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This study aims to explore the perspectives of the metropolitan regions’ social and/respective labor market administrations within organizational theoretical issues throughout a Scandinavian institutional analysis.  The study has been conducted with a triangulation method, which combines both qualitative and quantitative methods to increase the study's validity. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with three administrative directors and three department heads from the regions Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. In addition, a questionnaire has been distributed to 60 respondents working within the social and/respective labor market administrations in the regions of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö to obtain a broader understanding of the organizational theoretical thoughts circulating within the administration. Of these respondents, 23 responded to the questionnaire. The study is based on a theoretical framework grounded in Scandinavian institutional theory. By analyzing the study´s empiricism through a discourse analysis and Scandinavian institutional theory, this research contributes to a broader understanding of organizational theoretical issues in a Swedish context within the social and/respective labor market administration.  The results of the study through the triangulation show that Stockholm’s and Gothenburg’s social respective labor market administrations have preserved stronger isomorphic traits compared to Malmö’s social and labor market administration, which has stronger traits of Scandinavian institutional theory. The tendencies from Scandinavian institutional theory in Malmö’s social and labor market administration point to the centralized reform that has been made there, which has meant that by merging the social and labor market administration, they have become such a large administration that the rigid way of governing (which to some extent led to decoupling, but also the spread of ideas and organizational change) has taken over too much, which has led the pendulum to swing back to a more trust-based governance as compensation for its size.  The differences between the regions suggest that they have different organizational structures, which affect their way of organizing and thus their scope of action. The study contributes to an increased understanding of how organizational theoretical issues are reflected within the social and/respective labor market administrations in the metropolitan regions of Sweden. / Denna studie syftar till att utforska storstadsregionernas social och/respektivearbetsmarknadsförvaltningars perspektiv på organisationsteoretiska frågor ur en skandinaviskinstitutionell analys. Studien har genomförts med en trianguleringsmetod, som kombinerar både kvalitativa ochkvantitativa metoder för att höja studiens validitet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer hargenomförts med tre förvaltningsdirektörer och tre avdelningschefer från regionernaStockholm, Göteborg och Malmö. Dessutom har en enkät distribuerats till 60 respondentersom arbetar inom social och/respektive arbetsmarknadsförvaltningarna i regionernaStockholm, Göteborg och Malmö för att erhålla en bredare förståelse för deorganisationsteoretiska tankarna som cirkulerar inom förvaltningen. Av dessa respondentersvarade 23 på enkäten. Studien baseras på ett teoretiskt ramverk som är grundat i skandinavisk institutionell teori.Genom att analysera studiens empiri genom en diskursanalys och skandinavisk institutionellteori, bidrar denna forskning till en bredare förståelse för organisationsteoretiska frågor i ensvensk kontext inom social och/respektive arbetsmarknadsförvaltningen. Studiens resultat genom trianguleringen påvisar att Stockholms och Göteborgs socialrespektive arbetsmarknadsförvaltningar bevarat starkare isoforma drag till skillnad frånMalmös social- och arbetsmarknadsförvaltning som har starkare drag av skandinaviskinstitutionell teori. Tendenserna från skandinavisk institutionell teori i Malmös social- ocharbetsmarknadsförvaltning pekar på den centraliserade reform som gjorts där som inneburitatt genom att social och arbetsmarknadsförvaltningen slagits samman har de blivit en så passstor förvaltning att det rigida sättet att styra (som till viss mån lett till löskopplingar, men ävenidéspridning och organisationsförändring) tagit över för mycket vilket lett pendeln att svängatillbaka till en mer tillitsbaserad styrning som kompensation för dess storlek. Skillnaderna mellan regionerna talar för att de har olika organisationsstrukturer, vilketpåverkar deras sätt att organisera sig och därmed deras handlingsutrymme. Studien bidrar tillen ökad förståelse för hur organisationsteoretiska frågor återspeglas inom socialoch/respektive arbetsmarknadsförvaltningarna i storstadsregionerna i Sverige.

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This paper explores the social aspects of a new kind of mobile games where players interact with each other in a shared physical space as well as in-game. As technology spreads throughout layers of culture and everyday life, and gaming becomes increasingly widespread, we see a future in social digital games through the use of smartphones, because of their prevalence and their technical versatility. This poses new challenges for designers. By using the context of music selection in semi-public to public situations and with the help of prototypes, we explore the problems of making selections and connections in large groups as well as delivering feedback. As a result of this project we arrive at elements such as participation, competition, scalability and the importance of social interactions between participants which can be used when designing systems in similar contexts.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social and cultural contexts of 1QS (Serek ha-Yahad) by means of a textual study. The analysis of the text is performed in a synchronic perspective. This means that lexical choices, grammatical forms, references, topics, themes, and intertextuality are analyzed text-internally. By doing so, this study sheds new light on old questions of textual cohesion and coherence, questions that until now have been dealt with mostly from a diachronic perspective. The text analysis entails investigation in view of three interrelated dimensions of language function: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. These imply language as transmitting information, creating and sustaining relations, and functioning to organize itself into cohesive units. Although applying some of the terminology from the field of text linguistics (SFL), the focus in this study is on what a text means rather than why. This means that the semantic-pragmatic aspects of language are of foremost interest here. The analysis is performed from bottom and up, then from top down again. Words, phrases, and sentences are investigated up to the broadest linguistic level, namely, to the semantic discourse itself. With an understanding of the larger discourse at hand thanks to this analysis of textual cohesion and coherence, textual details are once again revisited and interpreted anew. In this work, 1QS is analyzed from beginning to end—chronologically, so to say. Then, at the end of each major section, the discourse is analyzed overall. Following the text analysis, conclusions of the investigations are presented. The conclusions argue that the hierarchal structure of the community and its stringent regulations are to be understood as a corrective in response to corrupt society. It is also argued that language in 1QS has a performative function. Rather than describing the way things are, it aspires to evoke the ideal society. Instead of understanding 1QS and the community mirrored in it as a deviant group with little or no contact with the surrounding world, it is then understood as a potent contribution to late Second Temple Jewish discourse concerning how to create a just society and a sanctifying cultic practice. In the final chapter, the insights gained from textual analysis of 1QS are brought into encounter with the theoretical framework posited by French historian and philosopher René Girard (1923–2015). In light of Girard’s philosophy, the hierarchal organization of the community (the Yahad) as well as its regulations can be interpreted as an effort to prevent a mimetic crisis. The function of the scapegoat in 1QS is discussed in light of Girard’s grand theory of the mechanisms of scapegoating in all societies. The study closes with the tentative hypothesis that the community in 1QS deconstructs the scapegoating mechanism by taking the role of the scapegoat upon itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Goncalves Righi.pdf: 3781929 bytes, checksum: 451afe27e9d05afa5fa3a38104b62e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The great expansion of knowledge in Archaeology of Pre-History has challenged, in the past decades, well established theories about cultural formation. Recent archaeological discoveries are demanding new theoretical approaches for a better understanding of the archaic. Therefore, this work, in religious studies and in philosophy of history, integrates an overarching discussion on cultural and religious formation in archaic contexts. In the light of recent discoveries, the so-called religious symbolisms have been placed in a prominent position. It has now become impossible to ignore the central role of the religious symbolisms in the making of the archaic institutions. A deep understanding of the religious mindset which generated the most significant mechanisms and structures of the pre-historic past is key to enlighten the generative processes of culture and hominization. The theory of mimetic desire meets the new archaeological data in order to suggest more accurate formulations on the institutional developments which went through the pre-historical times, creating the structures and practices responsible for the emergence of urban life in highly developed civilizational environments. These processes highlight the sacred as a fundamental historical and anthropological matrix. Therefore, the movements and transformations of the sacred in the interior of the archaic institutions was a key factor for the creation of life modalities and institutions increasingly complex / O avanço da arqueologia e dos conhecimentos em pré-história nas últimas décadas colocou em xeque teorias e formulações que se propunham a elucidar a chamadas estruturas formadoras. Recentes descobertas arqueológicas passaram a exigir novos investimentos teóricos na formulação de modelos explicativos. Portanto, este é um estudo em ciência da religião e em filosofia da história inserido no debate sobre formação cultural e religiosa em contextos arcaicos. No quadro das mais recentes investigações, as denominadas simbologias religiosas assumem uma posição de destaque. Não há mais como ignorar o papel central dos simbolismos e das dinâmicas religiosas na formação das instituições arcaicas. Um profundo entendimento sobre o psiquismo religioso que gerou, no seio de suas dinâmicas, os mecanismos e as estruturas mais significativos dos universos arcaicos é fundamental para uma precisa caracterização dos processos formadores da cultura e do próprio processo de hominização. A teoria do desejo mimético vem ao encontro dos novos dados para formulações mais adequadas sobre os processos de desenvolvimento institucional que atravessaram a pré-história e criaram as estruturas responsáveis pelo aparecimento da vida urbana em contextos civilizacionais. Esses processos apontam para o sagrado como matriz histórica e antropológica. A atuação do sagrado no seio das instituições arcaicas foi, portanto, largamente responsável pela geração de modos de vida crescentemente complexos

Contexte. Les carcinomes des voies aérodigestives supérieures (VADS) arrivent en 6ème position parmi les cancers les plus fréquents au niveau mondial. La fonction du récepteur TLR3 dans les cellules de carcinomes des VADS est encore très mal comprise. Objectifs et méthodes. 1) Déterminer le niveau d’expression du récepteur TLR3 dans les lignées et les biopsies de carcinomes des VADS par western blot et par immunohistochimie. 2) Etudier le rôle de TLR3 dans la croissance tumorale de ces tumeurs, en utilisant notamment des lignées invalidées de façon conditionnelle pour TLR3. 3) Evaluer in vitro les effets cytotoxiques de ligands artificiels de TLR3 soit seuls, soit utilisés en combinaisons avec un inhibiteur d’IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein).Résultats. La protéine TLR3 est détectée à un niveau élevé en western blot dans les lignées de carcinomes des VADS étudiées, comparativement à un panel d’autres tumeurs épithéliales humaines. TLR3 est également constamment détecté en immunohistochimie dans les biopsies. TLR3 semble jouer un rôle dans la croissance tumorale des carcinomes des VADS : dans certaines conditions de culture (culture en hypoxie ou en milieu pauvre en SVF et en nutriments), la stimulation de TLR3 par un ligand exogène, le poly(A:U), favorise la croissance des cellules tumorales. Nous avons étudié l’effet de la stimulation de TLR3 sur le métabolisme glucidique dans ces mêmes cellules en utilisant un appareil de type Seahorse® qui mesure la consommation d’oxygène et la production de protons à partir de cellules cultivées en microplaques. Ces expériences montrent que la stimulation de TLR3 fait augmenter l’activité des voies du métabolisme cellulaire anaérobie (glycolyse extra-mitochondriale). Une étude métabolomique a mis en évidence des différences significatives dans le profil métabolique des cellules tumorales stimulées par le poly(A:U) comparativement aux cellules non traitées. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que la stimulation de TLR3 permettait de détecter le facteur de transcription HIF1 en Western blot, même en conditions normoxiques. Sachant que des ARN libérés par des cellules en état de nécrose peuvent stimuler TLR3, il est tentant de penser que ce récepteur pourrait favoriser la survie des cellules malignes en zone hypoxique au voisinage de cellules nécrotiques. Néanmoins, l’expression de TLR3 représente aussi un facteur de vulnérabilité pour les cellules de carcinome des VADS : en effet les ligands artificiels de TLR3 utilisés en combinaison avec un inhibiteur d’IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) produisent des effets cytotoxiques sur les lignées de carcinomes des VADS étudiées. / Background. Head and Neck (HN) carcinomas are the 6th most frequent type of cancer worldwide. The role of the TLR3 receptor in HN carcinomas remains poorly understood.Objectives and Methods. 1) To assess the expression level of TLR3 in HN carcinoma cell lines and biopsies by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. 2) To study the role of TLR3 in tumour growth using specific cell lines with conditional knock-down of TLR3. 3). To assess in vitro the cytotoxic effects of artificial ligands of TLR3 used either alone or in combination with an IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein) inhibitor.Results. TLR3 protein was detected at a high level by Western blot analysis in HN carcinoma cell lines, by comparison with a panel of other human epithelial cancer cell lines. TLR3 was also consistently detected by immunohistochemistry in tumour biopsies. TLR3 seem to play a role in HN carcinoma cell growth: under certain culture conditions (hypoxic or low fetal calf serum/low nutrient culture conditions), TLR3 stimulation by a synthetic ligand, the poly(A:U), favours tumour cell growth. We investigated the effects of TLR3 stimulation on glucose metabolism using a Seahorse® analyzer, which measures the oxygen consumption and the proton production in living cells. Our results indicate that TLR3 stimulation induces an increase in anaerobic metabolism (extra-mitochondrial glycolysis). A metabolomic study revealed significant changes in the metabolic profile of cancer cells treated by poly(A:U) by comparison with untreated cells. We also showed that under TLR3 stimulation, HIF1 became detectable by Western blot analysis, even in normoxia. Given the fact that RNA fragments released by dying cells are able to trigger TLR3, one can assume that TLR3 might favour cancer cell survival in hypoxic areas located near the necrotic core of the tumour. However, TLR3 expression is also a factor of vulnerability for HN carcinoma cells: indeed, the combination of TLR3 artificial ligands with an IAP inhibitor has a strong cytotoxic effect on HN carcinoma cells in vitro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Mario Rene Schweriner.pdf: 1860815 bytes, checksum: 975dc1b7d47c23bb610c6facf206fd44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03 / This thesis has the purpose to prove that, in the consumer society, consumerist individuals transcend their functional relation toward merchandises, trying to obtain, through prestige brands, a spiritual dimension that replaces or complement the traditional religious experiences, and that is fetished. Consumerism is a superlative of purchases, belongings and use, a dependence of non essential goods (superfluous) to satisfy endless desires. It is impossible to satisfy endless desires: therefore the expression transcendental goal of consumption, beyond the capacity to be achieved. The transcendental dimension of consumption, through the symbolism of merchandises potencialized by the prestige brands, give enchantment and sense to the individual, and fulfills the territory that belonged to the family, Church and community. The subject tries to obtain, with the brand-fetished merchandise, a satisfaction of his mimetic desire, and/or compensate absent or fragile values, which is strengthened by advertising. The ultimate meaning of life of materialistic individuals produces immediate effects which are positive for them as well for the economy, but in the future potentially negative for the planet, for the society, as well as for the individuals. / Esta tese objetiva comprovar que, na sociedade de consumo, indivíduos consumistas transcendem sua relação funcional com as mercadorias, buscando nas marcas de prestígio uma dimensão espiritual, que substitui ou complementa as experiências religiosas tradicionais, e que se revela fetichizada. O consumismo é superlativo de compras, posses e uso, uma dependência de bens não essenciais (supérfluos) para atender aos desejos sem fim. É impossível satisfazer a desejos sem fim: daí a expressão meta transcendental do consumo, posicionada além do alcance e da capacidade de atingi-la. A dimensão transcendente do consumo, por meio do simbolismo das mercadorias potencializado pelas marcas de prestígio, propicia encantamento e sentido ao indivíduo, e se presta a preencher o espaço outrora ocupado pela família, Igreja e comunidade. O sujeito busca, na mercadoria fetichizada pela marca, satisfazer seu desejo mimético, e/ou compensar valores frágeis ou ausentes, o que é reforçado pela propaganda. O sentido último da vida dos indivíduos materialistas produz efeitos imediatos que são positivos para eles e para a economia, mas potencialmente negativos mais à frente para o planeta, para sociedade e para os indivíduos.

Den ständigt ökande internationaliseringen leder till framkomsten av allt fler multinationella företag med verksamheter inom flera länder. En konsekvens av den ökade globaliseringen är att den internationella skatteflykten allt jämt ökat, då internationella koncerner väljer att flytta delar av vinsten till länder med mer förmånliga skattesatser. Ett sätt för de multinationella företagen att minimera den världsomfattande skatten är genom internprissättning. Internprissättning är det pris som koncernen sätter på sina interna transaktioner mellan koncernbolagen. Som en reaktion på den ökade skatteflykten utformade Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) riktlinjer för att vägleda regleringen av internprissättning. Syftet med riktlinjerna är att främja en harmonisering bland medlemsländerna för att minska antal konflikter mellan nationella lagstiftningar ur ett internationellt perspektiv och för att minska uppkomsten av dubbelbeskattning. Den grundprincip riktlinjerna utgår ifrån kallas för armlängdsprincipen. Armlängdsprincipen innebär att det koncerninterna priset ska motsvara det pris två oberoende företag hade fått betala för motsvarande transaktion. För att uppnå en ökad transparens och likformighet, anför även OECD:s riktlinjer hur de interna transaktionerna ska dokumenteras. Ett sätt att dokumentera transaktionerna på är genom att upprätta en land-för-land-rapport, vars syfte är att tillhandahålla skattemyndigheter viktig information och underlag för bedömning av koncerners prissättningar. Syftet med studien är att jämföra reglerna kring internprissättning i Sverige, Japan och Ryssland. I studien jämför vi skattelagstiftningarna för att undersöka vilka skillnader det finns inom de tre länderna med hänseende till internprissättning. Studien syftar även till att utreda om och i så fall varför ländernas skattelagstiftningar skiljer sig åt. För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomförde vi en komparativ analys, med ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt, där vi jämförde och analyserade studiens empiriska material. Det empiriska materialet består av ländernas nationella skattelagstiftning gällande internprissättning. I studiens analytiska skeende belyste vi de olikheter men även likheter vi kunde se vid jämförelsen. Dessa likheter och olikheter kopplade vi till den teoretiska referensram som vi i studien tagit fram för att på ett kvalitativt sätt kunna ge en förståelse för varför det finns skillnader, men även likheter, mellan de tre länderna. Slutsatsen som kan dras från studien är att det råder en frivillig harmonisering kring regleringen av internprissättning utifrån OECD:s riktlinjer inom de tre studerade länderna då vi funnit ytterst få skillnader mellan skattelagstiftningarna. Detta trots att OECD:s riktlinjer inte är tvingande på något sätt och trots att Ryssland inte är ett medlemsland i OECD, något som däremot både Sverige och Japan är. De skillnader som vi har kunnat se i den komparativa analysen har vi kunnat förklara genom att se till Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner och ländernas index inom respektive dimension. Skillnaderna har även kunnat förklaras genom att kopplas till ländernas kontinentala samt kommunistiska tradition. De likheter vi sett har vi däremot gett förståelse för genom att studera dem ur ett mimetiskt perspektiv av isomorfa processer, exempelvis utifrån Rysslands tillämpning av OECD:s riktlinjer. Studien bidrar med en fördjupad förståelse för OECD:s harmoniseringsarbete gällande internprissättning, samt en förståelse för hur regleringen ser ut inom de tre länderna och vilka skillnader det finns mellan dem. / The ever increasing internationalization leads to the emergence of increasingly multinational companies with operations in several countries. One consequence of the increased globalization is that international tax evasion has increased ever since international groups choose to move parts of profits to countries with more favorable tax rates. One way for the multinational companies to minimize the worldwide tax is through transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is the price which multinational companies uses for its internal transactions between its subsidiaries. As a response to the increased tax evasion, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) designed guidelines to guide the regulation of transfer pricing. The aim of the guidelines is to promote harmonization among member states in order to reduce the number of conflicts between national laws from an international perspective and to reduce the occurrence of double taxation. The basic principle of the guidelines is called the arm's length principle. The arm's length principle states that the intra-group price should correspond to the price that two independent companies has to pay for the corresponding transaction. In order to achieve increased transparency and uniformity, the OECD guidelines also cite how internal transactions are to be documented. One way of documenting the transactions is by establishing a country-by-country report, whose purpose is to provide tax authorities with important information and basis for assessing transfer prices. The aim of the study is to compare the rules for transfer pricing in Sweden, Japan, and Russia. In the study, we compare tax laws to investigate the differences between the three countries in terms of transfer pricing. The study also aims at investigating why the tax laws of the countries differ. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study we conducted a comparative analysis, with a qualitative approach, where we compared and analyzed the empirical material of the study. The empirical material consists of the countries' national tax laws concerning transfer pricing. In the analytical stages of the study we highlighted the differences, but also the similarities, we could see in comparison. These similarities and differences were linked to the theoretical framework that we developed in the study to qualitatively provide an understanding of why there are differences, but also similarities, between the three countries. The conclusion that can be derived from the study is that there is a non-compulsory harmonization regarding the regulation of transfer pricing based on OECD's guidelines in the three studied countries where we found very few differences between the tax laws. This despite the fact that the OECD's Guidelines are not compelling in any way. Also so, even though Russia is not a member state in the OECD, which, on the other hand, both Sweden and Japan is. We have been able to explain the differences we have seen in the comparative analysis by looking at Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the countries' cultural dimension indices. The differences have also been explained by the continental and communistic tradition of the countries. However, the similarities we have seen have been understood by studying them from a mimetic perspective of isomorphic processes, for example Russia's application of the OECD guidelines. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of OECD's work towards harmonization of transfer pricing, as well as a sense of how the three countries regulate transfer pricing and what differences there are between them.

Försvarsmakten har genomfört en HR-transformation enligt en modell som har fått stor spridning i såväl Sverige, som internationellt. Det finns likheter i hur andra organisationer har hanterat motsvarande förändringar, och det väcker frågor kring beslutsfattande i en organisatorisk kontext. Studien syftar till att få förståelse för beslutsprocessen inför Försvarsmaktens projekt HR-T, vilket gjorts genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som har påverkat processen och därmed det slutliga valet av alternativ.  Studien är en kvalitativ dokument- och intervjustudie, där såväl interna som officiella projektdokument analyserats tillsammans med data från intervjuer av personer knutna till projektet. Våra slutsatser är att beslutsprocessen påverkats av faktorer och ett handlande enligt institutionell teori, en homogenisering orsakad av extern jämförelse samt nyttjandet av konsulter. / The Swedish Armed Forces have completed an HR transformation in accordance with a model that has spread worldwide as well as in Sweden. There are similarities regarding how organizations have handled these changes which also raise questions on organizational decision-making. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the decision-making process leading up to project HR transformation of the Swedish Armed Forces. This has been accomplished by researching factors that have affected the process and thereby the final choice of alternative. This study is a document- and interview-based qualitative study where data from both published and unpublished documents combined with data collected from interviews with respondents affiliated with the project, have been analyzed. Our conclusions are that the decision-making process has been affected by factors and actions in accordance with institutional theory, which is a conforming due to external comparison and the use of external consultants.