This theoretical-empirical thesis compares police interpreting theory with its practice. It has two aims: to establish to what degree court interpreters in the Czech Republic are aware of the theoretical principles and rules of court interpreting, and to determine how this theoretical knowledge is reflected in practice. The theoretical part of the thesis reviews specialised literature and ethical codes that concern court interpreting. Aside from an analysis and a thorough comparison of Czech and foreign ethical codes, this part of the thesis also presents scholarly works and research conducted in the field of court interpreting. The main focus is the role of the interpreter, which is crucial for the work of court interpreters but its definition it not always clear. The empirical part of the thesis takes the form of a qualitative-quantitative study. Two questionnaires were distributed to court interpreters and police officers in the Czech Republic. The questionnaire for interpreters aimed to verify whether, and to what degree, they are familiar with the theoretical principles of their profession and whether these principles apply in practice. This part of the questionnaire used mainly scenarios with open-ended questions, which were also accompanied by close-ended questions with responses based on a...

In the presented thesis the author analyses the possible influence of the membership of judges in political parties, churches, and religious societies, on independence and impartiality. On one side, there stands a political orientation and expression of political opinions, which is quite significantly repressed in the Czech Republic for all the judges. On top, the draft of the amendment of the Courts and Judges Act presently discussed in the Parliament includes a prohibition of membership of judges in political parties. On the other side, there stands a religious belief and a membership of a judge in a church and in a religious society that does not raise nearly any doubts about judges' independence and impartiality. That is why the author has decided to analyze both of the memberships together in the presented thesis and compare them to each other. The thesis itself is systematically written in eight parts which are divided into chapters and subchapters. In the beginning, the reader is introduced to the basic terms - independence and impartiality of judges. Then the author continues presenting rules of judicial ethics that aim to upheld independence and impartiality. Consequently, the author analyses the influence of political orientation and religious belief on judges' decision making. Generally...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the spectrum of participants in the Questions of Václav Moravec talk show between the years 2016 and 2018. It investigates its political balance, changes over the monitoring period and the impact the 2017 election had on it. Theoretical part deals with qualitative indicators of bias and circumstances that might affect it. It discusses the alternatives to public media and obligations the Czech Television must meet in its shows as defined by law. Content analysis has been chosen as the research method. In the analytical part of the thesis, participants are coded based on their sex, age, political affiliation and function. Obtained results about the spectrum of participants are then confronted with the CT Code to either confirm or refute its compliance.

[pt] A presente dissertação visa abordar aspectos sobre a figura do juiz das garantias instituído pela Lei n° 13.964/19, de modo a analisar não somente a sua compatibilidade com o ordenamento jurídico pátrio, como também analisar a sobredita figura sob um prisma da teoria da tomada de decisão, para compreender se a separação entre o juiz que atuou na fase preliminar do juiz que atuará na fase de conhecimento atende à necessidade de que o julgador possua a devida abertura cognitiva para apreciar as teses defensivas apresentadas na fase processual. Sem prejuízo, serão analisados aspectos sobre a decisão de suspensão da vigência dos artigos que disciplinam o juiz das garantias pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, bem como sobre os aspectos gerais das reformas processuais penais realizadas na América Latina. / [en] This dissertation aims to address aspects of the figure of the judge of guarantees instituted by Law number 13.964/2019, in order to work the compatibility with the legal system and the decision-making theory, to understand whether the separation between the judge who acted in the preliminary phase and the judge who will act in the knowledge phase meets the need for the judge to have the proper cognitive opening to appreciate the defensive theses presented in the procedural phase. Without prejudice, aspects about the decision to suspend the validity of the the judge of guarantees by the Supreme Court will be analyzed, as well as the general aspects of criminal procedural reforms carried out in Latin America.

Det huvudsakliga syftet är att förstå hur fastighetsmäklare resonerar vid värderingar av privatbostäder. För att kunna undersöka detta har det varit nödvändigt att förstå hur en fastighetsmäklares värderingsprocess går till samt hur de ser och bedömer värdepåverkande faktorer vid värdering av privatbostäder. Det har även varit väsentligt att identifiera om det föreligger bias hos fastighetsmäklare vid värdering av privatbostäder samt vad det kan bero på. Detta ska sedan sättas i relation till fastighetsmäklares oberoende ställning gentemot köpare och säljare. För att undersöka detta ska frågan om vad som påverkar fastighetsmäklares arbete vid bedömningen av marknadsvärdet besvaras.  Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod och en deduktiv ansats. Sex stycken fastighetsmäklare som är verksamma inom Malmö och Lund Kommun har intervjuats för det empiriska materialet. För att uppnå en variation och bredd på urvalet intervjuades fastighetsmäklare i olika åldrar, kön och arbetserfarenheter.  Resultatet i denna studie visar att i grunden utförs värderingsprocessen på motsvarande vis av samtliga respondenter. I en värderingsprocess där det saknas tillräcklig med statistisk visade studien att fastighetsmäklare med längre erfarenhet har större möjlighet att bestämma marknadsvärdet i jämförelse med nyare fastighetsmäklare. Vidare visar studien att den mest betydande värdepåverkande faktorn enligt respondenterna är hur väl privatbostadens egenskaper möter efterfrågan från olika målgrupper på marknaden. Kundinflytande kan ske både medvetet och omedvetet, något som innebär att bias kan föreligga vid värdering av privatbostäder. Det är fastighetsmäklares mottaglighet för kundinflytande som är avgörande för hur objektiv värderingen slutligen blir. Det finns ett tydligt samband mellan fastighetsmäklarnas arbetserfarenhet och deras prissättningsstrategi av utgångspriset. Erfarna fastighetsmäklare med längre arbetserfarenhet är benägna att sätta högre utgångspris medan fastighetsmäklare med kortare arbetserfarenhet är mer försiktiga i sin prissättningsstrategi. Slutligen kan det konstateras att det existerar en risk för opportunistiskt beteende hos fastighetsmäklare i värderingsprocessen. Vid värdering inför försäljning finns kontrollerade faktorer eftersom bostadens läggs ut till försäljning på marknaden. Däremot är det en annan situation vid värdering inför refinansiering av bolån där risk för kundpåverkan är större. / The main aim of the study is to understand how realtors reason when valuing private dwellings. In order to conduct the research it has been necessary to understand how the valuation process is constructed as well as how realtors view and assess value affecting factors when valuing private dwellings. It has been crucial to identify whether their valuations are subject to bias and to find out what might cause it. This has in turn been examined in context with the realtors objective stance in relation to the buyers and sellers of private dwellings. In order to fulfill the purpose, the issue to be answered concerns factors which affect market valuations performed by realtors.  The study has been conducted using a qualitative research method and a deductive approach. Six realtors active in the municipalities of Malmö and Lund have been interviewed and their answers used as empirical material. The respondents have been chosen to consist of a variation in age, gender and work experience.  The result of this study shows that the valuations are performed mostly the same way by all interviewees. A valuation process which lacks statistical data backing up the valuation, realtors with more experience have a greater ability to determine the market value compared to realtors with lesser experience. Moreover, the study shows that the most influential value affecting factor is how well the value affecting factors correspond to the demands of various target groups in the private dwellings market. Customer influence can affect the realtor both consciously and unconsciously, which implies that bias may be a factor when they value private dwellings. It is the realtors’ receptiveness to customer influence that is detrimental to the degree of objectivity that a valuation is performed with. There is a clear correlation between the realtor's experience and their starting price strategy. Experienced realtors are more inclined to set higher starting prices while realtors with lesser experience are more careful. Lastly it can be concluded that there exists a risk for opportunistic behavior among realtors in a valuation process. When a valuation is performed in advance of an upcoming sale there is a possibility of comparing it to the actual outcome when the final sales price is determined and the dwelling sold on the market. The situation differs when the valuation is done with the aim of refinancing housing loans as the risk for customer influence is greater.

古今中外的任何政體都需要仰賴一個以專業為核心的文官系統，才能使主權者的各類偏好，能夠確實地轉化成政策，並且以符合經濟與效率的方式執行，方能獲致治理的績效。專業官僚系統存在的意義，就是為了使有限的公共資源，能夠符合效率及效能或其他客觀標準在社會上進行權威性的配置。 而在多元民主政體中，除了同樣需要專業之外，為了避免文官系統的專業能力被政黨或特定團體所控制，造成公共資源的配置被黨派私利過度地扭曲，因而產生了文官「中立能力」價值的呼籲。在中立能力這個帶有規範性色彩的價值引導下，常任文官的事務系統與政黨為主的政務系統間，從人事制度到政策過程，都經由某些制度設計，區隔出了一定的距離，避免了官僚系統被政黨完全掌握。 然而，中立能力這個以確保官僚系統能夠維持專業為目的的價值，在我國卻被窄化為文官與行政機關不應涉入選舉與政黨活動的「行政中立」概念，而忽略了這些制度設計背後更重要的目的，討論的範圍也被限縮在行政中立法上，而沒能處理到政策過程以及官僚系統在組織管理與運作的部分。 本研究有兩個主要的目的，首先，在理論與概念的層次上，經由檢閱歐美民主國家對於中立能力概念的理論與實證研究，嘗試為國內對中立能力此一尚屬陌生卻又影響深遠的概念重新聚焦深化。其次，在實證研究的資料累積上，透過「易淹水地區水患治理計畫」這個政策個案，深度訪談水利署與地方政府水利單位官員，輔以官方報告、報章雜誌等次級資料的比對，探索在真實複雜的政策個案中，文官與行政組織能否實踐以專業為核心的中立能力價值，又是什麼樣的因素或是制度設計能夠確保其維持中立。 本研究最終發現，在理論與概念的層次上，中立能力價值又能夠區分為兩項內涵，分別是居於核心的專業主義以及作為指導與外界互動界面上的公正性。而在實證的政策個案研究上，易淹水地區水患治理計畫經由「以流域為整體單位的規劃報告」，嚴格要求工程的施作必須符合規劃中的整體性與急迫性，並且建立起從中央到地方對於工程施作的三級審核制度，使得治水工程的預算經費配置大致符合了專業的客觀標準，並且在近年的歷次颱風水患中發揮效用。在此個案中，專業規劃的報告與審查制度確保了中立能力的實踐與政策的果效。

This thesis is about hiring processes in the university sector. More particularly, the focus is to identify if the employment of lecturers obeys the principle of objectivity, impartiality and meritocracy. The thesis is based on a so-called mixed method research. Partly, the extent of compliance is tested in a quantitative survey of six Swedish universities, partly each one of the 73 employment notices is analyzed in a qualitative text analysis. The source of information is public government documents from the examined universities. The survey is limited only to include employments until further notice. Therefore, all sorts of temporary employments are excluded. The focus is on the academic subjects of social science, sociology and political economy. Furthermore, the thesis only investigates employments from the years of 2011-2019. To create an understanding in what way the state institutions should handle their exercise of power, the theory Quality of Government (QoG) is being used. The theory is also used for analysis and as an inspiration for the assay scheme, which is used to assess if the employments are considered “narrower” or “more open”. The variables used in the survey are; notification time, number of applicants, the use of peer review, language of the announcement, and a type of “employment conversion”, made possible by law. The result of the thesis shows that there is an extensive amount of employments which in one way or another violates the principle of impartiality. For example: 24 percent of the employments has less than 2 applicants. 17 percent of the employments is missing impartial peer reviews. 89 percent of the employments are only given noticed in Swedish. 29 percent of the announcement texts are written in a narrow, excluding way. To sum up, we can see indications of partial employments. There are distinctive variations between the universities and among the academic subjects. The most important conclusion of this thesis is that all partial employments are a problem, with shortcomings in quality and in public trust as consequences.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-03T13:27:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_FELIPE_GOULART_TOMKOWSKI_COMPLETO.pdf: 661319 bytes, checksum: 652d7011baedb676606b1b58f3f86c31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T13:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_FELIPE_GOULART_TOMKOWSKI_COMPLETO.pdf: 661319 bytes, checksum: 652d7011baedb676606b1b58f3f86c31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / A presente disserta??o tem por objetivo investigar o valor instrumental do comportamento humano para o funcionamento da democracia atrav?s da ideia de raz?o p?blica. A intera??o que existe entre governo e cidad?os ? determinante para que as pol?ticas p?blicas de um pa?s sejam condizentes com as prefer?ncias da popula??o e n?o de grupos de poder. Sendo assim, torna-se importante analisar a ideia subjacente ? democracia de "governo pela discuss?o" ? luz de teorias que nos iluminem tanto no que diz respeito ? ideia de decis?o coletiva justa, quanto, ao real comportamento humano. Para tal, primeiramente ? apresentada a ideia de raz?o p?blica a contraponto, em particular, as vis?es de Rawls e Sen, dando ?nfase para ao conceito de imparcialidade nas decis?es pol?ticas. Em seguida, na terceira se??o, trabalham-se as ideais de racionalidade, razoabilidade, introduzindo-se os conceitos de heur?sticas, vieses, e valores sociais. Assim, constr?i-se uma associa??o para se pensar sobre os resultados de diferentes tipos de comportamento humano para a democracia e como ? poss?vel refletir a partir dele sobre as ideias de objetividade posicional e transcendental. Finalmente, na se??o IV, realiza-se uma investiga??o emp?rica atrav?s da base de sobre a rela??o entre percep??es sobre informa??es e disposi??es pol?ticas e a frequ?ncia de conversa sobre pol?tica com os amigos. Utiliza-se um modelo de regress?o log?stica ordenada, com dados do Latino Bar?metro de 2015 para o Brasil, aliado ao m?todo de componentes principais para capturar dimens?es explicativas relevantes. Os seguintes resultados obtidos contradizem as hip?teses pr?vias: a falta de confian?a no governo e a percep??o de garantias faltantes n?o significativos, o ativismo dissociado a causas espec?ficas reduz, ao passo que, um senso de cidadania ao reverso aumenta as chances de se conversar sobre pol?tica com mais frequ?ncia com amigos. / The present dissertation aims to investigate the instrumental role of human behaviour for democracy through the idea of public reason. The interaction between government and citizens is decisive for a country's public policies to be in line with population preferences rather than power groups. Thus, it becomes important to analyse the idea underlying democracy of "government by discussion" in the light of theories that enlighten us both with regard to the idea of just collective decision and real human behaviour. To this end, we first counterpoint the idea of public reason, in particular, of Rawls and Sen, with an emphasis on the concept of impartiality in political decisions. Then, in the third section, we work on the notions of rationality, reasonableness, introducing the concepts of heuristics, biases, and social values. Thus, an association is constructed for thinking about the results of different types of human behavior for democracy and how the ideas of positional and transcendental objectivity fit this purpose well. Finally, in section IV, we conduct an empirical investigation based on the relationship between perceptions of relevant political information and dispositions and the frequency of political talk with friends. We use a logistic regression model, with data from the 2015 Latin Barometer for Brazil, combined with principal components method to capture relevant explanatory dimensions. The following results contradict previous hypotheses: lack of trust in the government and the perception of absent guarantees are not significant, while activism dissociated of specific causes reduces and a reverse sense of citizenship increases the chances of talking about politics more frequently with friends.

The topic of the present thesis is professional ethics in interpreting. The thesis consists of two main parts - a theoretical part and empirical research. The theoretical part first defines ethics in terms of philosophy and introduces some key subject- related concepts. Subsequently, it focuses on professional ethics and characterizes the main documents that set out desirable standards of conduct within a certain profession - codes of ethics and codes of conduct. This general introduction is then followed by an overview of research into ethics in interpreting studies, and a brief outline of the history of codes of ethics for interpreters. The following chapters discuss ethical challenges in different interpreting settings and briefly introduce major Czech and foreign professional organizations of interpreters. The core of the theoretical part compares ten selected codes of ethics of different Czech and international professional interpreters organizations; based on this comparison, basic rights and obligations of interpreters are identified and further analysed in the empirical part. The empirical part of the thesis presents and discusses the results of a questionnaire survey focusing on selected topics of interpreting ethics discussed in the theoretical part. The aim of the survey, which was...

L’Acte uniforme portant organisation des procédures collectives d’apurement du passif, adopté le 10 avril 1998 à Libreville et entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 1998 est venu harmoniser le droit de la faillite dans les pays membres de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du droit des Affaires (OHADA). En effet, ces pays étaient jusque là, en la matière, dotés de textes inadaptés datant de l’époque coloniale. Au regard de la parenté aujourd’hui avérée des ordres juridiques africain et français en Droit des entreprises en difficulté, il n’était pas inintéressant de mener une étude comparative sur le rôle du juge dans le sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté dans les deux systèmes. L’étude révèle qu’en droit africain et en droit français, les degrés d’intervention du juge varient selon que l’entreprise est in bonis ou selon qu’elle est en état de cessation des paiements. Pour permettre au juge de mener à bien la mission de sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté, les législateurs africain et français lui ont octroyé des moyens d’action processuels qui se caractérisent de manière tantôt convergente et tantôt divergente selon les cas, par une maîtrise de l’instance et, par l’exécution immédiate des décisions judiciaires rendues. L’étude révèle cependant l’existence dans les deux ordres juridiques de nombreux obstacles qui s’opposent à la mission de sauvetage incombant aux juges africain et français, obstacles tant d’ordre fonctionnel que d’ordre structurel. A côté des solutions apportées ici et là à toutes ces problématiques, et à bien d’autres soulevées tout au long de l’étude, de nouvelles propositions sont faites pour rendre l’action du juge plus efficiente. Il reste que, qu’il s’agisse du droit africain ou du droit français, à travers la question relative au rôle du juge dans le sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté, se pose la récurrente problématique de la réelle capacité du droit à juguler les phénomènes économiques. / The Uniform Act organizing collective proceedings for discharge of liabilities, adopted on 10 April 1998 in Libreville and entered into force on 1 January 1998 came harmonize the insolvency law in the Member countries of the Organization for the Harmonization of the law of Affairs (OHADA). Indeed, these countries were up there, in material, with inadequate texts dating from the colonial era. Under today proven relatives of African and French legal systems in law firms in difficulty, it was interesting to carry out a comparative study on the role of the judge in the rescue of the firm in difficulty in both systems. The study reveals that African law and French law, judge's intervention levels vary depending on whether the company is in bonuses or depending on whether it is in a State of cessation of payments. To enable the judge to carry out the mission to rescue of the firm in difficulty, African and French lawmakers have granted action procedural means characterized sometimes convergent and sometimes divergent manner as appropriate, by a master of the instance and immediate execution of judicial decisions. However, the study reveals the existence in both legal orders of many obstacles that oppose the incumbent judges African and French, rescue mission obstacles so many functional order than structural. Next to the solutions here and all these problems, there other proposals are made to make more efficient action by the judge. It remains that, whether it's African law or French law, through the question of the role of the judge in the rescue of the firm in difficulty, arises the recurring problem of the real capacity of the law to curb economic phenomena.