Att bo i husbåt är en boendeform som fortfarande håller på att etableras på bostadsmarknaden, och regelverket kring detta är nästintill obefintligt. Det har inte återfunnits någon lagstiftning som hanterar boende på vatten och det råder tvivel om vad som gäller vid upplåtelse av husbåtar vid en kajplats. Reglerna kring upprättandet av husbåtar faller mellan plan- och bygglagstiftningen och hamnens egna regler vilket gör att det inte konkret går att säga vilken upplåtelseform som är den mest tillämpbara sett för både markägaren och den som vill bo på vatten. För att få svar på frågeställningarna i denna studie har intervjuer genomförts med olika parter dessutom har olika lantmäteriförrättningar, där vattenfastigheter bildats, analyserats. Intervjuerna genomfördes sedan med telefonintervju med semistrukturerad metod samt via mailkonversation med några enstaka respondenter. Avtalshandläggare, nyttjanderättshavare, mäklare, ett företag som producerar flytande villor och en förrättningslantmätare kontaktades för att få olika perspektiv på upplåtelsen av kajplatserna. Analysen av förrättningsakterna gav en djupare förståelse över hur fastighetsbildning på vatten sker. Respondenterna i studien uppfattade den svenska lagen lika ofullständig som författarna gjorde när det gäller boende på vatten. Resultaten visar att beroende på vilken typ av boendeform kan lagen tillämpas på olika sätt. Studien visar att den bästa lösningen för flytande villor borde vara att bilda vattenfastigheter, vilket skulle göra att villan blir fastighetstillbehör. Detta skulle göra att belåningen av villan är möjlig. När det handlar om husbåtar som är i form av ett fartyg visar studien att den bästa lösningen för denna boendeform är att tillämpa lägenhetsarrende med längsta möjliga upplåtelsetid som är 25 år. Att ha lägenhetsarrende gör det dock svårt för belåningen. / To live on a house boat is a housing form that still is establishing on the housing market, but the regulations about this are almost non-existent. You cannot find any legislation regarding living on the water today and there are doubts about what applies for grants of house boats at a berth. The rules about establishment of house boats falls between the “plan- och bygglagen” and the rules of the harbor, which makes it difficult to say which one of the grant agreement that is the most applicable for the property owner and the person who wants to live on the water. To get answers the questions in this thesis interviews were performed with different parties and different cadastral procedures were analyzed regarding water properties. The interviews were completed by phone interviews with a semi structured method and with a few respondents the questions were put through email. In this thesis a few different respondents were asked to answer the questions, this to see different perspectives of the grant of berth. The different respondents that answered the questions were a few contract managers, usufructuary, a real estate agent, a lawyer, a company which produce house boats and a cadastral surveyor. The analysis of the cadastral procedures gave a deeper understanding how property formation on water can be done. The respondents in this thesis perceived the Swedish law as incomplete as the authors of this thesis regarding living on the water. The results show that the law can be applied in different ways depending on which type of housing form it is. The study shows that the best solutions for floating houses should be property formation, that will make the house real property and will make financing of the house possible. When house boats, which are formed like ships, the study shows that the best solutions for this housing form is to apply ground lease in general with the longest grant as possible, which is 25 years. To have ground lease in general as a solution makes it hard for the house boat owners to get a loan.

Presumtionsreglerna i 11 kap. ÄB får anses vara ett hjälpmedel vid tolkning av testamenten som i sig inte ger tillräcklig ledning för vad testatorn avsett ska hända med sin kvarlåtenskap. Dessa presumtionsregler är tänkta att ge uttryck för vad testatorer i allmänhet vill ska hända med sitt arv efter sin bortgång i specifika situationer. Att reglerna ska ge uttryck för vad den ”genomsnittlige” testatorn vill innebär att reglernas utformning måste vara av generell karaktär. I denna uppsats utreder vi presumtionsregeln i 11 kap. 5 § ÄB som behandlar panträttsbelastade saklegat. Arbetet är avgränsat till att enbart behandla det fall då en fastighet har pantsatts och belånats för att finansiera uppförandet av en byggnad på ofri grund. Uppsatsen framställer en kritisk syn på utformningen av nu nämnda presumtionsregel enligt gällande rätt. För att utreda och peka på brister i gällande rätt används en deskriptiv metod, vilket är en förutsättning för den kommande analysen som undersöker möjligheten till en förändring av presumtionsregeln i fråga. Rättsläget analyseras sedermera med hjälp av en analytisk och problemorienterad metod. I denna del av uppsatsen inventeras argument för och emot de framlagda förslagen till förändring, varefter argumenten vägs mot varandra. På grundval av argumentationen tar författarna ställning till huruvida varje enskilt förslag är möjligt att genomföra. Resultatet av analysen är att införandet av ett andra stycke till presumtionsregeln i 11 kap. 5 § ÄB är det mest lämpliga alternativet för att lösa den problematik som behandlas. Ett sådant stycke skulle tydligt stadga vem som ska bära panträttsbelastningen vid testatorns bortgång för det fall att testatorn har pantsatt en fastighet för att finansiera uppförandet av en byggnad på ofri grund. / The rules of presumption in chapter 11 of the Swedish Inheritance Code are to be considered as an aid in the interpretation of wills, if the will itself does not provide sufficient guidance for what the deviser intended to happen with his legacy. These rules of presumption are meant to express what a deceased person in general would want to happen with his legacy in specific situations. The rules of presumption have to be of a general nature in order to represent the average deceased persons intentions. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the rule of presumption given in chapter 11. 5 § of the Swedish Inheritance Code concerning estate with an attached mortgage lien which the deviser in his will has left to a specific legatee. This thesis is limited to only treat the case where a mortgage lien on property is deposited as security for a loan in order to finance the construction of a building on leasehold. The thesis presents a critical view of the design of the aforementioned rule of presumption according to current legislation. In order to investigate and identify shortcomings in current law, a descriptive method is used, which is a prerequisite for future analysis that examines the possibility of a change of the rule of presumption in question.The legal position is analyzed with an analytical approach. In this part of the thesis, arguments for and against the proposals of change are being evaluated. On the basis of these arguments, the authors consider whether each proposal is possible to implement or not. The result of the analysis is that the introduction of a subparagraph to the rule of presumption in chapter 11. 5 § of the Swedish Inheritance Code is the most suitable option to solve the issues being treated in the thesis. Such a subparagraph would clearly state which one of the legatees who is obligated to carry the burden of the mortgage lien attached to the property that has been deposited in order to finance the construction of a building on leasehold.

Det fastighetsrättsliga rättsområdet är stort och innefattar bland annat upplåtelse avnyttjanderätter. Dessa rättigheter kan vara av olika karaktär och uppkommit på olikasätt men det gemensamma för alla nyttjanderätterna är att det grundas på avtal samtär begränsade i tid. Resurser som finns i begränsad om fattning, exempelvis mark,ger upphov till tvisterna och missnöje mellan avtalsparterna, vilket även gällernyttjanderätter. För att minska tvisterna kan en lösning vara attnyttjanderättslagstiftningen i Jordabalken ses över och moderniseras. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka tvister som uppstår på grund avnyttjanderättslagstiftningen samt hur tvisterna hanteras av rättsväsendet.Frågeställningarna har besvarats med relevant information som inhämtats genomanvändandet av flera metoder. Litteratur från ett flertal informationskällorbehandlades och de uppmärksammar definitionerna av nyttjanderätt i Sverigerespektive Norge samt den historiska bakgrunden till nyttjanderättslagstiftningarna.Det genomfördes en analys och jämförelse av lagstiftningarna för att identifiera vadde respektive nyttjanderättslösningarna innefattar och behandlar. Intervjuer medsakkunniga genomfördes även och genom den metoden inhämtades information vadrespondenterna anser vara det tvistiga, sämre och bra med nyttjanderättstyperna. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste tvisterna vid nyttjanderätter är vad avgiften ska varaoch hyresgästens rätt till förlängning. Vidare visar resultatet att den svenskanyttjanderättslagstiftningen är svår att förstå för gemeneman. Slutsatsen av detresulterar i ett förslag att göra lagstiftningen mer pedagogiskt skriven för att göraden mer lättförstådd och minska risken att de allmänna delarna glöms bort. / The field of real estate law is large and includes, among other things, the granting ofrights of use. These rights can be of a different character and arise in different ways,but the common denominator for all usufruct is that they are based on agreementsand are limited in time. Resources that are limited in scope, such as land, give riseto disputes and dissatisfaction between the parties to the agreement, which alsoapplies to rights of use. To reduce disputes, a solution may be to review andmodernize the usufruct in the code of land law. The purpose of the study is to investigate which disputes arise due to usufructlegislation and how the disputes are handled by the judiciary. The questions havebeen answered with relevant information obtained through the use of severalmethods. The literature from a number of sources was analysed and they drawattention to the definitions of rights of use in Sweden and Norway, as well as thehistorical background to the usufruct legislation. An analysis and comparison of thelaws was carried out to identify what the respective usufruct solutions include.Interviews with experts were also conducted and through that method informationwas obtained on what the respondents consider to be the contentious, inferior andgood aspects of the rights of use.  The result evinced that the most common disputes regarding usufruct are what thefee should be and the tenant's right to extension. Furthermore, the results show thatSwedish usufruct law is difficult for ordinary people to understand. The conclusionof that results in a proposal to make the law more pedagogically written in order tomake it easier to understand and reduce the risk of the general parts being forgotten.

Sedan 1907 har det upplåtits fastigheter med tomträtt i Sverige. Tomträtt innebär att kommun eller stat, mot en årlig avgäld, upplåter mark med nyttjanderätt till en tomträttshavare med avgäldsperioder om minst tio år. Att inneha bebyggelse på mark som är förenad med tomträtt kan, beroende på tomträttshavarens ekonomiska situation, leda till ett skräckscenario. En kombination av kraftiga markvärdestegringar och långa avgäldsperioder resulterar i chockhöjda tomträttsavgälder för tomträttshavare, på nivåer som är svåra att förutspå. I nuläget saknas tydliga direktiv för hur bestämmelse av tomträttsavgälden vid ny avgäldsperiod ska ske och trots förslag om att förenkla regleringen har inga ändringar gjorts.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka rättsläget kring bestämmelse av tomträttsavgälden inför ny avgäldsperiod och på så sätt försöka bringa klarhet i den problematik som finns. Genom en rättsvetenskaplig metod där rättskällor har tolkats, utretts och analyserats kunde vi dra slutsatsen att den reglering som finns kring bestämmande av tomträttsavgälden bör ses över. Tills vidare får denna undersökning och de riktlinjer vi funnit ses som en vägledning.

Detta arbete grundar sig på att undersöka vad som krävs för att bolag ska investera i nyproduktion av hyresrätter. Vi går in på olika hyressättningssystem som används vid befintliga hyreslägenheter och hur staten med hjälp av presumtionshyror och investeringsstöd har försökt stimulera nyproduktionen av hyreslägenheter. Ämnet fri hyressättning eller marknadshyror har varit ett hett debattämne som till och med fått regeringen att avgå år 2021. Arbetet fortsätter därför att undersöka om det strikta hyressättningssystem som finns i Sverige hindrar nyproduktionen av hyresrätter samt om just en fri hyressättning hade kunnat ändra på detta.  Arbetet har utgått från en kvalitativ metod för att uppnå syftet. Arbetet utgår från vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur samt intervjuer med personer från olika fastighetsbolag. Resultatet som vi kommit fram till är att detta är en känslig fråga där åsikterna varierar mellan privata och kommunala bolag. Det går att konstatera att nybyggnationen har minskat och priserna för nybyggnation har stigit kraftigt till följd av inflationen och det höjda ränteläget. För att öka incitamentet till nybyggnation av hyreslägenheter krävs en tydligare struktur och handlingsplan från kommunerna samt mer beviljande av bygglov, men i ett långtidsperspektiv krävs en ny reform av hyressättningssystemet. / This paper examines the requirements that are needed for companies to invest in new development. We go into different rental compensation systems that are used in existing rental apartments and how the state has tried to stimulate the production of rental apartments with the help of presumptive rents and investment support. The subject of no rent regulations or market rents has been a hot topic of debate that even caused the government to resign in 2021. Therefore, the paper continues to investigate whether the strict rent setting system that exists in Sweden prevents the new production of rental properties and whether a free rent setting could have changed this. A qualitative method has been used to fulfil the purpose of the paper. The paper is based on scientific articles, literature and interviews with people from various real estate companies. The result of the study is that this is a sensitive issue where opinions vary between private and municipal companies. It can be stated that new developments have decreased and prices for new construction have risen sharply as a result of inflation and the increased interest rate. In order to increase the incentive for new construction of rental apartments, a clearer structure and action plan from the municipalities is required, as well as more granting of building permits, but in the long term, a new reform of the rent compensation system is required.

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

<p>This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed after the second world war, when Stockholm district Vällingby became an example for underground railway-serviced ”new towns”. It is argued that important changes were made in the housing and town planning policy in Stockholm in this period that paved the way for the successful ensuing period. Foremost among these changes was the uniquely developed practice of municipal leaseholding with the help of site leasehold rights (<i>Erbbaurecht</i>).</p><p>The study is informed by recent developments in Foucauldian social research, which go under the heading ’governmentality’. Developments within urban planning are understood as different solutions to the problem of urban order. To a large extent, urban and housing policies changed during the period from direct interventions into the lives of inhabitants connected to a liberal understanding of housing provision, to the building of a disciplinary city, and the conduct of ’governmental’ power, building on increased activity on behalf of the local state to provide housing and the integration and co-operation of large collectives. Municipal leaseholding was a fundamental means for the implementation of this policy.</p><p>When the new policies were introduced, they were limited to the outer parts of the city and administered by special administrative bodies. This administrative and spatial separation was largely upheld throughout the period, and represented as the parallel building of a ’social’ outer city, while things in the inner ’mercantile’ city proceeded more or less as before. This separation was founded in a radical difference in land holding policy: while sites in the inner city were privatised and sold at market values, land in the outer city was mostly leasehold land, distributed according to administrative – and thus politically decided – priorities.</p><p>These differences were also understood and acknowledged by the inhabitants. Thorough studies of the local press and the organisational life of the southern parts of the outer city reveals that the local identity was tightly connected with the representations connected to the different land holding systems. Inhabitants in the south-western parts of the city, which in this period was still largely built on private sites, displayed a spatial understanding built on the contradictions between centre and periphery. The inhabitants living on leaseholding sites, however, showed a clear understanding of their position as members of model communities, tightly connected to the policy of the municipal administration. The organisations on leaseholding sites also displayed a deep co-operation with the administration. As the analyses of election results show, the inhabitants also seemed to have felt a greater degree of integration with the society at large, than people living in other parts of the city. The leaseholding system in Stockholm has persisted until today and has been one of the strongest in the world, although the local neo-liberal politicians are currently disposing it off.</p>

This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed after the second world war, when Stockholm district Vällingby became an example for underground railway-serviced ”new towns”. It is argued that important changes were made in the housing and town planning policy in Stockholm in this period that paved the way for the successful ensuing period. Foremost among these changes was the uniquely developed practice of municipal leaseholding with the help of site leasehold rights (Erbbaurecht). The study is informed by recent developments in Foucauldian social research, which go under the heading ’governmentality’. Developments within urban planning are understood as different solutions to the problem of urban order. To a large extent, urban and housing policies changed during the period from direct interventions into the lives of inhabitants connected to a liberal understanding of housing provision, to the building of a disciplinary city, and the conduct of ’governmental’ power, building on increased activity on behalf of the local state to provide housing and the integration and co-operation of large collectives. Municipal leaseholding was a fundamental means for the implementation of this policy. When the new policies were introduced, they were limited to the outer parts of the city and administered by special administrative bodies. This administrative and spatial separation was largely upheld throughout the period, and represented as the parallel building of a ’social’ outer city, while things in the inner ’mercantile’ city proceeded more or less as before. This separation was founded in a radical difference in land holding policy: while sites in the inner city were privatised and sold at market values, land in the outer city was mostly leasehold land, distributed according to administrative – and thus politically decided – priorities. These differences were also understood and acknowledged by the inhabitants. Thorough studies of the local press and the organisational life of the southern parts of the outer city reveals that the local identity was tightly connected with the representations connected to the different land holding systems. Inhabitants in the south-western parts of the city, which in this period was still largely built on private sites, displayed a spatial understanding built on the contradictions between centre and periphery. The inhabitants living on leaseholding sites, however, showed a clear understanding of their position as members of model communities, tightly connected to the policy of the municipal administration. The organisations on leaseholding sites also displayed a deep co-operation with the administration. As the analyses of election results show, the inhabitants also seemed to have felt a greater degree of integration with the society at large, than people living in other parts of the city. The leaseholding system in Stockholm has persisted until today and has been one of the strongest in the world, although the local neo-liberal politicians are currently disposing it off.

The fact that there is a housing shortage in Stockholm is discussed regularly in the media today. Stockholm municipality owns about 70 percent of all land in the municipality and in the role as landowner, the municipality has the opportunity to influence where and what, within the municipality, there is to be built. In this paper, we have looked at the Norra Djurgårdsstaden project, Norra 2 and discovered that there are significant differences in how the city provides land for condominiums and tenancy apartments. We have in particular looked at how the land allocation and the pricing of the land have been made. In Stockholm municipality's land allocation policy from 2015 the municipality specifies four ways to grant land through land allocation. This policy also specifies the city that the tenancy apartments to have granted on leasehold. In this study we have looked at the differences and problems that can occur when tenancy apartments are granted the leasehold in a central location as Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Further on this paper discuss Stockholm municipality's new proposals on ground rents and what potential consequences for the construction of rental apartments in central Stockholm this proposal could have. We also discuss whether it is appropriate to grant leasehold rights for tenancy apartments in this kind of location in the city with the current rent setting system. Finally the paper brings up options for future applications that could allow different forms of tenure to compete for land in a more market oriented way. / Faktumet att det råder bostadsbrist i Stockholm diskuteras med jämna mellanrum i media idag. Stockholms stad äger cirka 70 procent av all mark inom kommunen och i rollen som markägare har staden möjlighet att påverka vad och var inom kommunen det ska byggas. I denna uppsats har vi tittat på projektet Norra Djurgårdsstaden, Norra 2 och upptäckt att det finns väsentliga skillnader i hur staden upplåter mark för bostadsrättslägenheter respektive hyresrättslägenheter. Vi har framförallt tittat på själva markanvisningen och hur prissättningen av marken har gått till. I Stockholms stads markanvisningspolicy från 2015 anger staden fyra olika sätt att upplåta mark genom markanvisning. I denna policy anger också staden att hyresrättslägenheter ska få upplåtas på tomträtt. I den här undersökningen har vi tittat på de skillnader och problem som kan uppstå när hyresrätter upplåts på tomträtt i ett central läge som Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Vidare i arbetet behandlas även Stockholms stads nya förslag om tomträttsavgälder och vad detta förslag kan få för eventuella konsekvenser för byggandet av hyresrättslägenheter i centrala Stockholm. Vi diskuterar också om det är lämpligt att upplåta tomträtter för hyresrättslägenheter i denna typ av läge i staden med det nuvarande hyressättningssytemet. Slutligen tar arbetet upp alternativ till framtida tillämpningar som skulle kunna möjliggöra olika upplåtelseformer att konkurrera om mark på ett mera marknadsmässigt sätt.