesis of Master´s Studies, the 5th Year of Study, the School-year 2008/2009, The Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Department of Machining, FSI VUT Brno.The thesis deals with the project of manufacturing the part of the car body – the fifth door by deep draw technology. The material is zinc-coated sheet metal HX220YD EN 10292. Mechanical properties and suitability of the material are evaluated by mechanical tests. The structure of the material is evaluated by metalography scratch pattern. The analysis of draw process and manufacturability of the part is made by calculations and AutoForm software. The production line, necessary machinery and construction solution of draw tool for the manufacturing the part are determined. Last section deals with economical evaluation of the production.