Socialstyrelsen (2021) reports that 8300 children and young people in Sweden were placed on a so called HVB during 2020. HVB stands for hem för vård eller boende which in english terms is equal to a home for care or housing. HVB was during 2020 the second most common form of placement for children and adolescents. Socialstyrelsen (2018) reports that social workers working within HVB are responsible for meeting young people's care needs in the form of various treatments. Research done by Mattson (2010) suggests that HVB is a closed environment, which can result in social workers that are active in these care homes become identification objects for the young people who are placed in these care homes.   Treatment staff in HVB homes work with adolescents who are in need of support and help. Social workers are expected to work gender-consciously to meet the individual needs of adolescents. Previous research shows that HVB is a complex environment that requires flexibility on the part of treatment staff and that interventions do not always lead to the best results. Newly graduated social workers are expected to possess knowledge as critical awareness of how gender affects treatment work. We have chosen to investigate how newly graduated social workers who are active in HVB homes reflect about the fact that gender is done in treatment work and how they act with adolescents as gender awareness is part of the newly graduated social workers' education. The results of the study showed that the reflections of newly graduated social workers confirm previous research's explanation that gender is made in the treatment work with adolescents and which in turn affects how the staff's treatment work is designed. The result highlights that norms, stereotypes and gender perceptions that society produces affect the treatment work despite the social workers' gender awareness through education. Through the study, we also see the desire to counteract these gender notions and its ability to influence treatment work but that it is difficult.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om socialarbetare tillämpar genusmedvetenhet i arbetet med personer som är utsatta för våld i nära relationer, och hur det i så fall uttrycker sig i mötet med dessa klienter. För att besvara dessa frågeställningar har en kvalitativ ansats tillämpats, med vinjettintervjuer som metod. Den hypotetiske klienten var för tre av informanterna en våldsutsatt man och för tre informanter en våldsutsatt kvinna. Informanternas svar jämfördes sedan och analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning på området samt teorier om genus, stereotyper och institutionalisering. De slutsatser vi kunnat dra genom denna studie är att socialarbetare till viss mån påverkas av könsstereotypa föreställningar och att man gör skillnad mellan könen vad gäller insatser, bedömningar och bemötande. Dock har vi även sett att det alltid finns en vilja att hjälpa klienten om behovet finns, i den mån det är möjligt utifrån bland annat det politiska och ekonomiska läget. / The aim of this essay is to examine if social workers apply gender awareness when meeting individuals exposed to domestic violence and how it is expressed in the meeting. To answer these questions, a qualitative approach has been used, with vignette interviews as method. Three of our informants were given a scenario where the client was a man, and three informants were given the exact same scenario but with a female client. The informant’s answers were compared and analyzed through former research and theories such as gender theory, stereotypes and institutionalization. Our conclusions of this study show that social workers, to some extent, are influenced by gender stereotypes and that they distinguish between men and women regarding treatment, assessments and decisions. However, we have also seen that there is always a will to help the client if needed, if it is possible due to the political and economic situation.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida kvällspressens rapportering om sexbrott reproducerar stereotypa könsroller. Det är också att granska hur genusmedveten kvällstidningsjournalistiken är. Då medier besitter en maktposition och har inverkan på människor är det relevant att kritiskt undersöka hur könsrollerna gestaltas och genom det främja både demokrati och den feministiska forskningen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk består av Yvonne Hirdmans genusteori samt gestaltningsteori som den förklaras av Jesper Strömbäck och Robert Entman. Vidare förklaras nyhetsvärdering och nyhetsurval som ett komplement till förståelse om vad som blir nyheter. Undersökningen har begränsats till två kvällstidningar, Aftonbladet och Expressen, då de är de två största rikstäckande kvällstidningarna i Sverige. I uppsatsen representerar dessa två tidningar kvällspressen överlag. Den tidsperiod som har undersökts är 1 juni 2016 till 31 augusti 2016. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvantitativ innehållsanalys där ett kodschema har utformats och variabler har arbetats fram för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Variablerna är baserade på tidigare forskning inom fältet för brottsjournalistik. Artiklarna som har undersökts faller inom bestämda urvalskriterier. Resultaten visar att artiklar om sexbrott får lite utrymme jämfört med den totala rapporteringen, trots att ämnen som berör brott och sex ofta prioriteras på kvällstidningsredaktioner. Vidare visar resultaten att offret i de flesta fall är en kvinna och att männen vanligtvis är förövare, och att offret – kvinnan, är den som får störst utrymme och främst får komma till tals. Detta bidrar till att kvinnor får uttala sig mer i sexbrottsrapporteringen, vilket genererar i att sexbrott ses som ett kvinnoproblem. Etnicitet var främst förekommande i beskrivningen av förövaren och gör att hen porträtteras som en stereotyp förövare, i linje med tidigare forskning. Slutsatsen är dock att kvällspressen i vissa aspekter bedriver en någorlunda genusmedveten journalistik, vilket sett till tidigare forskning är en förbättring. Samtidigt måste varje enskild journalist ta ansvar för att inte reproducera en stereotyp bild av sexbrott.

Aim: During the last decades research has reported seemingly unjustified differences between how women and men are perceived as patients, medical students and physicians. Most studies have been performed outside Scandinavia. The overall aim of this thesis is to illustrate, analyse and discuss aspects of gender bias and gender awareness in clinical medicine, medical research and medical education, all in a Swedish setting. Material and methods: Physicians’ ways of reasoning and reflecting on different professional arenas were investigated from a gender perspective in three cross-sectional studies: A. Written answers from a national examination for 289 Swedish interns where the examinees were allocated to suggest management of a common health problem - irritable bowel syndrome - in either a male or a female paper-patient with identical case descriptions. B. Assessments from 682 physicians, in structured assessment forms, of the scientific quality of two fictive research abstracts - one with a quantitative and one with a qualitative design – where authorship was assigned to either a woman or a man. C. Answers from 303 physician teachers to a questionnaire where they, on scales, assessed the importance of gender in different professional relationships and also gave open-ended comments. Most analyses were quantitative, using chi2-tests and multivariate logistic regression as statistical methods. Differences were discussed in relation to gender theory. Qualitative method, by way of open and selective coding, was used to explore the open-ended answers in the questionnaire and to create codes from the written answers in the national exam. Results: A. There were differences in outcome for male and female cases in history taking and in proposed diagnoses, investigations and treatment, e.g. more questions about and tests for alcohol were suggested for men and more tests for thyroid function for women. Both men and women physicians contributed to the gender bias but showed different patterns. B. The quantitative abstract was judged the same regardless of the gender of the assessor or author. The qualitative abstract was not ranked as scientific as the quantitative, but as more accurate, trustworthy, relevant and interesting with a female author especially by women assessors. C. Men physicians, especially in the surgical group, expressed low awareness of gender compared to women physicians. The qualitative analysis rendered a picture of how the physicians perceive ‘gender’, problems they connect with gender and their attitudes to gender issues. Some important concepts identified were ‘inequity’, ‘difference’, ‘delicate situations’, and ‘resistance’. To get an overview and better understanding of various expressions of gender bias, a theoretical model was developed, on the basis of the findings in the qualitative analysis. The main findings of the thesis are discussed in relation to this model where equity/inequity and sameness/difference are important points of departure. Conclusions: The findings of gendered outcome in the national exam call attention to ‘knowledge-mediated gender bias’, a phenomenon implying that once knowledge of gender differences in a condition has been established this might cause gender biased assessments of individual patients in the clinical situation. Gender appears to affect scientific evaluations. This has implications for situations where research is assessed and interpreted: in medical tutoring, research guidance, peer reviewing, and in forming evaluation committees for research funding. Physician teachers seem little aware of gender as an area of competence and knowledge and tend to connect gender issues with women. Depending on how ‘difference’ and ‘equity’ are apprehended various forms of resistance to gender emerge, each with plausible bias risks. Educational programmes for faculty members, encouraging continuous reflections on gender attitudes and supporting male participation, are suggested. Besides providing a more comprehensive understanding of patients and their health problems, increased gender awareness among physicians might improve the working climate and help reduce the gendered division of labour in the medical profession.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie och handlar om genusmedvetna val av barnlitteratur i förskolan. Vi har utfört tre semistrukturerade intervjuer med förskollärare från tre olika förskolor i södra Sverige för att få svar på vårt syfte och frågeställningar. Syftet med studien är att synliggöra förskolors jämställdhetsarbete med fokus på val av barnlitteratur. De frågeställningar vi ställt oss är hur valet görs, används några urvalskriterier, är något kriterium genusmedvetenhet och vilka konsekvenser kan vårt resultat ha på förskolan. Resultatet visar att det fanns likheter och skillnader mellan de tre förskolorna. Det var främst pedagogerna som valde litteraturen men det fanns även ett visst inflytande från barngruppen, hur stort inflytande barnen hade varierade mellan förskolorna. Samtliga avdelningar arbetar med genusmedvetenhet i verksamheten men inte specifikt vid valet av litteratur. Genusmedveten litteratur var något som respondenterna tänkte på men det var också något de tyckte var svårt att hitta. Pedagogens roll är viktig i valet av barnlitteratur, då det är hos pedagogen ansvaret ligger att skapa en miljö som är tillåtande och öppen så alla i verksamheten ska känna sig delaktiga och representerade.

“Can even boys paint their nails?”, is a scientific essay on the importance of gender awareness in the after school activities planning. The purpose of this text is to increase self awareness of gender norms, to reach enough knowledge and get supportive tools for effective action against discriminating gender norms in the after school center. This essay based on dilemma that I have experienced from, by describing it in a story. By studying this dilemma from different angles and different perspectives, to get the comprehension about how my gender identity can influence my work and the activities I plan. I will also check to make sure if a gender awareness can be an effective and useful method to be used in my work and actions. I study all these aspects from a hermeneutic perspective, in other words, by interpreted of scientific literariness, that Fanny Ambjörnsson’s theories and the Government’s investigation (SOU) 2006:75 is considered as a basis in the reflection part in this essay.  The results show that I have been approximately acted and planned my activities like a neutral norm’s bearer. Instead, I should act as a norm’s breaker and insert a gender awareness into in my behavior and into in my work. The best way that can be used to reach this extensive change is that my colleagues and I highlight and discuss these traditional gender norms. To implement this kind of procedure will not be easy, by the commitment at all levels and working cooperatively with the care centers management and the principal, we can together successfully reach this goal. / ”Får ens killar måla sina naglar?”, är en vetenskaplig essä om vikten av genusmedvetenhet i fritidsverksamhetens planering. Syftet med denna essä är att öka självmedvetenhet om genusnormer, nå kunskap och få stödjande verktyg för effektivt agerande mot könsnormer på fritidshemmet. Denna essä utgår ifrån ett egenupplevt dilemma som jag gestaltar i en berättelse. Genom att studera dilemmat ur olika perspektiv får jag inblick i hur min könsidentitet kanpåverka min verksamhet. Jag kommer även undersöka om ett genusmedvetenhetförhållningssätt kan vara ett motverkande sätt att främja verksamheten och mitt agerande ifrågor kring genus. Detta utforskar jag ur ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv, det vill säga tolkning avlitterära texter, där Fanny Ambjörnssons teorier och regeringens utredning (SOU) 2006:75 utgör grunden i reflektionsdelen av denna essä. Resultatet visar att jag i mitt agerande och i min verksamhetsplanering har i princip agerat som neutral normbärare. Jag bör istället verka som normbrytare och föra in genusmedvetenhet i min attityd och i min verksamhet. Ett sätt för att förverkliga en så här omfattande förändring och invanda traditionella genusnormer är att, jag och mina kollegor synliggör och problematiserar dessa normer. Detta arbetssätt är inte lätt att bedriva, men med engagemang på alla nivåer och med stöd av skolledningen kan vi tillsammans lyckas med det målet.

This research overview describes the potential of children’s literature in English and how it can be used in teaching for grades 1 to 3, including preschool, to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes. This topic is important due to the Swedish school's value-based mission. One way that the teacher can pursue this mission is through children's literature. The teacher selects which literature they use in the classroom and can therefore control the gender norms mediated in the books. In order to provide a backdrop for the two research questions the background chapter describes the history and role of children's literature and how gender norms are mediated through children’s books. Different concepts such as children's literature, gender and norms are described to provide a theoretical basis and answer the research questions. The research overview answers the two research questions about how teachers work with children's literature and the potential affordances of children's literature to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes. The discussion first describes the research overview’s patterns and then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the methods. The discussion also describes appropriate methods for grades 1 to 3, including preschool, in an EFL and ESL context. This research overview concludes that more research is needed on how children's books are used and can be used in EFL or ESL contexts to make students aware of gender norms and gender stereotypes.

Football has long been male-dominated. Although the number of women practicing in football has increased, there are still very few women coaches in football. Sports norms tend to be male and whenthe majority of men are in leadership positions these norms tend to be reproduced. Therefore, it is important that women also enter these roles, such as the coaching position. The purpose of the study was to identify the perceptions and experiences of football coaches' educators of gender awareness in the coaching training UEFA B. A qualitative method is carried out to investigate phenomena,perceptions and experiences. In the study, six semi-structured interviews were conducted with three women and three men. The questions asked about leadership, gender, educational design and differences in leadership. The result showed that a gender awareness was visible in the reasoning of the coach trainers and the majority of shortcomings in gender equality were presented and proposals for further development of the area were mentioned. A certain nuanced norm criticism was not always visible which indicated that a conclusion could be drawn. The conclusion was that unions, associations,and men have a responsibility to increase gender equality efforts. An important aspect is that the coach development program's initiatives must be integrated into regular operations. Where an important partis that the initiative of the coachlift should be implemented in ordinary operations.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur skolkuratorer på grundskolan arbetar mot kränkande behandling i form av sexuella trakasserier. Vidare undersöktes om det förekommer skillnader i kuratorers bemötande, värderingar och bedömningar ur ett genusperspektiv med utgångspunkt från ett fiktivt fall. Metoden baserades på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt med semistrukturerade intervjuer kopplade till en vinjett. Fyra deltagare utgick under intervjutillfällena från en vinjett och två tog ställning till en annan. Vinjetterna innehöll samma fiktiva berättelse förutom att elevens könstillhörighet var utbytt. Studiens vetenskapliga ramverk bestod av genusteori. Genomsökandet av tidigare forskning inom området visade att professionella vanligtvis gör en viss skillnad i bemötandet av klienter baserat på klientens könstillhörighet. Resultatet från den här studiens intervjuer synliggör dock inga utmärkande skillnader i bemötande beroende på elevens kön. Dock kunde vissa skillnader urskiljas i intervjupersonernas fria berättande i vilket intervjupersonernas förståelse av vissa typer av beteenden hos elever kunde härledas till stereotypa föreställningar om kön. Avslutningsvis diskuteras utifrån skribenternas perspektivhuruvida skolorna borde utveckla sina utbildningsstrategier avseende makt, sexualitet och samtycke. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how school counselors at compulsory school work against offensive treatment in the form of sexual harassment. Furthermore, it was examined whether there were differences in counselors' treatment, values and assessments from a gender perspective, based on a fictitious case. The method was based on a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews linked to a vignette. During the interview sessions, four participants were based on a vignette and two from another. The vignettes contained the same fictional story except that the pupil's gender affiliation was exchanged. The study's scientific framework consisted of gender theory. The search of previous research in the field showed that professionals usually make a certain difference in the treatment of clients based on the client's gender affiliation. However, the results of this study's interviews do not reveal any significant differences in treatment depending on the student's gender. However, some differences were discernible in the respondents 'free narrative in which the respondents understanding of certain types of behavior among students could be derived from stereotypical notions of gender. Finally, it is discussed from the writers' perspective whether the schools should develop their education strategies regarding power, sexuality and consent.

<p>The national curriculum states that the school actively should promote that women and men have equal rights and opportunities and that there is a responsibility to counteract traditional gender patterns. However do research observations show that teachers often treat girls and boys differently. Studies show that the teachers are influenced by their conceptions and their expectations of gender behavior. The aim of this study is to examine how teachers in preschool and primary school discuss gender awareness and how they state that they work with gender awareness according to the curriculum goals of counteracting the traditional gender patterns.</p><p>The study is inspired by the phenomenographic research approach and the empirical material has been collected by qualitative interviews with eight teachers in preschool and primary school. The empirical material has together with earlier research and theories been analyzed and discussed in order to reach a conclusion. The results show that the interviewed teachers have different views in what gender and gender awareness means. This resulted in that the teachers stated different ways of working with and counteracting traditional gender patterns and with a different commitment. Despite the teachers commitment to gender awareness they admitted that they some times, even if they did not want to, treated the pupils differently based on their gender. They explained this by saying that they also were a part of a society affected by traditional gender patterns.</p>