Criminal behaviour among youths is spread so widely, that almost every youth has committed one criminal aktivity at least. The top of the criminal activities of youth committers came in the half nineties. Since that time, there have been noticed new trends in youth{\crq}s criminality development. The average age of committers decreases, the brutality of crime increases and there came out new kinds of crime (children prostitution, drug criminality). In the last time it is more often discussed lowering the age limit of penal responsibility. It would be since 14 years. A new penal legislative could be authorized at the break of this and next year. This diploma work aims to chart the society{\crq}s attitude towards criminal activity of youths in chosen areas of south bohemian region. Individual points of this work are orientated towards the attitudes to the age limit of penal responsibility, to the current legislative reform in punishable activities of youths; to risky factors which cause arise of criminal behaviour. The first hypothesis was set up on the thought, that the risky factor which has an effect on arising the criminal behaviour of youths is preferred by the public in consistence in parents bringing up to school setting. Hypothesis I. was confirmed. Hypothesis one claimed that the laic public is not partisan of setting op cameras at schools. This hypothesis was disapproved. Hypothesis II. assumed that positive laic public{\crq}s attitude are for lowering the age limit of penal responsibility. This hypothesis was confirmed. Before the research, there had come out a hypothesis III. which assumes professionals positive attitude towards lowering the age limit of penal responsibility. There was pursued a research with some professionals work in a field of penal affairs of youths. There was made a half standardized interview. In the second part was done a quatitative research. That research was realized on the selective set which had 210 respondents. Some inhabitants of České Budějovice and Český Krumlov regions took part in this research. The main implement used in this research was a semantic diferencial. This diploma work should help to spread awareness and knowledge of the crime problematic of youths. Next usage could be used by professionals who are interestend in attitudes towards this problematic.

Thesis is dedicated to the criminality of Romany ethnicity in the Czech Republic and the project of the System of mentoring in the criminal justice. The introduction part is about the history and criminality of the ethnicity. This part contains statistical data and possible causes for the criminality. The main part is dedicated to the most common illegal ways of earn living. This part is connected with part which describes the System of mentoring in the criminal justice. The practical part is aimed at check on the hypothesis of the effect and function of the project. This part is supplemented by statistical data and outcomes of the research.

Ce travail essaie d’analyser l’affirmation courante dans la dogmatique brésilienne de ce que les règles de la responsabilité civile objective sont destinées à concrétiser la valeur de la solidarité sociale inscrite dans la Constitution Fédérale du Brésil (article 3, III, in fine) et la directrice de la socialité présente dans le Code Civil de 2002. L’étude commence par la description d’un risque social – la criminalité urbaine violente – et par la présentation de la relation entre une certaine forme historique de manifestation de ce risque et de l’augmentation des cas judiciaires concernant la responsabilité des entreprises de transport urbain pour dommages subis par leurs passagers à cause d’actes violents pratiqués par des tiers lors du trajet. Dans la deuxième partie, on présente les origines du discours de solidarisme juridique et les influences de celui-là sur certaines constructions dogmatiques concernant le phénomène de la responsabilité civile. Finalement, ayant pour base des recherches menées à propos de la jurisprudence de deux tribunaux supérieurs brésiliens (le Supremo Tribunal Federal et le Superior Tribunal de Justiça) on analyse le fond de ces décisions, essayant d’identifier à quel point le discours théorique de la dogmatique est effectivement incorporé au moment de l’application des concepts juridiques implicite dans certains problèmes concrets. / O presente trabalho pretende analisar a afirmação corrente, na dogmática civilística brasileira, de que as regras da responsabilidade civil objetiva se destinam a concretizar o valor da solidariedade social inscrito na Constituição Federal (art. 3º, III, in fine) e a diretriz da socialidade presente no Código Civil de 2002. O estudo é feito, inicialmente, por meio da descrição de um risco social – criminalidade urbana violenta – e da apresentação da relação entre uma determinada forma histórica de manifestação desse risco e o aumento dos casos judiciais envolvendo a responsabilidade das empresas de transporte urbano em face de danos sofridos por seus passageiros em razão de atos violentos praticados por terceiros durante o trajeto. Em um segundo momento, são apresentadas as origens do discurso do solidarismo jurídico e as influências desse sobre certas construções dogmáticas relativas ao fenômeno da responsabilidade civil. Por fim, com base em pesquisa realizada sobre a jurisprudência dos dois tribunais superiores brasileiros (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça), realizou-se a análise de conteúdo das decisões, buscando identificar em que medida o discurso teórico da dogmática é efetivamente incorporado no momento da aplicação dos conceitos jurídicos implicados no tratamento de determinados problemas concretos. / This text aims at analyzing the current belief held by the authors of the Brazilian dogmatic of civil law, that rules concerning objective civil responsibility must realize the value of social solidarity described by the Federal Constitution (Article 3, III, in fine) and the principle of sociality presented by the Civil Code of 2002. The study is done initially through the description of a social risk – violent urban criminality – and the presentation of a relationship between a certain historical form this risk takes and the increase in legal cases involving the responsibility of public transportation companies for damage incurred upon their passengers due to violent acts practiced by third parties on the itinerary. In the second part, we present the origins of the discourse of legal solidarism, and its influence upon certain dogmatic constructions concerning the phenomenon of civil responsibility. Finally, based on research done about the jurisprudence of two Brazilian superior tribunals (the Supremo Tribunal Federal and the Superior Tribunal de Justiça), we analyze the contents of those decisions, aiming at identifying to what extent the theoretical discourse of dogmatic is actually incorporated into the moment of applying the legal concepts implicit in the treatment of certain concrete problems.

Esta dissertação trata dos processos de socialização primária e secundária das adolescentes autoras de ato infracional que cumprem medida sócio-educativa de internação na Fase – Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em Porto Alegre. O objetivo deste trabalho é, através da socialização primária, elaborar o perfil dessas jovens e, a partir da socialização secundária, compreender as condições em que elas vivem na instituição e como vivenciam a medida sócio-educativa de internação. Para tal, a análise desses processos considera quatro dimensões principais: a individual, a familiar, a coletiva e a educacional/profissional. A problematização deste trabalho se insere na perspectiva da sociologia da conflitualidade, que centra a sua análise nos mecanismos de controle social exercidos pelo Estado. De modo a articular distintas áreas do conhecimento, lança-se mão também das contribuições teóricas da sociologia jurídica e da criminologia através da perspectiva do labeling approach, que mostra como esse controle social acaba “selecionando” alguns indivíduos em detrimento de outros. Desta forma, busca-se elaborar o perfil das adolescentes, com intuito de verificar quem são as jovens “selecionadas” pelos mecanismos de controle social e como são construídos seus processos de socialização primária. Em relação à internação, procura-se compreender como as jovens vivenciam a privação de liberdade, como constroem as relações no cotidiano institucional, quais estratégias elas lançam mão nesse universo. O estudo possibilitou verificar que o controle social não atua somente na “seleção” das condutas para ingresso no sistema, mas ele persiste durante a internação das jovens, através de práticas que configuram um tipo de atendimento específico destinado somente às meninas, que procura “adequá-las” a determinados padrões socialmente aceitos. O trabalho também problematiza o ECA, pois, ainda que represente uma conquista em relação aos direitos das crianças e adolescentes, muitas das suas garantias são utilizadas como recurso para aumentar o controle sobre as internas. / This paper deals with the primary and secondary socialization process of female juvenile transgressors who are sentenced to a social-educational measure of detention at Fase (Fondation of Social and Educative Service of do Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre. The goal of this study is, through primary socialization, to establish the profile of those girls and, trough secondary socialization, to understand the conditions which they live in that institution as well as how they experiment the social-educational measure of detention. For this, the analyze of those processes considers four main dimensions: the individual, familiar, collective and educational/professional ones. The problematization of this research is in the sociology of conflictuosity perspective that focus on the analyze of social control mechanisms used by State. In order to articulate different fields of knowledge, it is also used theorical contributions from Law sociology and criminology through labeling approach point of view which demonstrates how that social control ends up “selecting” some individuals to the detriment of others. Through this, the profile of those girls is elaborate in order to check who are the girls selected by social control mechanisms and how they primary socialization processes are built. In relation to detention, the aim is to understand how those girls live without their liberty, how they build relationships inside the institutional routine, what strategies they use in that universe. The study has allowed to verify that social control does not only act in the “selection” of behaviors that can make part of this system, but it remains during the detention of the girls through practices that characterize a kind of specific care designated only to the girls and that try to “fit them” to new socially accepted patterns. The study also reflects about ECA (Statute of the Child and the Adolescent), once, even if it still represents a success in relation to child and adolescent rights, many of the guarantees are used as a tool to increase control over the interns.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naima Worm.pdf: 803078 bytes, checksum: 0db25237bed1537ad8c217ab9381795d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-28 / With the promulgation of the 1908 s Federal Constitution and the development of the Children and Adolescents Statute in 1990, a phase of rights celebrations and fundamental guarantees to all citizens have started in the country. In the same way, rights that guaranteed dignity to children and teenagers have been designed, moving them from a legal object condition to a legal subject one. This work is directed to a share of the young population, to the adolescents who committed an offense and are concealed in the Units of the Centre of Socio-Educational for Adolescents Care CASA in the district of São Paulo and the execution of rights and fundamental guarantees. This dissertation starts with a brief history of the beginning of rights of children and adolescents, contrasting the teenagers rights to the Federal Constitution. Following this first part, there is a study of socio-educational measures, their nature and legal grounds. An approach concerning the Doctrine in the Integral Protection to the native right is also part of this dissertation. Finally, and perhaps more important, field researches take place and three hundred and sixty male adolescents who were concealed in eighteen Units in the capital are interviewed in order to inquire if the law is being applied in real life conditions. The main aspects observed in the research were: the socioeconomic profile and the educational formation, the aspects related to the routine in the units as part of a formal education, the professionalizing courses and sports, cultural and pedagogical activities, and, at last, the security aspect, discipline and the teenager s fall backs. / Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal em 1988 e o advento do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente em 1990 inaugurou-se no país uma fase de celebração dos direitos e garantias fundamentais a todo cidadão. Da mesma forma, foram previstos direitos que garantissem dignidade à criança e ao adolescente, tirando-os da condição de objeto de direito para torná-los sujeitos de direito. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo representar uma fatia dessa população infanto-juvenil, o adolescente autor de ato infracional internado em Unidades do Centro de Atendimento Sócio Educativo ao Adolescente CASA do município de São Paulo e a observância dos direitos e garantias fundamentais. O trabalho inicia-se com um breve histórico do surgimento do direito da infância e juventude, situando os direitos dos adolescentes em conflito com a lei na Constituição Federal. Em seguida, iniciaram-se os estudos das medidas sócio-educativas em espécie, sua natureza jurídica e fundamentos legais. Fez-se uma abordagem acerca da Doutrina da Proteção Integral no direito pátrio. Por último, e talvez mais importante, iniciaram-se as pesquisas de campo, onde foram entrevistados trezentos e sessenta adolescentes rapazes, internados em dezoito Unidades de Internação da Capital, a fim de averiguar se o disposto em lei estava se fazendo cumprir na prática. Os aspectos principais observados na pesquisa foram: o perfil sócioeconômico e a formação educacional, os aspectos relacionados à rotina da Unidade como participação no ensino formal, os cursos profissionalizantes e atividades pedagógicas, esportivas e culturais, e por último, o aspecto da segurança, disciplina e reincidência do jovem.

The creation of sustainable and safe environments nowadays moves more and more into focus for urban planners and architects. Cities should be designed in a way to contribute to social cohesion, shaping an inclusive environment and focusing on the wellbeing of its citizens. Nevertheless, these processes can be undermined by public crime and the fear of crime, which is not only affecting aspects of personal safety but also affecting the people’s behaviour. Reasons why criminality occurs are manifold, impacted by a dynamic set of socioeconomic, demographic, personal but also environmental aspects. In recent years especially the impact of factors related to urban and environmental design respectively planning received rising attention in the field of crime prevention. However, the implementation of strategies regarding ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ or ‘designing out crime’ is still in its early stage in Sweden.   This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of public crime for the case of Umeå in order to identify potential risk areas, which could receive particular attention regarding crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In this sense a GIS based spatial analysis had the aim to detect statistically significant hotspots of crime and furthermore to assess the development of these hotspots over time. In order to understand the nature of public crime and criminal behaviour in Umeå in a more holistic way, also temporal aspects regarding the occurrence of crime were analysed. One particularly vulnerable neighbourhood was examined with a qualitative field observation regarding the principles of crime prevention through environmental design in order to assess in which way the built environment is designed and suited to prevent and deter criminality.   Umeå displays rather clear patterns of higher crime activity, assigned to seasonal, weakly and daily periods, which are connected to higher activity in the public space. Also from a spatial perspective certain patterns are detectable with a higher vulnerability for crime at spots which generate higher activity such as shopping areas or neighbourhoods with nightlife and transport hub functions, and in general neighbourhoods with a higher building density. The neighbourhood of Ålidhem displayed thereby a high concentration of criminality, marked as a constant or even intensifying hotspot for the entire period of investigation. The results of the field observation regarding principles of CPTED are especially indicating a lack of maintenance and furthermore the street and building layout is contributing to disorientation. On the other hand, the area is in most cases well equipped for natural surveillance and provides a high amount of locations for leisure and recreation in order strengthen social cohesion.

Le 29 juillet 1881, la loi sur la liberté de la presse marque le point de départ d’un développement sans précédent de la presse écrite en France. Un développement qui amène cette presse à jouer un rôle désormais essentiel dans la vie politique, sociale et culturelle de tous les français. Très rapidement, la presse du Puy-de-Dôme profite de ce bouleversement institutionnel pour se développer à son tour. Parallèlement au succès des romans feuilletons, l’actualité criminelle devient alors un des atouts commerciaux majeurs de cette presse écrite devenue populaire, et ce depuis le début des années 1860 et la naissance du Petit Journal. Tous les moyens sont bons pour faire voir à son lectorat. Les dépêches ne suffisent plus, il faut désormais se déplacer, enquêter, s’interroger et révéler, avec ou sans la collaboration des autorités judiciaires. En effet, la criminalité a depuis toujours suscité au sein de la population un éventail d’émotions aussi diverses que la peur, le dégoût, la curiosité, la réprobation et la fascination. En réponse à ces émotions, les révélations et les jugements d’actes criminels sont l’occasion pour la presse de multiplier les éloges ou d’émettre des critiques vis-à-vis du système politique et judiciaire, de s’inquiéter de la déchéance des valeurs morales, de s’effrayer des menaces anarchistes et des monstres tapis dans les ruelles et les champs. Plus que de simples outils d’information et de politisation, les journaux deviennent alors par le biais de l’actualité criminelle le relais des interrogations et des convictions de toute une société. Le but de cette réflexion est de mettre en avant les spécificités de cette représentation médiatique de la criminalité en insistant sur sa dimension provinciale et sur son évolution, des premières années du Second Empire aux dernières heures de la Belle Époque. / On July 29th 1881, the law on the freedom of the press marked the starting point of an unprecedented development in the French written press which led to its playing what then became an essential role in the social, political and cultural life of all French people. Before long, the press in Puy-de-Dôme benefited from this development, to evolve in the same way. In parallel with the success crime reports brought to serialised fiction, these crime reports became one of the major commercial assets of this newly popular written press, and had done so in particular from the beginning of the 1860s and the founding of the Petit Journal. Newspapers would stop at nothing to show the readership what was involved; dispatches no longer sufficed. From then on it became necessary to go and see, investigate, reason things out and disclose information, with or without the collaboration of the judicial authorities. Indeed, crime has always aroused a wide range of emotions in people such as fear, disgust, curiosity, reprobation and fascination. In response to these emotions, the revelations of and verdicts given for criminal acts provided the press with an opportunity to endlessly praise or else to express criticism of the political and legal system, to show concern about the decline in moral values and to be scared of anarchistic threats and of monsters hiding in alleyways and fields. More than being simple informational or politicizing tools, newspapers, through crime reports, then became the indispensable relay of the questionings and convictions of society as a whole. The aim of this reflection is to highlight the specificities of this media representation of crime while insisting on the form it took in the provinces and on its evolution in the first few years of the Second Empire and the final hours of the Belle Époque.

La violence est responsable de 2,5 % des décès à travers le monde, en plus d’avoir un impact important sur la santé physique et mentale des victimes. Par conséquent, il s’agit d’un problème de santé publique prioritaire. Des études récentes réalisées auprès d’individus atteints de troubles mentaux graves (TMG) ont démontré qu’il existe une association entre l’usage du cannabis et les comportements violents. Considérant que ces individus sont plus à risque de consommer des drogues et de commettre des crimes que la population générale, cette découverte est particulièrement importante dans le contexte actuel de la légalisation. L’objectif de mon projet de recherche était donc de valider et de préciser la relation entre le cannabis et la violence chez les individus TMG. Pour se faire, trois études ont été réalisées. La première visait à faire état de la littérature au moyen d’une méta-analyse. En regroupant les études ayant calculé une telle association chez les TMG, nous avons mis en lumière l’existence d’une association modérée entre l’usage du cannabis et la violence. Pour ce qui est de la deuxième étude, nous avons identifié les principaux facteurs de risque dynamiques et statiques de la violence et de la criminalité chez les TMG ; dans les deux cas, l’usage du cannabis était un facteur d’une importance majeure. La dernière étude a permis de confirmer la relation unidirectionnelle entre l’usage persistant du cannabis et la violence dans une population atteinte de schizophrénie. Finalement, ces résultats seront particulièrement importants afin de formuler des recommandations cliniques pertinentes. De futures études devront toutefois être réalisées afin d’élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents de cette association. / Worldwide, violence is responsible for 2.5% of deaths, besides having an important impact on victims’ physical and mental health. Therefore, it is a priority public health problem. Recent studies of individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI) have shown that an association exists between cannabis use and violent behaviours. Considering that these individuals are at higher risk of drug consumption and crime than the general population, this discovery is particularly important in the current context of the legalization. My research project therefore aimed to validate and to specify the relationship between cannabis use and violence in SMI individuals. To do so, three studies were conducted. The first one was to report current literature through a meta-analysis. By grouping the studies that calculated such an association among SMI, a moderate association was found between cannabis use and violence. As for the second study, we identified the main dynamic and static risk factors for violence and criminality in SMI; in both cases, cannabis use was one of these factors. The last study confirmed the unidirectional relationship between persistent cannabis use and violence in a population with schizophrenia. Finally, these results will be particularly important in order to formulate relevant clinical recommendations. However, future studies will need to be conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this association.

Ekonomisk brottslighet är mer lukrativt jämfört med annan brottslighet som narkotika, häleri och människohandel. Tidiga åtgärder som försvårar att kriminella kan använda företag för brottsliga syften gör att stora kostnader för samhället kan undvikas. En genomgång av litteraturen visade också att det finns stora brister i samarbetet mellan svenska myndigheter för att upptäcka grov ekonomisk brottslighet. Idag uppdagas brotten först ofta efter att en konkurs inletts. I studier har maskininlärningsmodeller prövats för att kunna upptäcka ekonomisk brottslighet och några svenska myndigheter använder maskininlärningsmodeller för att upptäcka brott men mer avancerade metoder används idag av danska myndigheter. Bolagsverket har idag ett omfattande register för bolag i Sverige och denna studie syftar till att undersöka om maskininlärning kan användas för att identifiera misstänkta bolag, genom att använda digitalt inlämnade årsredovisningar och information ur bolagsverkets register för att kunna träna klassificeringsmodeller att identifiera misstänkta bolag. För att träna modellen så har stämningsansökningar inhämtats från Ekobrottsmyndigheten som kunnat kopplas till specifika bolag av de inlämnade årsredovisningar. Principalkomponentanalys används för att visuellt visa på skillnader mellan grupperna misstänkta och icke misstänkta bolag och analyserna visade på ett överlapp mellan grupperna och ingen tydlig klustring av grupperna. Data var obalanserat med 38 misstänkta bolag av totalt 1009 bolag och därför användes översamplingstekniken SMOTE för att skapa mer syntetiskt data och för att öka antalet i gruppen misstänkta. Två maskininlärningsmodeller Random Forest och Stödvektormaskin (SVM) jämfördes i en 10 fold korsvalidering. Där båda uppvisade en recall på runt 0.91 men där Random Forest hade en mycket högre precision och med högre accuracy. Random Forest valdes och tränades på nytt och uppvisades en recall på 0.75 när den testades på osett data bestående av 8 misstänkta av 202 bolag. Ett sänkt tröskelvärde resulterade i en högre recall men med en större antal felklassificerade bolag. Studien visar tydligt problemet med obalans i data och de utmaningar man ställs inför med mindre data. Ett större data hade möjligjort ett strängare urval på brottstyper som hade kunnat ge en mer robust modell som skulle kunna användas av bolagsverket för att lättare kunna identifiera misstänkta bolag i deras register. / Economic crimes are more lucrative compared to other crimes as drugs, selling of stolen gods, trafficing. Early preventions that make it more difficult for criminals to use companies for criminal purposes can reduce large costs for sociaty. A litterature study showed that there are large weaknesses in the collaboration between Swedish authorities to detect serious economic crimes.Today most crimes among companies that commit fraud are found after a company has declared bancruptcy. In studies, machine learning models have been tested to detect economic crimes and some swedish authorites are now using machine learning methods to detect different crimes and more advanced methods are used by the danish authorites. Bolagsverket has a large register of companies in Sweden and the aim of this study is to investigate if machinelearning can be used to detect on annual reports that have been digitaly submited and information in Bolagsverket’s register to be able to train classificationsmodels and identify companies that are suspicious. To be able to train the model lawsuits have been collected from the Swedish Economic Crime Authority that can be connected to specific companies through their digitally submited annual report. Principal component analysis is used to visually show differences between the groups suspect companies and not suspected companies and the analysis show that there is an overlap between the groups and no clear clustering between the groups. Because the dataset was unbalanced with 38 suspicious companies out of 1009 companies the oversampling tecnique SMOTE was used to create more synthethic data and more suspects in the dataset. The two machinelearnings models Random Forest and support vector machine (SVM) was compared in a 10 fold crossvalidation. Both models showed a recall on around 0.91 but Random Forest had a much higher precision with a higher accuracy. Random Forest was chosen and was trained again and showed a recall on 0.75 when it was tested on unseen data with 8 suspects out of 202 companies. Lowering the treshold resulted in a higher recall but with a larger portion of wrongly classfied companies. The study shows clearly the problem with an unbalanced dataset and the challanges with a small dataset. A larger dataset could have made it possible to make a more selective selection of certain crimes that could have resulted in a more robust model that could be used by Bolagsverket to easier identify suspicous companies in their register.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experiences of South African women prior to, during and after incarceration. The theoretical bases for this study include the general strain theory (GST), feminist pathways approach and Goffman’s “total institutions”. The study made use of a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of twenty female ex-prisoners, who were selected using snowball sampling, to obtain information about their experiences during the periods indicated. The findings of the study indicated that, in respect of the three periods mentioned, the participants cited their experiences during incarceration as the most prominent as they tended to dwell more on this phase of their lives than any other phase. This is, in fact, not surprising as their narratives portrayed their lives behind bars as having been traumatic with far-reaching consequences for their lives after their incarceration. The study found that some of the participants had histories of emotional and physical abuse before their offending behaviours. It emerged that consensual same-sex sexual relationships between females in South African prisons exist and that these relationships are, sometimes, accepted by the family members of the female inmates. The participants reported that coercive sexual relationships also take place in female prisons in South Africa. It was also reported that the conditions under which females are incarcerated are, for the most part, deplorable. It emerged that the female prisoners use a unique monetary system which is based mainly on the trade by barter system. In addition, the findings revealed that female inmates often experience daunting challenges upon their release from prison, including high rates of unemployment, stigma and discrimination, family breakdown and the psychological effects of imprisonment, all of which often compound the resolve of some of the participants to live crime-free lives. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)