Middle managers have a complex task where it is important to achieve results while at the same time being there for their employees. To succeed in this, a good structure in the work and the right type of support from both management and employees are required. This study aims to investigate how middle managers experience the support that the respective companies provide and how the experiences can be understood based on the JDCS model. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with middle managers at two different businesses. The interviews were transcribed orthographically and then analyzed thematically. The results showed that the support function is central when it comes to handling the high demands that are made, as well as how management forums can contribute to increasing community and collegial support among middle managers. The conclusion that could be drawn was that in order to avoid burdensome work and increase satisfaction, a comprehensive support function is required.

The Northern Norrbotten ore district hosts a multitude of Sweden’s mineral deposits including world class deposits such as the Malmberget and Kirunavaara Iron oxide apatite deposits, the Aitik Iron oxide copper gold deposit, and a multitude of smaller deposits. Northern Norrbotten has been shaped by tectonothermal events related to the evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield and is a geologically complex environment. Without extensive rock outcropping and with most drilling localized to known deposits the regional to local scale of mineralization is not fully understood. To better understand the evolution and extent of the mineralization’s cross-disciplinary geosciences must be applied, where geophysical methods allow for interpretations of the deep and non-outcropping subsurface. Common earth modelling is a term describing a joint model derived from all available geoscientific data in an area, where geophysical models provide the framework.This study describes the geophysical modeling of two IOA deposits in Norrbotten, the Malmberget deposit in Gällivare and the Per-Geijer deposit in Kiruna. To better put these two deposits into a semi-regional setting magnetotelluric (MT) measurements have been conducted together with LKAB. LTU and LKAB have measured more than 200 MT stations in the two areas from 2016-2023. These measurements have then been robustly processed into magnetic transfer functions (impedances) for the broadband MT frequency spectrum (1000Hz,1000s). Then, all processed data judged to be of sufficient quality have been used for 3D inversion modelling using the ModEM code. The resulting conductivity/resistivity models reveals the local conductivity structure of the area, believed to be closely tied to the mineralization due to the conductive properties of the iron bearing minerals. Both areas yielded believable models which pinpointed known mineralization’s at surface as conductive anomalies and their connections to deeper regional anomalies.During modelling a robust iteratively re-weighted least square (IRLS) scheme has been implemented in the inversion algorithms. This scheme allows for objective re-weighting of data errors based on the ability for a given model discretization to predict individual datums. This, to better identify measurements which have been contaminated by local electromagnetic noise due to anthropogenic sources (mainly the power grid and railway). Due to the mathematical properties of the scheme, it allows for models which minimizes the L1 data error-norm instead of usual L2 minimization. This has yielded models whit sharper contrasts in resistivity and successfully emphasizes data believed to be reliable. Results indicate that the scheme was implemented successfully and the tradeoffs in data-fit are deemed acceptable.In addition, in the Kiruna study potential field data (magnetic total field and gravimetry) have been 3D modelled for the same area. These data sets have been inversion modelled in 3D using the MR3D-code developed at LTU with partners. Resulting 3D models have then been interpreted collectively both traditionally and with the use of machine learning methods. To guide interpretations more than 100 rock samples have been collected in the area and their petrophysical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity) have been measured at LTU. These petrophysical properties have been used to guide the machine learning methods for the 3D models by first using K-mean clustering on normalized petrophysical data and then using the resulting centroid vectors as input for a Gaussian mixture model of the similarly normalized 3D models. Resulting clusters show potential in being able to pick up sharp geological boundaries but expectedly is unable to fully capture geological structures one to one.

This is a study of how industries develop in regions that are industrially weak, exemplified by Norrbotten, the northernmost province of Sweden. Developing industries are represented by three companies manufacturing prefabricated wooden houses, situated in the municipalities Övertorneå, Kalix (Morjärv) and Älvsbyn in the interior of Norrbotten.For the period ending in 1918, the economy of Norrbotten is analysed in terms of staple theory. Thereafter, an analysis in dependency theoretic terms is judged to be more relevant. The communities in which the house factories are located are described similarly.Övertorneåand Mor j ärv are in the periphery of a peripheral region. There has never been any locally generated economic life of any importance. The house factory in the community first mentioned was established there in 1970 by AMS (The Swedish Labour Market Board). The other one was started by a local entrepreneur in the 1930's. It has changed hands several times, being incorporated into ever larger conglomerates. The third company studied was started by a local carpenter who still controls it. The factory is located in Älvsbyn, near Piteå, which has to be considered the center of the periphery.The integration of these three companies with other local firms, and their economic importance was studied in terms of their buying behavior. The method of investigation was a study of the internal records of the firms.All three of the companies showed that a decrease in the local and regional shares of their total purchases took place between the sample years studied. A comparison of the companies showed the Älvsby factory, the one locally initiated and controlled, to have by far more solid local and regional foundations than the other two. This could partly be explained by firm-related theories but the most important factor seemed to be the industrial tradition in the communities. Industrial tradition is a factor mostly determined by the position of a community in a dependency hierarchy, in part however, it is controllable by local decision-makers and individual entrepreneurs.Even for the company with the best local foundations, there was a drop in local and regional shares of purchases. The reason for this is the size of the company in relation to other local industries. The company has reached the limits of the capacity of the local community to support it. Such limits exist everywhere but their exact level depends on the status of the community and region they are in, the line of industry, the nature of ownership, etc.A series of implications for regional politics can be derived from the present study. Economic measures designed to improve weak industrial areas should be undertaken with utmost care in order not to damage existing local economy. Much greater efforts should be made to study the conditions of existing economic life and its potential for change, i.e. to study the historical development. / digitalisering@umu

Survey's purpose is to illustrate why and how the process happened when Piteå relocated its commercial port away from Skuthamn to the new construction on Haraholmen 1950-1973. How decision-makers worked to achieve their goals, how the work changed and what incentives motivated them to act. The results showed that the decision was taken not to retain the existing commercial port in large part due to Skuthamns physics attributes, which made it impossible to ship large deep vessels from there. The reason that the decision about the port took such a long time was due to a local political conflict which was based on interest in the ownership of Haraholmen. The reason for the location of the trading port became Haraholmen had political backgrounds. The study's methodology is qualitative and describes the events chronologically. / Undersökningens syfte är att belysa varför och hur processen gick till när Piteå flyttade sin kommersiella hamn bort från Skuthamn och byggde upp den nya internationella handelshamnen på Haraholmen 1950-1973. Hur beslutsfattarna arbetade för att nå sina mål, hur förändrades deras arbetsmetoder med tiden och vilka incitament som motiverade dem att agera. Resultaten visade att beslutet som fattades att inte behålla den befintliga kommersiella hamnen Skuthamn som Piteås handelshamn till stor del berodde på att Skuthamns fysiska attribut omöjliggjorde transporter dit med stora djupgående fartyg. Anledningen till att beslutet om hamnen tog så lång tid berodde på en lokalpolitisk konflikt som grundade sig i vilken aktör som innehade äganderätten av markområdet på Haraholmen. Anledningen till lokaliseringen av handelshamnen på Haraholmen hade sin bakgrund i statens transportpolitik. Metoden som använts är kvalitativ och beskriver händelserna kronologiskt.

Studien undersöker hur Porjus vattenkraftverk påverkade den industriella utvecklingen i Norrbottens län mellan 1915–1938. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om elintensiva industrier etablerades efter vattenkraftverkets invigning samt hur industristrukturen i Norrbottens län påverkades under perioden 1915–1938. För att svara på frågorna blev undersökningen en fallstudie som utredde hur och om elektriciteten från Porjus vattenkraftverk bidrog till ekonomisk utveckling i Norrbottens län. Att utvecklingen av elektricitet och elinfrastruktur ska gynna den ekonomiska utvecklingen genom en ökad etableringstakt av industrier samt att industrierna blir mer elintensiva har visats i tidigare forskning. Samtidigt som andra studier demonstrerat hur elektrifiering inte nödvändigtvis leder till ekonomisk utveckling om inte priserna är lönsamma. Slutsatsen av undersökningen är att Porjus vattenkraftverk gav upphov till ökad industrietablering i Norrbottens län, där de elintensiva industrigrupperna gynnades till störst del. Slutligen drogs slutsatsen att industristrukturen i Norrbotten primärt stärktes snarare än ändrades efter att vattenkraftverket invigdes år 1915. / This thesis analyzes how Porjus hydropower plant affected the industrial development in Norrbotten county between 1915-1938. The purpose of the study was to investigate if electricity-intensive industries arose after the inauguration of the hydropower plant, and how the industrial structure in Norrbotten county was influenced during the period 1915-1938. To answer those questions a case study was performed to investigate if and/or how the electricity from Porjus hydropower plant contributed to economic development in Norrbotten county. Previous studies have shown that the development of electricity and electricity infrastructures will benefit economic development through an increased number of industries and that the industries will become more electricity-intensive. At the same time, other studies have demonstrated how electrification does not necessarily lead to economic development unless prices are profitable. The conclusion of the thesis is that an increase of industrial establishments in Norrbotten county appeared after the inauguration of Porjus hydropower plant. At the same time the electricity-intensive industrial groups where the ones that benefited the most from the increased electricity the hydropower plant generated. Finally, it was concluded that the industrial structure in Norrbotten primarily was strengthened rather than changed after the hydropower plant was inaugurated in 1915.

This thesis investigates how site-specific art manifest itself in different ways, specifically in the biennial format. The focus is on the Luleå Biennale, one of Scandinavia's oldest biennales that returns every two years. Through a case study of four different works of art from two of the biennale's editions, two from the year 2018 and two from 2020, I want to broaden the understanding of the concept of site specificity and how to curate such an exhibition. The theory is based on Miwon Kwon's One Place to Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational identity (2004) and Nick Kaye's Site-Specific Art: Performance, Place and Documentation (2000) which deal with the concept of site specificity and its various expressions. The questions that arose were centered around research, audience and how art activates the place. Through my investigation, I came to the conclusion that all four artworks are strongly connected to their context, not only the context of the biennial but also the physical location they treated, and that a long process of research made the groundwork for this. One of the works was not newly produced for the place in which it was exhibited, but was realized by translating its original meaning to the place of the biennale with the help of curatorial work. I also come to the conclusion that the audience is of great importance in realizing these site-specific works of art exhibited in places that are otherwise not accessible to the public. The biennale opens up new places and memories. / Denna uppsats är en undersökning av hur platsspecifik konst kan uttrycka sig på olika sätt och specifikt hur det kan se ut i biennalformatet. Fokus ligger på Luleåbiennalen, en av Skandinaviens äldsta biennaler som återkommer vartannat år. Genom en fallstudie på fyra olika konstverk från två av biennalens utgåvor, två från år 2018 och två från 2020, vill jag vidga förståelsen för begreppet platsspecificitet och hur man curerar en sådan utställning. Den grundläggande teorin utgår från Miwon Kwons One Place to Another: Site-Specific Art and Locational identity (2004) och Nick Kayes Site-Specific Art: Performance, Place and Documentation (2000) som behandlar begreppet och dess olika uttryckssätt, vilket ledde till frågor kring research, publik och hur konsten aktiverar platsen. Genom min undersökning kommer jag fram till att alla fyra konstverk är starkt kopplade till sin kontext, inte endast kontexten av en biennal men även den fysiska platsen de behandlar, samt att en lång process av research har lagt grunden för detta. Ett av verken var inte tillverkade för platsen som den ställdes ut på men blev ändå realiserad genom att dess ursprungliga mening översattes till platsen för biennalen, detta med hjälp av curatoriskt arbete. Jag kommer även fram till att publiken utgör en viktig del för att realisera dessa platsspecifika konstverk som ställts ut på platser som annars inte är tillgängliga för allmänheten. Biennalen möjliggör besök av nya platser och minnen.

<p>This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives;</p><p>1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years.</p><p>2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South.</p><p>3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past.</p><p>This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they themselves move and work, risk legitimising debilitating economic and political power relationships in the present through their study and presentation of the past.</p>

This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives; 1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years. 2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South. 3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past. This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they themselves move and work, risk legitimising debilitating economic and political power relationships in the present through their study and presentation of the past.

The Per Geijer iron oxide-apatite deposits are important potential future resources for Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), which has been continuously mining magnetite/hematite ores in northern Sweden for almost 130 years. The Per Geijer deposits reveal a high phosphorus content and vary from magnetite-dominated to hematite-dominated ores, respectively. The high phosphorus concentration of these ores results from highly elevated content of apatite as gangue mineral. Reliable, robust, and qualitative characterization of the mineralization is required as these ores inherit complex mineralogical and textural features. The precise mineralogical information obtained by optical microscopy, SEM-MLA and Raman improves the characterization of ore types and will benefit future processing strategies for this complex mineralization. The different approaches demonstrate advantages and disadvantages in classification, imaging, discrimination of iron oxides, and time consumption of measurement and processing. A comprehensive mineral-chemical dataset of magnetite, hematite and apatite obtained by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) and LA-ICP-MS from representative drill core samples is presented. Magnetite, four different types of hematite and five types of apatite constitute the massive orebodies: Primary and pristine magnetite with moderate to high concentrations of Ti (∼61–2180 ppm), Ni (∼11–480 ppm), Co (∼5–300 ppm) and V (∼553–1831 ppm) indicate a magmatic origin for magnetite. The presence of fluorapatite and associated monazite inclusions and disseminated pyrite enclosed by magnetite with high Co:Ni ratios (> 10) in massive magnetite ores are consistent with a high temperature (∼ 800°C) genesis for the deposit. The different and abundant types of hematite, especially hematite type I, state subsequent hydrothermal events. Chromium, Ni, Co and V in both magnetite and hematite have low concentrations in terms of current product regulations and thus no effect on final products in the future. In terms of a possible future hematite product, titanium seems to be the most critical trace element due to very high concentrations in hematite types I and IV, of which type I is most abundant in zones dominated by hematite. Further interest on other products is generated due to the high variability of hematite and apatite in some of these ores. Information obtained from comminution test works in the laboratory scale can be utilized to characterize ore types and to predict the behavior of ore during comminution circuit in the industrial scale. Comminution tests with a laboratory rod and ball mill of 13 pre-defined ore types from the Per Geijer iron-oxide apatite deposits were conducted in this study. The highest P80 values were obtained by grinding in the rod mill for 10 minutes only (step A). Grinding steps B (25 min ball mill) and C (35 min ball mill) reveal very narrow P80 values. Ore types dominated by hematite have significantly higher P80 values after the primary grinding step (A), which indicates different hardness of the ore types. P80 values are generally lowest after the secondary grinding step C ranging between 26 µm (ore type M1a) and 80 µm (ore type H2a). Generally, Fe content increases in the finer particle size classes while CaO and P contents decrease. The influence of silica or phosphorus seems to be dependent on the dominant iron oxide. Magnetite-dominated ore types are more likely to be affected in their comminution behavior by the presence of the silicates. Contrary, hematite-dominant ore types are rather influenced by the presence of apatite. The difference in the degree of liberation of magnetite and hematite between ore types depends rather on size fractions than the amount of gangue in the ore. Davis tube data indicates that magnetite can be separated from gangue quite efficiently in the magnetite-dominated ore types. Contrary to magnetite ore, hematite-dominated ore types cannot be processed by DT. It is favored to use strong magnetic separation in order to achieve a desirable hematite concentrate. The magnetic material recovered by DT is most efficiently separated at an intensity current of 0.2 A, whereas above 0.5 A the separation process is neglectable. Based on comminution and magnetic separation tests a consolidation to eight ore types is favored which supports possible future mining of the Per Geijer deposits.:Contents ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………… I CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………… II LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ……………………………………………… IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………… V 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Background and motivation of study ……………………………… 2 1.2 Previous and current work on the Per Geijer deposits ……………… 3 1.3 The need for mineral processing and in-situ ore description ……………… 4 1.4 General and generic aspects on iron oxide apatite deposits ……………… 5 Chapter A 2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY ………………………………………………. 7 2.1 Local geology of the Kiruna area ……………………………………… 7 2.2 Geology of the Per Geijer deposits ……………………………………… 9 3 METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 12 3.1 Core sampling and preparation ……………………………………… 12 3.2 SEM – MLA in-situ ore ……………………………………………… 14 3.3 Electron Probe Microanalyses (EPMA) ……………………………… 15 3.3.1 Iron oxide measurements ……………………………………… 15 3.3.2 Apatite measurements ……………………………………… 15 3.4 In-situ LA-ICP-MS ……………………………………………………… 16 3.5 Whole-rock geochemistry ……………………………………………… 18 3.5.1 Exploration drill core assays ……………………………… 18 3.5.2 Chemical assays of rock chips ……………………………… 18 4 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………… 19 4.1 Pre-definition of ore types ………………………………...……………. 19 4.2 Mineralogy of in situ ore ……………………………………………… 21 4.2.1 Ore Type M1a ……………………………………………… 21 4.2.2 Ore Type M1b ……………………………………………… 22 4.2.3 Ore Type M2a ……………………………………………… 23 4.2.4 Ore Type M2b ……………………………………………… 25 4.2.5 Ore Type HM1b ……………………………………………… 26 4.2.6 Ore Type HM2a ……………………………………………… 27 4.2.7 Ore Type HM2b ……………………………………………… 28 4.2.8 Ore Type H1a ……………………………………………… 29 4.2.9 Ore Type H1b ……………………………………………… 30 4.2.10 Ore Type H2a ……………………………………………… 31 4.2.11 Ore Type H2b ……………………………………………… 32 4.2.12 Comparison of ore types ……………………………………… 33 4.3 Geochemistry of in situ ore types ……………………………… 36 4.3.1 Whole-rock chemical assays of drill cores ……………………… 36 4.3.2 Whole-rock geochemistry of rock chips ……………………… 39 4.4 Mineral chemistry of iron oxides ……………………………………… 42 4.4.1 Iron oxides and associated minerals ……………………………… 42 4.4.2 Mineral chemistry of magnetite from Per Geijer ……………… 43 4.4.3 Mineral chemistry of hematite from Per Geijer ……………… 47 4.5 Mineral chemistry of apatite ……………………………………… 51 4.5.1 Apatite and associated minerals ……………………………… 51 4.5.2 Mineral chemistry of apatite from Per Geijer ……………… 53 Chapter B 5 COMMINUTION TESTS ……………………………………………… 58 5.1 Methodology of comminution tests ……………………………………… 59 5.1.1 Sampling for comminution tests ……………………………… 59 5.1.2 Comminution circuit ……………………………………………… 61 5.1.3 Energy consumption calculation ……………………………… 62 5.1.4 SEM – MLA ……………………………………………………… 64 6 MAGNETIC SEPARATION TESTS ……………………………… 65 6.1 Methodology of magnetic separation by Davis magnetic tube ……… 66 6.2 Davis magnetic tube tests for characterization of the Per Geijer ore types 66 6.3 Separation analysis based on the Henry-Reinhard charts .……………... 67 7 RESULTS OF COMMINUTION OF ORE TYPES ……………………… 69 7.1 General characteristics of magnetite-dominated ore types ……………… 69 7.2 General characteristics of hematite-dominated ore types ……………… 72 7.3 General characteristics of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types ……… 75 7.4 General characteristics of low-grade ore types ……………………… 77 7.5 Mineral liberation characteristics of magnetite-dominated ore types 79 7.6 Mineral liberation characteristics of hematite-dominated ore types 83 7.7 Mineral liberation characteristics of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types 87 7.8 Mineral liberation characteristics of low-grade ore types ……………… 90 7.9 Total energy consumption of ore types from the Per Geijer deposits 94 8 RESULTS OF MAGNETIC SEPARATION OF ORE TYPES ……… 95 8.1 Magnetic separation of magnetite-dominated ore types ……………… 95 8.2 Magnetic separation of hematite-dominated ore types ……………… 96 8.3 Magnetic separation of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types ……………… 97 8.4 Magnetic separation of low-grade ore types ……………………………… 98 8.5 Henry-Reinhard charts ……………………………………………… 99 9 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………… 101 9.1 Mineralogy of the in-situ ore types from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 101 9.2 Geochemistry of the in-situ ore types from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 103 9.3 Mineral chemistry of iron oxides from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 105 9.4 Mineral chemistry of apatite from the Per Geijer deposits ……………… 114 9.5 Comminution of ore types from Per Geijer ……………………… 119 9.6 Magnetic separation of ore types from Per Geijer ……………………… 120 9.7 Issues with process mineralogy of in-situ and grinded ore types ……… 121 10 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………… 128 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ……………………………… 131 12 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………… 134