The aim of this study is to get a better understanding of the transition out of an aberrantclosed group. This thematic literature study is based on 16 articles of people leaving criminalgangs, closed religious groups, and white supremacy groups. The different articles focus onprocesses that lead people to leaving their groups or the different changes and experiencespeople went through as they left. Three themes highlight the common experiences oftransitioning out of these groups are: disillusion, the experience of loss, and the struggle withcreating a new identity. Some people experienced disillusionment with their groups whilethey were still inside the group while others' experience of disillusionment with their formergroup came after they had left it. People who left their groups often began to shift their pointof reference, whereby they started to compare themself with norms and values that existed intheir new setting, although this could take time. Their previous group's narratives sometimesweighed heavily on their minds. Some people felt as if they had gone astray after they hadleft their former groups. The disillusionment and the different losses people went throughlead some of the people into what can be described as an identity crisis. A place where somefelt not only alienated from their former group or the society that they entered but sometimesalso felt alienated from themself, a mental state of disorientation. Some people struggled withwhat can be referred to as a hangover identity. Although they tried to get rid of their previousideas and thought patterns they were still haunted by them. For some people their newidentities both helped them distance themselves from thoughts and feelings connected to theirformer identity but also helped them see themself as something else then a former member oftheir group. Others struggled to access desired roles and identity. They instead experiencedthe pains of goal failure where they were held back because of societal views of their formerroles.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende kopplas ofta ihop med psykiatriska tillstånd så som depression och ångestsyndrom och en vanlig uppfattning är att syftet med beteendet är suicidalt. Självskada används ofta som en strategi för att reglera negativa känslor. Patienter med självskadebeteende kan behöva insatser från olika nivåer och områden inom hälso- och sjukvården Det finns stigmatisering av patienter med självskadebeteende inom vården och samhället. Ett dåligt bemötande inom vården kan minska patientens självkänsla, tillit till vården samt leda till att patienten blir mindre benägen att söka vård i framtiden. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende, genom att lyssna, skapa sig förståelse samt identifiera behov. Syfte: ​​Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter vid omvårdnad av patienter med självskadebeteende.​ Metod: Metoden var en litteraturöversikt i enlighet med Fribergs metodbeskrivning. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar valdes ut. Artiklarna analyserades ​för att identifiera likheter och skillnader. Resultat: ​Kunskap om självskadebeteende samt kommunikationsstrategier efterlystes av sjuksköterskor. Flera sjuksköterskor upplevde bristande förmåga att ge omvårdnad till patienter med självskadebeteenden. Vårdrelationen lyftes som central i omvårdnaden av denna patientgrupp och sjuksköterskans bemötande. Förmågan att lyssna och få patienten att känna sig hörd ingick i sjuksköterskornas omvårdnadsarbete. Ytterligare aspekter av omvårdnaden var sjuksköterskans attityder och dessa ansågs kunna ändras med hjälp av ökad kunskap. Resultatet visade även att en del i omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende var att hindra patienten från att självskada, sköta om fysiska skador samt att göra olika typer av riskbedömningar. Omvårdnaden inom akutmiljöer beskrevs som utmanande då ett stort fokus låg på snabb somatisk vård samt att det var svårt att förse patienterna med en lugn miljö. Slutsats: ​​Det finns en osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskor kring vårdandet av patienter med självskadebeteende och mer kunskap efterfrågas. Den akuta vårdmiljöns brist på tid och resurser försvårar omvårdnaden av patienter med självskadebeteende. Vårdrelationen och kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient är centralt för en personcentrerad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskor anser även att en viktig aspekt av omvårdnaden är bemötande och attityder där ett empatiskt, icke dömande och in lyssnande förhållningssätt är fördelaktigt. / Background: Self-injurious behavior is often linked with psychiatric conditions such as depression and a common perception is that the aim is suicide. Self-injury is often used as a strategy to regulate negative emotions. People with self-harming behavior may need interventions from different levels and areas within the health care system. There is stigmatization of patients with self-harming behavior, both within healthcare and society. Poor treatment in care can reduce the patient's self-esteem, trust in care and lead to the patient being less inclined to seek care in the future. The nurse has a central role in the care of patients with self-harming behavior, by listening, understanding and identifying needs. Aim: Nurses experiences of caring for patients with self-injurious behaviour Method: ​​The method used was a literature review following Friberg‘s methodological framework. Searches were conducted in the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed. Ten qualitative original scientific articles were selected. The articles were analyzed  to identify similarities and differences.​ Results: Knowledge of self-injurious behavior and communication strategies were requested by nurses. Several nurses experienced a lack of ability to provide nursing care to patients with self-harming behaviors. The nursing relationship was highlighted as central in the care of this patient group, and the nurse's approach, ability to listen, and making the patient feel heard were integral aspects of nursing care. Other aspects of nursing care included nurse's attitudes, which were believed to be changeable through increased knowledge. The results also showed that an important part of the nursing care of patients with self-harming behavior was to prevent the patient from self-harming, caring for physical injuries and making different types of risk assessments. Nursing care in emergency settings was described as challenging as there was a large focus on rapid somatic care and it was difficult to provide patients with a calm environment.​ Conclusions: ​​Nurses express uncertanty regarding the care of patients with self- harming behavior and there is a demand for increased knowledge. The lack of time and resources in emergency departments complicates the care for patients with self-injurious behavior. The relationship and communication between the nurse and patient is central to person-centered care. Nurses also believe that a crucial aspect of care involves attitudes approaches, emphasizing the importance an empathic, non- judgemental and attentive demeanor.

Psykisk ohälsa är en växande utmaning för både män och kvinnor i arbetslivet. Arbetsplatsen är en viktig arena för hälsofrämjande insatser, och mansdominerade yrken som ofta präglas av maskulinitetsnormer ses som en utmaning i det hälsofrämjande arbetet. Denna studie avsåg att undersöka hur män yrkesverksamma i mansdominerade yrken upplever trygghet och acceptans att prata om psykisk ohälsa på arbetsplatsen, samt vilka faktorer informanterna anser påverka samtalsklimatet. För att besvara studiefrågorna användes en kvalitativ ansats där 21 informanter i åldersspannet 24 till 63 år från olika mansdominerade yrken besvarade ett online-frågeformulär med fritextsvar. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i 4 teman. Resultatet pekar mot att psykiska besvär av ytlig, lindrig och arbetsrelaterad karaktär upplevs mer tryggt att diskutera på mansdominerade arbetsplatser jämfört med allvarligare psykisk ohälsa. Maskulinitetsnormer kring psykisk ohälsa och risken för stigmatisering upplevs bidra till ett otryggt samtalsklimat. Den yngre generationen män upplevs som vägledande i att omdefiniera de manskulturella värderingarna. Informanterna tror att åtgärder riktade mot att utmana stigma kring psykisk ohälsa och att stärka tillit och samhörighet på arbetsplatser kan vara effektiva. / Mental health issues are a growing challenge for both men and women in the workplace. The workplace is a crucial arena for health promotion efforts, and male-dominated professions, often characterized by masculinity norms, pose a significant challenge in this endeavor. This study aimed to investigate how men working in male-dominated professions perceive safety and acceptance in talking about mental health issues at work, as well as the factors that informants believe influence the conversational climate. To answer the study questions, a qualitative approach was used, where 21 informants aged 24 to 63 from various male-dominated professions responded to an online questionnaire with open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and resulted in four themes. The findings indicate that discussing superficial, mild, and work-related mental health issues is perceived as safer in male-dominated workplaces compared to more severe mental health problems. Masculinity norms surrounding mental health and the risk of stigmatization contribute to an unsafe conversational climate. The younger generation of men is seen as leading the way in redefining cultural values related to masculinity. The informants believe that measures aimed at challenging the stigma around mental health issues and strengthening trust and cohesion in the workplace could be effective.

This thesis examines how experiences of stigma related to cannabis use are expressed and processed in an online forum. Using a netnographic method, posts from the cannabis forum on Flashback are analysed to understand how these interactions contribute to meaning-making in social contexts. By examining posts, a complex picture emerges of how stigma is expressed and how users manage this in online environments. The forum serves as a place where users can share experiences and support each other, contributing to a collective meaning-making around cannabis use.  The thesis employs Erving Goffman’s theories of stigma and symbolic interactionism to highlight how individuals within a stigmatized group manage and navigate their social reality. The results show that cannabis users on Flashback actively discuss and cope with stigma through various strategies and adaptations, contributing to a deeper understanding of how social and structural constraints affect their experiences and behaviours. By normalizing their use and creating a shared understanding within the group, they mitigate the negative consequences of stigma. This thesis thus provides insights into how digital environments both reflect and influence the norms and attitudes surrounding cannabis use.

This work discusses the dilemma of the Chopi people, who despite having a rich cultural heritage, were marginalized by other people, owing to menial labour they have done, such as the removal of faeces and grave digging for the city of Maputo. There is a contrast between the Chopis who were historically an exceptional people in rural Mozambique and the rejected and excluded people they have become in the city. This study attempts, to revert this situation, through a participative process of research, action and change, and highlights some aspects related to their cultural and religious identity. Contributing factors to their predicament are political, economic, social and religious in nature. My work entails an intense endeavour towards renewing identity regarding their understanding of employment, through theology and mission in a contextual approach. Transformation and the renewal of the values of the Chopi people are crucial towards this end. / Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology-Specialisation in Urban Ministry)

Text in Afrikaans / Selfmoord is 'n kontroversiele aangeleentheid wat beide omstanders en agterblywendes met onsekerheid vervul. 'n Belangrike rede hiervoor is dat dit 'n onnatuurlike afsterwe is wat teen baie mense se norme en waardes indruis. ldiografiese navorsing is onderneem om die belewenisse van agterblywende gesinslede te ondersoek aangesien hulle die eintlike slagoffers van 'n selfmoord is wat met 'n komplekse realiteit gelaat word. Die doel van die navorsing was om riglyne daar te stel vir die hantering en ondersteuning van hierdie mense. Vanuit 'n in-diepte literatuurstudie, het dit geblyk dat die grootste probleme waarmee agterblywendes gekonfronteer word, wentel random problematiese emosies, veroordeling deur omstanders en belewings van persoonlike onvermoe om te midde van intense rousmart selfaktualisering optimaal te volvoer. 'n Vraelys wat aspekte (socs dit uit die literatuurstudie geblyk het) inkorporeer, is opgestel en aan agterblywendes gegee om te beantwoord. Van die belangrikste elemente wat na vore gekom het, is dat intense verhoudingskomplikasies na 'n selfmoord figureer, dat agterblywendes 'n behoefte het om rouverwerking teen hul eie tempo te doen, dat agterblywendes verkies dat omstanders nie voortdurend die gebeure sal ontleed en soek na oorsake in die teenwoordigheid van agterblywendes nie en dat elke agterblywende persoon se roubelewing persoonlik en uniek is. 'n Hoofstuk is gewy aan 'n wye verskeidenheid terapeutiese tegnieke wat geimplementeer kan word tydens hulpverlening aan agterblywendes. Die studie beskryf ook 'n gevallestudie en die verloop van sestien individuele terapeutiese sessies. In die terapeutiese insette is daar hoofsaaklik gebruik gemaak van hipnoterapie as 'n vorm van ontspanningsterapie waartydens daar gelokus word op problematiese emosies en persepsies wat voortgesette kwalitatiewe selfaktualisering belemmer. In die studie word Opvoedkundige Sielkundige riglyne vir hulpverlening aan agterblywendes, wat benut kan word deur hulpverleners (soos sielkundiges, onderwysers en ander ondersteuningsisteme). verskaf. Die studie bevestig dat die agterblywendes as die werklike slagoffers na 'n selfmoord agtergelaat word, maar dat sinvolle intervensie hierdie persone in staat kan stel om ten spyte van die gebeure weer optimaal te selfaktualiseer. / Suicide is a controversial topic. It causes both bystanders and survivors to feel insecure. An important reason for this is that it is an unnatural death which directly opposes the norms and values of the majority of people. ldiografic research has been undertaken to closely examine the experiences of suicide survivors as they are the real victims who are left to cope with a complex reality after a suicide. The objective of this study was to provide guidelines to effectively manage and render assistance to survivors. From an in depth review of available literature it appeared that troubled emotions, being denounced by bystanders and the inability to proceed with continued qualitative self-actualization are some of the most important problems survivors have to cope with. A questionnaire, incorporating significant aspects reported in literature, was compiled and given to survivors to complete. From their responses certain facets seemed to be problematic. Among the more problematic aspects were complicated interpersonal relations, the basic need to grieve at their own pace, the preference that bystanders avoid analysing the suicide and possible contributing factors (especially in the presence of survivors) and the recognition that each survivor's grief is personal and unique. A chapter has been devoted to a wide range of therapeutic techniques that can be implemented to facilitate the support given to survivors. The study also describes a case study as well as the progression of sixteen individual therapy sessions. Therapeutic intervention was mainly based on hypnotherapy as a form of relaxation therapy during which the focus is placed on problematic emotions and perceptions which prevent continued qualitative self-actualization. Educational Psychological guidelines along which assistance can be rendered by psychologists, teachers as well as other support services are given. This study not only confirms that the survivors are the actual victims of a suicide, but also that it is possible to assist these people to achieve optimal self-actualization through meaningful intervention. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV-epidemic that is evident in South Africa today is infecting more women than men. This is mostly due to the vulnerability that women are facing in sexual relationships, where they are not able to negotiate the terms and conditions of their sexual engagement. Patriarchy, the culture of masculinity and a general male dominance influence women’s dependency on their man and agency inside and outside of the home, and contribute to the oppression of women both generally in society and sexually. Women have by this not the control over their own bodies and are for this reason in a high-risk position of contracting HIV. The vulnerability is further linked to the stigmatisation that women experience if they do try to negotiate preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission. The fear of being stigmatised as ‘loose’ or HIV-positive by both men and women if suggesting condom use, inhibits women to propose the necessary actions for protection. Stigmatising behaviours also impact on a person’s fear of becoming HIV-positive and reduces the likelihood of getting tested, disclose one’s status to sexual partners and receive treatment. This thesis examines cultural and socio-economic issues that contribute to gender inequality in South Africa, and can generate stigma towards women on the basis of HIV and AIDS. This is done by using radical feminism as the theoretical framework for contextualising how women are situated in the South African society, in terms of general and sexual agency. Through the method of content analysis and the findings from the theoretical framework, the thesis further analyses how the three HIVprevention campaigns loveLife, Brothers for Life and TAC manage to address the issues related to stigma based on HIV/AIDS, which are directed towards women. Race, class and gender are all factors that influence the likelihood of becoming HIV-infected and of becoming stigmatised. Women’s low social status situates women in a position where they are more probable to be the object of stigmatisation since they already are considered lower in rank. If the women also are of colour, poor and low educated the chances of becoming stigmatised on the basis of HIV and AIDS are even more likely, the same is the chances of becoming HIV-infected. This indicates that poor, uneducated black women are the group that is most vulnerable towards stigmatisation as well as towards HIV-transmission. Socio-economic and cultural factors have a strong influence on the gender inequality in sexual relationships found in South Africa, which cause HIV to spread and can generate stigmatising behaviours. Stigmatisation on the basis of HIV/AIDS is therefore important to address in order to reduce the number of new HIV-infections. The three campaigns analysed for this thesis did neither directly address stigma on a general level nor directed towards women. The campaigns are therefore considered to be missing an important feature of HIV-prevention in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Vigsepidemie infekteer meer vroue as mans. Dit is die geval weens die kwesbaarheid wat vroue ervaar in seksuele verhoudings, waar vroue nie die mag het om die omstandighede van hul seksuele interaksies te onderhandel nie. Patriargie, die kultuur van manlikheid en ‘n algemene manlike dominansie beïnvloed vroue se mag en dra by tot die onderdrukking van vroue, beide in die samelewing in die algemeen en in seksuele verhoudings. Om hierdie rede het vroue nie beheer oor hul eie liggame nie en daarom ervaar hulle ‘n hoë risiko om MIV op te doen. Hierdie kwesbaarheid word ook verbind aan die stigmatisering wat vroue ervaar wanneer hulle probeer om voorkomende aksie te neem ten einde die risiko van Vigsoordrag te verminder. Die vrees om deur mans en ander vroue gestigmatiseer te word as iemand met ‘losse sedes’, of as iemand wat MIV-positief is wanneer hulle kondoomgebruik voorstel, weerhou vroue daarvan om die nodige voorkomende aksie vir selfbeskerming te neem. Stigmatiserende gedrag het ook ‘n impak op ‘n mens se vrees om MIV-positief te word en verminder die waarskynliheid dat jy jouself vir die virus sal laat toets, dat iemand hul status aan seksuele maats sal verklaar, of behandeling sal ontvang. Diegene wat reeds MIV onder lede het is bang om hul status te verklaar weens die gepaardgaande stigma. Hierdie tesis ondersoek kulturele en sosio-ekonomiese kwessies wat bydra tot geslagsongelykheid in Suid-Afrika, en wat stigma kan veroorsaak teenoor vroue met betrekking tot MIV and Vigs. Die studie analiseer dan of Vigsveldtogte hierdie stigma kan aanspreek. Dit word gedoen deur radikale feminisme toe te pas as ‘n teoretiese raamwerk om vroue se plek in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te kontekstualiseer, beide in terme van algemene en seksuele mag. Die metode van inhoudsanalise word toegepas om drie Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte (loveLife, Brothers for Life en TAC) te analiseer en vas te stel of en hoe hulle kwessies wat betrekking het op stigma teenoor vroue aanspreek. Sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele faktore het ‘n sterk invloed op die geslagsongelykeid in seksuele verhoudings in Suid-Afrika; dit lei daartoe dat MIV versprei word en kan stigmatiserende gedrag vererger. Om hierdie rede is dit belangrik dat MIV/Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte stigmatisering aanspreek ten einde gedrag te wysig en om die getal nuwe Vigsbesmettings te laat daal. Die drie veldtogte wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer is het beide nagelaat om stigma direk aan te spreek op ‘n algemene vlak, en was ook nie direk gerig op vroue nie. Die veldtogte kan daarom beskou word as ontoereikend deurdat hulle belangrike komponente van MIV-voorkomig in Suid-Afrika misgekyk het.

本研究一方面剖析馬來西亞僑生來台前的教育歷程以及他們選擇來台的原因，另一方面亦深入探討馬來西亞僑生群體內部之國籍異質性對其在台生活經驗及「僑生」身分認同上的影響。本研究採用質性研究方法進行研究，主要透過訪談法與參與觀察法，分別於台灣與馬來西亞地區蒐集田野資料。主要研究發現為： 一、國籍的差異建構了馬來西亞馬籍與台籍僑生個人與國家（馬來西亞、台灣）關係上的差異，以及來台前教育歷程上的歧異性。來台之馬來西亞僑生中，馬籍僑生多畢業於著重華文教學之獨立中學中體系，而台籍僑生主要來自海外台灣學校。在馬來西亞獨立中學與海外台灣學校就讀的學生面對的是迥異的學習環境與教材、隱藏性課程與參考團體，但在不同因素的考量及作用下，他們不約而同地選擇來台就讀大學，並成為「僑生」。不論是馬籍或台籍僑生，他們對於其所具有之「僑生」身份多是採接受但不認同的態度，不過原因不盡相同。 二、「僑生」身份在台灣社會特殊的歷史脈絡中已逐漸與原始意涵脫鉤，並累積了如學業程度不好、說中文有口音及升學制度中之既得利益者等負面標籤，讓「僑生」成為一個被污名之群體。馬來西亞籍僑生由於其成長及受教背景之故，較易具備外顯的僑生符號（如說中文有口音），容易被辨識為「僑生」，因而常需背負「僑生」所具有的污名。台灣籍僑生因為具有台灣國籍以及講中文沒有口音等，迥異於台灣民眾對於一般僑生之想像，而難以被辨識其「僑生」身分，或其僑生身分較難獲得他人認同而另給予「假僑生」的稱謂。 三、依據自身與情境的特質，馬籍與台籍僑生發展相關策略以避免因「僑生」身份而被污名化，包括諸多規避（passing）行為（如口音轉換、呈現在地之身分認同、避免參與僑生團體）以避免身分暴露、構成強凝聚力之僑生團體以獲取社會支持及建構群體認同等策略。另外，台籍僑生一方面由於不符合社會對「僑生」的刻版印象，另一方面也為避免承受「僑生」身份的污名，往往接受「假僑生」的稱謂，並視其為一「戲謔性」但不具污名的稱呼。 / This study alalyzes the the education processes of Malaysian overseas Chinese students and their reasonings for studying in Taiwan on the one hand, and explores how the difference in nationality (Malaysia vs. Taiwan) affect their life experiences in Taiwan and their attitudes toward the “overseas Chinese student” identity given by the Taiwanese society on the other. The study utilizes qualitative research methods and collects field data (mainly through participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques) from Taiwan and Malaysia. The major findings are stated as follows: 1. Difference in nationality between Malaysian and Taiwanese Chinese students constructs the divergence in their relations with respective states (Taiwan and Malaysia) and eductation tracking processes prior to their study in Taiwan. Among ethnic Chinese students from Malaysia studying in Taiwan, Malaysian Chinese students mostly graduated from independent high schools while Taiwanese Chinese came from overseas Taiwanese schools. The distinctions in these two schooling systems in the academic melius, teaching materials, hidden curriculums, and reference groups shape the different reasonings to study in Taiwan. For various reasons, these students accept but not necessarily agree on the “overseas Chinese student” identity given by Taiwanese soceity upon their arrival in Taiwan. 2. Under the changing historical context, the identity of “overseas Chinese student” has gradually lost its originally denotation and even become a stigmatized label. Malaysian Chinese students tend to be more easily identified as “overseas Chinese students” due to their more salient outer attributes (such as accent) and thus more likely to be stigmatized. Taiwanese Chinese students (from Malaysia), due to their Taiwanese nationality and Taiwanese accent, are less likely to be seen as “overseas Chinese students.”Even if this identity is disclosed, such identity is often challenged by others because of the misfit with the stereotype of “overseas Chinese student” that exists in the Taiwanese society. As a result, Taiwanes Chinese students from Malaysia are often called “psudo overseas Chinese students.” 3. Both Malaysian and Taiwanese Chinese students from Malaysia develop various strategies to aviod or overcome the possible stigmatization brought by the identity of “overseas Chinese students,” including many “passing” techniques as well as forming proactive and powerful overseas student associations. For Taiwanese Chinese students from Malaysia specifically, they often playfully accept the seemly degrading and yet un-stigmatzied title of “psudo overseas Chinese students” as a way to avoid stigmatization embedded in the identity of “overseas Chinese students.”

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

S’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une étude pancanadienne portant sur la normalisation du cannabis et la stigmatisation du tabac, le principal objectif de cette recherche était de comprendre quelle place occupe l’évaluation des risques dans la compréhension des perceptions et comportements liés aux deux substances. Pour ce faire, à partir d’un devis mixte – quantitatif et qualitatif, nous avons 1) décrit les perceptions et opinions des participants quant à leur propre consommation de cannabis et/ou de tabac et quant à la consommation que font les gens en général des mêmes substances. Nous avons aussi 2) décrit comment les participants évaluent les risques liés à chacune des substances. Enfin, sachant que la perception du risque est intimement liée au comportement d’un individu, nous avons cherché 3) à préciser comment l’évaluation du risque agit sur les comportements et les opinions des quelques 50 participants, hommes et femmes âgés entre 20 et 49 ans, bien intégrés socialement, envers le tabac et le cannabis. Il s’avère que les fumeurs de cannabis, qui ont insisté sur la distinction à faire entre la manière dont ils font usage de la substance et une consommation abusive, valorisait le contrôle que leur permettait, selon eux, la consommation de cannabis. La consommation de cigarettes, quant à elle, était perçue négativement pour des raisons opposées puisque de l’avis des participants à l’étude, elle engendrerait chez le fumeur une incapacité à se maîtriser et un besoin compulsif de fumer. Dans cette optique, les risques liés au cannabis étaient perçus, par la plupart, comme étant contrôlables, à l’exception du jugement d’autrui qui demeurerait incertain et sur lequel il serait impossible d’avoir du contrôle. La réaction de certaines personnes de leur entourage étant ou bien imprévisible ou négative, c’est ce qui les amènerait à fumer principalement en privé. Le contrôle social formel aurait finalement peu d’influence étant donné le fort sentiment qu’ont les répondants qu’il ne s’appliquera tout simplement pas à eux. / In the context of a pan-Canadian study pertaining to the normalization of cannabis and the stigmatization regarding tobacco, the main objective of this research was to understand the importance given in the evaluation of the risks in the understanding of the perceptions and behaviors as they relate to the aforementioned substances. Based on a mixed method, qualitative and quantitative, the process undertaken was 1) to describe the perceptions and opinions of respondents regarding their own use of cannabis and/or tobacco as well as the use of the same substances by the general public. We then 2) described how the respondents evaluate the risks as they relate to each substance. Finally, knowing that the perception of the risks are intimately related to the behavior of an individual, we 3) sought to determine how the evaluation of risks affects the behaviors and opinions of the 50 study participants, all of whom are socially well adjusted men and women between the ages of 20 to 49, regarding tobacco and cannabis. The cannabis smokers insisted on the importance of making a distinction between the way they use the substance versus an abusive use. They ascertained that there was a degree of control regarding the use of cannabis. The use of tobacco was perceived negatively for opposite reasons as it created a dependency to the smoker, an incapacity to control its use and the creation of a compulsive urge to smoke. Given these optics, the risks related to use of cannabis were perceived by most as controllable with the exception of judgment from others which remained uncertain and which would be impossible to control. The reaction of certain people within their surroundings was either unpredictable or negative which lead them to smoke mainly in private. Finally, formal social control would very little influence on the respondents given the strong feeling they had that this did not apply to them.