Denna studie har som fokus och syfte att undersöka på vilket sätt det nedärvda och förvärvade utbildningskapital påverkar gymnasieungdomars framtida utbildningsstrategier i landsbygdskommuner i Norrbotten. Studien har även som syfte att undersöka hur platsen där gymnasieungdomarna bor påverkar det nedärvda och förvärvade utbildningskapitalet och om platsen är en av förklaringarna på att många gymnasieungdomar söker sig bort från landsbygdskommuner i Norrbotten och vidare till högre utbildning på större orter. Följande teoretiska tillika utbildningssociologiska begrepp av Pierre Bourdieu har använts för att bearbeta och besvara studiens syfte; utbildningskapital och utbildningsstrategi. Metoden för att samla in data var kvantitativa enkätundersökning med kvalitativa inslag. 20 personer svarade på enkäten från gymnasieskolans studieförberedande klasser fördelat på två mindre landsbygdsorter, Pajala och Arvidsjaur. De analysmetoder som användes för att bearbeta insamlade data var univariat analys och tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet i studien indikerar att de utbildningsstrategier som växer fram påverkas av det nedärvda och förvärvade utbildningskapitalet hos ungdomar i Norrbottens inland. Framväxten av individens utbildningsstrategi beror även på geografiska och socioekonomiska omständigheter. Det går inte automatiskt att säga att ett högt utbildningskapital hos föräldrarna leder till att en individ söker sig vidare till högre studier samtidigt som det inte går att säga att ett lågt utbildningskapital hos föräldrarna gör att individen inte söker sig vidare till högre studier. Utan platsen, familjen, kulturen man växer upp och lever i och de socioekonomiska förutsättningar inverkar också på vilka utbildningsstrategier som växer fram hos individen. Föräldrars utbildningskapital är närvarande för ungdomarna, både det höga och låga utbildningskapitalet hos föräldrarna inverkar på ungdomarnas utbildningsstrategier när de tar form.

The objective of this thesis has been to analyze whether booms in the iron ore market has any significant effects on local labor markets in certain municipalities in Norrbotten County during the time period 2000-2016. Previous research has established that certain types of booms and busts influenced local labor markets. The analysis was done by using panel data and regression models where the results where compared over non-mining and mining municipalities. The results gave a vague response with both conclusive and inconclusive results over the variables investigated. The main conclusion is that although the mining industry is a big part of local labor markets in Norrbotten County, it is important for firms and policymakers to understand that the mining industry is not the only important factor and that decisions should not be entirely based on the mining industry and its markets. / Målet med denna uppsats var att analysera ifall booms i järnmalmsmarknaden har någon signifikant påverkan på lokala arbetsmarknader i utvalda kommuner i Norrbotten under tidsperioden 2000–2016. Tidigare forskning har fastställt att vissa booms och busts kan influera lokala arbetsmarknader. Analysen har genomförts med paneldata och regressionsmodeller där resultat jämförts mellan gruvkommuner och ickegruvkommuner. Resultaten gav otydliga resultat då vissa var konklusiva medan andra inte var konklusiva. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen som nåtts är att även om gruvindustrin är en viktig del av de lokala arbetsmarknaderna, är det viktigt för företag och beslutsfattare att förstå att gruvindustrin inte är den enda påverkande faktorn och att framtida beslut och satsningar inte enbart ska baseras kring gruvindustrin och dess marknad.

This article explores who the people in the mountain world are and what makes them choose the activities they do through a questionnaire survey with information about gender, age, place of birth, education level, mountain habit and the sense of accessibility, self-esteem and factors that influence the choice of mountain activities. The results from the study show that most people who visit the mountains come from southern Sweden and from outside the Nordic countries. Many of these visit the mountains several times a year. A majority of respondents also feel included in the target groups that they think nature tourism is focusing on, which are those with good economics, high level of education, associated middle or upper classes, and already introduced in the mountain environment. Non-white persons were some who, according to the interviewees, were not prioritized by nature tourism, and among the interviewees were also non-white in extreme minority. Factors that affect the interviewees' choices about what they choose to do for activities in the mountains are above all the tour company, but also the economy and old habit. As to what makes the respondents choose not to do certain activities in the mountains, there is also a society that is the biggest factor, followed by ignorance, economy and uncertainty.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur kvinnor, inflyttade till Stockholm från Norrbottens län och som bott i staden i mer än fem år, konstruerar sin identitet i relation till rådande diskurser om storstad/småstad eller storstad/landsbygd. Analysen är utförd baserad på sju intervjuer med kvinnor i åldrarna 36-48 år, alla härstammande från Norrbotten. Efter analys framkommer det att kvinnornas identiteten är del i en konstruktion, en ständigt pågående process som aldrig riktigt blir färdig, då kvinnorna ständigt skapar sin identitet i förhållande till ’det andra’, eller får sin identitet bekräftad eller definierad av andra. Det blir också tydligt att norrbottniskhet inte bara har att göra med identitet, utan även också med klass, då det i dualiteten mellan Stockholm och Norrbotten framstår ett maktförhållande, och det står i slutändan klart att kvinnorna inte bara gjort en identitetsresa utan även också en klassresa, genom sitt val att byta ut Norrbotten mot huvudstaden i söder.

The subject of this bachelor thesis is the study of the artefact type called simple shaft-hole axe (Swedish: enkel skafthålsyxa) that have been found in the northern region of Sweden, Norrland. In contrast to finds in southern and middle Sweden, axes of this type in Norrland have not been extensively studied. Therefor the aim of this paper is to tabulate their number and distribution and see if the axes have any spatial relation to ancient monuments (Swedish: fornlämningar) dated to the same period and to see if the axes have any spatial relationship to any specific type of geography/terrain. This study also analyzes how they compare to the axes found in the rest of Sweden and thus what they may be able to tell us about prehistoric society in Norrland. This paper can be viewed as an extension of Per Lekberg’s dissertation Yxors liv, människors landskap: en studie av kulturlandskap och samhälle i Mellansveriges senneolitikum which is the most modern and extensive analysis of axes found in southern and middle Sweden and has provided a blueprint for the research done in this paper.

The Swedish mental hospitals existed for about one hundred years, the period around 1880-1980. The research is intended to be from a local setting perspective to study the local approach used to meet requirements from Furunäsets mental hospital principals 1960 - 1972, the effect this had on the care and treatment of mentally ill patients and how Swedish society's changing approach to mental health influenced the process. The results of the research showed that Furunäset searched for ways to meet the principals' requirements which often went against the patients’ personal best. Furunäsets mental hospital strove to fulfill its institutional goals in them selves rather than giving patients the care and treatment they needed. The Swedish society's attitude to mental illness changed during the 1960s and 70s as a result of a massive social criticism which came from the radical left. The psychiatric treatment was changed by the humanistic psychology breakthrough in the late 1950s and early 60s. This meant that the focus shifted from treating patients as objects to be seen as people with human qualities. These changes created a conflict between the society's belifs and the mental hospital's, regarding the function of Furunäsets Mental Hospital. The conflict led to the Swedish government taking the first step towards reorganizing mental health services by building hospitals in the early 1970s that combined somatic and psychiatric care.

The aim of this thesis is to present and examine the names of the islands in the archipelago of Luleå innorthern Sweden. The basis for the studies is a collection of names, which contains written forms excerpted fromsources from the 14th to the 20th century and local pronunciations of old as well as modern names. The names ofthe islands in the collection have been studied from three aspects.The first study (chapter 2) deals with the structure of the names and especially that of names of islands in doublecompound. The lack of s in names like Storhäll-gründet, where dialects in the south of S weden and StandardSwedish would have Storhälls gründet, is the starting point of the investigation. (Some double compounds have sin the compounding link like Bullerskärs-grundet. They are also discussed.)The hypothesis advanced is that the dialectal distribution of the accent in the names in northern Sweden makes itpossible to show where the link in the double compound is, so the 5, which in Standard Swedish and in thedialects in the south of Sweden is needed to mark the semantic limit between the parts of the compound, is notneeded in the dialects of northern Sweden.The stress in double compounds of th e type AB-C (see above) is on the last element of the name or word: -——. Names in double compound of the type A-BC like Lill-Kvarnören have a different type of accent: — — 1with the stress on the first element of the name or word. The two different main accents in double compounds ofthe type AB-C and A-BC: J— — and — —1 have the status of markers showing where the compounding link inthe compound is, so the s is not needed in the compounds of the type AB-C in the dialects of northern Sweden.The study includes names of isl ands containing double compounds in the whole of Norrbotten and appellativedouble compounds from a collection of words from a village in Nederluleå.The second study (chapter 3) deals with the relationship between the names and the land uplift. The BothnianBay is an area of rapid land uplift. The land uplift has its highest estimated values, 0,9 meters in 100 years, on thecoast north of Skellefteå up to Luleå. Many names of islands have disappeared because the islands have beenuplifted, especially in what used to be large bays, now large shallow lakes like Persöfjärden. New water-surroundedareas have on the other hand been named like Sandgrönnorna, described from old maps from 1790 and fromphotographs from 1946.Chapter 3 consists of three sections, in which separate studies of names in relation to the land uplift are presented.The first section deals with the names ending in -gründet, -grunden. Originally names of under-water localities,they are now names of small islands and gründet has changed its denotation to 'small island' in the area.The second section in chapter 3 presents a method for the dating of names of island in uplifted areas. Many largeislands, now uplifted, still have the names they had as water-surrounded islands. By following the equidistancecurves around the locality it is possible to find out at what equidistance it was surrounded by water. Before thattime it must have been named as an island. That is terminus ante quem, TAO, for the name. The third sectiondeals with the names of vattung, which can be dated from the time of th eir rise above the sea level. A vattung, 5meters high, can thus be about 500 years old, terminus post quem, TPQ, about 1450. The studies presentedabove show that some names can be dated to the Viking Age.The third study (chapter 4) deals with the names of large islands and the colonization. The colonization period ofthe northern part of Sweden is reflected in many names of large islands containing personal names like Hertsönand Germandön. No archipelago in Scandinavia shows such an amount of names of islands containing personalnames. Most personal names are Nordic and can be compared to those in the names ending in -mark in Västerbottenand the south of Norrbotten. - Some of t he names of islands containing personal names have also beendated in chapter 3. They are among the oldest names in Nederluleå.In chapter 5 the names in the studies are put in relation to the historical and archaeological records in Norrbottenand can thus contribute to throwing light upon the colonization period of northern Sweden. / digitalisering@umu

The aim of this study was to map and date glacial flutings with ice flows deviating from the predominating northwesterly ice flow direction in the southern part of Norrbotten County in northern Sweden, and also to investigate if parts of the glacial landscape are older than previously thought. The traditional view is that most landforms in the area were formed during the late Weichselian (W3). Analysis of the new high resolution elevation model (2 m grid) derived from laser scanning was performed after treating the data with a hillshade tool in ArcMap to reveal terrain features such as flutings. The analysis resulted in a map showing four main groups of deviating ice flows (N-S, NO-SV, SO-NV and S-N) and several westerly ice flows. The majority of flutings with deviating ice flows were found in low terrain. This, together with studies suggesting a cold based late Weichselian ice sheet in Norrbotten, implies an old age of the deviating ice flows. The deviating ice flows are interpreted to originate from the first early Weichselian (W1), or predate the onset of the Weichselian glaciation. Some NV-SO flutings were located in high terrain, which implies a younger age relative to the low terrain flutings. They represent the youngest ice flow found in the area, possibly from the second early Weichselian (W2). The new elevation model clearly offers new possibilities for studying small scale landforms and shows that the traditional view of the Weichselian glaciation in northern Swedish needs to be reconsidered.

The thesis studies the representation of prehistory as a part of the making and remaking of ethnic identities in Northern Sweden from the end of the 19th Century until today, thus dealing with archaeology and prehistory in relation to issues such as identity, memory and politics. The thesis takes as its point of departure the constitution of a Swedish national identity and memory in the late 19th Century and subsequent decades, followed by studies of, mainly later, representations of Sámi, Kvenish (“Kvänsk”) and North Bothnian (“Norrbottnisk”) collective identities. The study material consists of texts, primarily analyzed through discourse and narrative analysis. The thesis demonstrates how the constitution of a Swedish national identity in Northern Sweden constructed a dichotomy between an imagined civilized “Swedishness”, belonging to the future, and an imagined primitive Sámi Other, belonging to the past. It is argued that this discursive boundary work has not just situated some persons and their everyday life in a marginal position as a visible Sámi Other, but has also situated a substantial number of the inhabitants of Northern Sweden more or less in liminality and marginality in relation to the national identity structure. This has created a need for people to officially represent a more satisfactory collective identity, which includes a rewriting of the prehistory of the area. The last chapter relates the results to studies of similar cases in colonial and postcolonial contexts outside Europe. The essentialist view of identity and history present in several of the studied representations is also discussed. The thesis emphasizes the importance of a more nuanced view of relationships of ethnicity, domination and subordination, and the associated formation of collective memories, in Northern Sweden. Discourses of ethnicity and domination often function through simplifying dichotomies, but dichotomies alone cannot explain real conditions and consequences of these matters.

Det råder koncensus bland klimatforskare världen över att en omställning från fossila bränslen till mer klimatneutrala alternativ måste ske i energiproduktionen om det ska gå att hejda den globala uppvärmningen. Ett alternativ för att lyckas med detta är att producera energin från förnybara energikällor som vind och solkraft. Detta är också något som utnyttjas i allt högre grad runt om i världen, men problem uppstår dock när en stor del av en regions andel av energiproduktionen kommer från dessa källor. Det skapas en prisvolatilitet på marknaden, med priser som varierar lika mycket som vindstyrkan eller solinstrålningen. Ibland sjunker priserna så lågt att det är svårt att nå en lönsamhet för kraftverken. För att komma till bukt med denna obalans på energimarknaden kommer det att behöva byggas ett energilagringssystem som lagrar energin de förnybara källorna producerar. Ett alternativ för att lagra energi är att utvinna vätgas genom elektrolys när priserna på elmarknaden är låga för att sälja detta till olika aktörer. Tanken är att prisdalar ska jämnas ut om en överproduktion av el motverkas av en ökande elförbrukning genom vätgasframställning. På samma sätt jämnas pristopparna ut genom att upphöra med denna framställning när elproduktionen minskar. De aktörer som kan tänkas använda den producerade vätgasen kan vara allt från förbrukare inom industrin, vätgasbilar i transportsektorn, stationära bränsleceller för reservkraftverk, omvandling av koldioxid till biogas med hjälp av vätgas och konvertering av oljeeldade värmepannor. Vätgas är en skrymmande gas vid normalt tryck och temperatur, varför lagring måste ske i högt tryck eller i vätskefas. Detta göra att lagring och transport är två av de kostsammaste aspekterna i vätgashanteringen. Elpriset är också en stor kostnadsdrivare när vätgas framställs genom elektrolys. Dock kan en del av kostnaden för inköp av elenergi till en sådan här elektrolysanläggning undvikas om den placeras inom ett så kallat icke konscessionspliktigt nät, där ingen överföringsavgift behöver betalas. Exempel på sådana områden är vindkraftsparken på berget Uljabuouda utanför Arjeplog och fjärrvärmeverket på Hedensbyn i Skellefteå. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna rapport har varit att undersöka om det är ekonomiskt försvarbart att lagra energi i form av vätgas genom elektrolysframställning. För att undersöka detta valdes att placera två tänkta elektrolysörer på Uljabuouda och Hedensbyn tillsammans med en jämförelseanläggning i Arjeplogs samhälle. Dessutom valdes två olika storlekar på elektrolysörerna, en som producerar 150 Nm3 vätgas i timmen, kallad C150, och en annan som producerar 300 Nm3, kallad C300. Förutom det huvudsakliga syftet har rapporten undersökt vilket snittpris på el det varit under de senaste fyra åren. Det presenteras också några beräkningar för olika marknadsaktörers möjligheter att använda vätgas. Undersökningens resultat Lönsamheten för elektrolysören styrs i första hand av om all vätgas som produceras kan säljas, givet att anläggningen placeras inom icke koncessionspliktigt nät. Placeras den utanför sagda område är lönsamheten betydligt sämre. Placering av elektrolysören på Hedensbyn ger lite bättre ekonomiskt resultat och kortare återbetalningstid i jämförelse med en placering på Uljabuouda. Det här beror till största del på de stordriftsfördelar som antas erhållas i anslutning till ett bemannat fjärrvärmeverk. Återbetalningstiden i år för en elektrolysör som producerar 150 Nm3/h, med en drifttid på 4000 h/år och ett försäljningspris för vätgasen på 90 kr/kg är följandeUljabuouda: 11,3 år Arjeplog: 14,4 år Hedensbyn: 10,8 år Återbetalningstiden i år för en elektrolysör som producerar 300 Nm3/h, med en drifttid på 4000 h/år och ett försäljningspris för vätgasen på 90 kr/kg är följandeUljabuouda: 7,92 år Arjeplog: 9,25 år Hedensbyn: 7,75 år Det är osäkert om det går få tillstånd att bygga en elektrolysör på Uljabuouda. Detta gör att det kanske inte ens är lönt att överväga byggnation av en elektrolysör på detta ställe. De senaste fyra åren har snittpriset på el har varit 274 kr/MWh. Vid ett så lågt elpris kan vindkraftverk få problem med lönsamhet för sin elproduktion. Marknadsundersökningen visar att marknaden för vätgas i Västerbotten och Norrbotten inte är speciellt stor i nuläget. Den kan dock komma att växa. Biltestverksamheten i Arjeplog kan inom en snar framtid förbruka en väsentlig del av det som en elektrolysör i storlek C150 producerar. Fjärrvärmeverket på Hedensbyn är också en möjlig förbrukare av vätgas i sina uppstartsbrännare. / There is a consensus amongst climate scientists around the world that a shift from fossil fuels to more climate-neutral alternatives must take place in the energy production in order to cope with global warming. One way to succeed with this is to produce energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar power. This is also something that is increasingly being utilized around the world, but problems arise when a large part of a region's share of energy production comes from these sources. There can be price volatility in the market, with prices that vary as much as wind or solar radiation. Sometimes prices drop so low that it is difficult to achieve profitability for power plants. In order to overcome this imbalance in the energy market, an energy storage system will need to be built that stores the energy the renewable sources produce. An alternative to storing energy is to extract hydrogen through electrolysis when prices in the electricity market are low to sell this to different players. The idea is that price valleys will be leveled out if an overproduction of electricity is counteracted by increasing electricity consumption through hydrogen production. Similarly, pricing peaks are leveled by ending this production when power generation decreases. The operators who may use the hydrogen produced may range from industrial users, hydrogen vehicles in the transport sector, stationary fuel cells for reserve power plants, conversion of carbon dioxide to biogas by hydrogen and conversion of oil-fired boilers. Hydrogen is a bulky gas at normal pressure and temperature, so storage must take place in high pressure or in liquid phase. This means that storage and transportation are two of the most expensive aspects of hydropower management. Electricity price is also a major cost driver when hydrogen is produced by electrolysis. However, part of the cost of purchasing electricity for such an electrolysis plant can be avoided if it is placed within a so-called non-licensed network, where no transfer fee is required. Examples of such areas are the wind farm on the Uljabuouda mountain outside Arjeplog and the district heating plant at Hedensbyn in Skellefteå. The main purpose of this report has been to investigate whether it is economically justifiable to store energy in the form of hydrogen through electrolysis production. To investigate this, it was decided to place two thought electrolysers on Uljabuouda and Hedensbyn together with a comparison facility in Arjeplog's society. In addition, two different sizes were selected on the electrolysis tubes, one that produces 150 Nm3 hydrogen per hour, called C150, and another that produces 300 Nm3, called the C300. In addition to the main purpose, the report has examined the average price of electricity for the last four years. It also presents some estimates for the potential of various market participants to use hydrogen. Survey results: The profitability of the electrolyzer is primarily governed by the fact that all hydrogen produced can be sold, given that the plant is placed within non-concessionary networks. Placed outside the stated area, profitability is significantly reduced. Placement of the electrolyzer on Hedensbyn gives a little better financial performance and a shorter payback time compared to a location on Uljabuouda. This is largely due to the economies of scale assumed to be obtained in connection with a manned district heating plant. The payback time in figures for an electrolyzer that produces 150 Nm3/h, with a running time of 4000 h/year and a sales price of 90 kr/kg of hydrogen is the followingUljabuouda: 11,3 år Arjeplog: 14,4 år Hedensbyn: 10,8 år The payback time in figures for an electrolyzer producing 300 Nm3 / h, with a running time of 4000 h / year and a sales price of 90 kr / kg of hydrogen is the followingUljabuouda: 7,92 år Arjeplog: 9,25 år Hedensbyn: 7,75 år It is uncertain whether permission is being given to build an electrolyzer on Uljabuouda. This may make the construction of an electrolytic tube there not even worth to consider. In the past four years, the average electricity price has been 274 kr / MWh. This is a low electricity price due to overproduction of electricity. At such a low electricity price, wind turbines can have problems with profitability for their production. The market survey shows that the market for hydrogen in Västerbotten and Norrbotten is not particularly high at present. However, it may grow. The car test business in Arjeplog can in the near future consume an essential part of what an electrolytic tube in size C150 produces. The district heating plant at Hedensbyn is also a potential hydrogen source in its boot burner.