At the end of February 1957, the WHO announced that a highly contagious flu epidemic was raging in China, where hundreds of thousands of people had fallen ill. This flu then spreads with furious speed over the rest of the world and becomes known as the Asian flu. The main purpose of the essay is to use a qualitative content analysis to investigate and compare how the Asian flu pandemic was portrayed in the Swedish newspapers Norrskensflamman and Dagens Nyheter at its outbreak in 1957. The reason why these two newspapers have been chosen is due to their differences in quantity, political tendency and their geographical locations. Both dailies have also been available digitally. Based on own investigations in the thesis, as well as research on previous epidemics that have affected Sweden, three themes have been identified; panic, vaccines and societal change. These are a starting point for seeking answers to what the portrayal looks like, what differences there are between the newspapers and whether Norrbotten is affected in a different way compared to the rest of Sweden. The articles on the Asian flu that have been investigated have been located in the two newspapers and compared in relation to each other. The essay shows both similarities and differences in the newspapers' reporting of the Asian flu, where the most prominent are the panic aspects. Together, both newspapers report a much lower death toll from the flu than the actual one, but differ in how much responsibility they take to prevent public panic, for example through word choice. Their early reporting on the work with vaccines also helps to calm and convey that the situation is under control. On the other hand, the content of the articles changes quickly when it is clear that the infection is raging in Sweden. Information in the newspapers regarding societal changes is sparse and there are few indications that they are permanent.There are no clear indications that Norrbotten was hit much harder by the Asian flu than the rest of Sweden, quite the opposite.

I denna studie undersökts hur Eric Forsgren gestaltade den norrbottniska befolkningen i visuell media under 1950 och 1960-talen. I studien genomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, som kopplas till tidigare forskning och teorier om gestaltning och representation. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar på att Eric Forsgren har gestaltat den norrbottniska befolkningen och dess vardagsliv som ett väglöst land, med många naturnära yrken, såsom renskötsel och säljakt. Vidare visar resultatet på att många fördomar om Norrbotten och dess befolkning förstärks via filmatiseringen. Dessa fördomar innefattar problem med en tvåspråkig kultur (Heith, 2017), marginalisering av minoriteter såsom tornedalingar och samer. Vidare får man även en inblick i det exotiska (Eriksson, 2010) inom rennäringen, där nomadliv är en del av vardagen. Det framkommer även viss utflyttningsproblematik (Eriksson, 2010) i länet, då arbetstillfällena inom rennäringen inte är tillfredsställande för många unga samer i norr. / In this study Eric Forsgrens framing of the people living in Norrbotten in visual media during the period of 1950- to 1960 is analyzed. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis. This is connected through theories about framing and representation. The results from this study shows that Forsgren framed the people living in Norrbotten as a community with bad communication, with a lot of nature friendly working habits. Such as the care of reindeers and the hunt for seals. It is also clear that many of the prejudice about the people in Norrbotten is amplified by the adaption. The prejudice of the people are the struggle of a bilingual people in a unilingual society. But also the marginalization of a minority such as the sami people and the people tornedalingar who lives in the north of Norrbotten. The sami people are framed as something exotich in their way of living. And the problem of the exodus of the people in Norrbotten is captured.

This thesis examines the implementation of a philanthropically project called Norrbottens arbetsstugor which were launched during the famine of 1903. The project initially aimed to hinder starvation among children to poor families and was arranged in a similar way as boarding-out schools. Children to poor families were offered this temporary solution and during their stay they received board and lodging as well as schooling and work practice. However, the project continues until 1954 although the threat of famine is hindered fairly promptly which indicates that new policies were introduced. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on how actors on different levels in the implementation structure adapt and transform the philanthropically policy to suit their respective needs and goals. The study is divided into two phases, a so called initial phase and an expansion phase. The implementation is investigated via archive material from the philanthropically organisation itself, Stiftelsen Norrbottens Läns arbetsstugor, as well as from local governments (kommunala skolråd) and representatives of the Swedish government (folkskoleinspektörer). The study shows how policies of childcare becomes blurry or difficult to fulfil due to insufficient means, lack of control or because of absence of recognized tools to evaluate the activity. Commonly, implementation studies sought to show how well or misused the policy has been obeyed after its introduction. This study shows rather how a policy can work fruitfully even though, or thanks to, its intentions are reformulated by different actors. This of course, awakes questions of moral characters. The study also highlights the importance to investigate, in this case a philanthropically case, not only as such, but as a project that is ongoing on several levels. This gives us the opportunity to see what, for example, the conception of ‘good childcare’ means and how it is defined depending on the level studied. To put it short: when studied in different levels, we may unveil the different meanings of a concept. Keywords: Norrbotten, early 20th century, childcare, boarding-school, philanthropy, assimilation, implementation.

The grass of wetlands in northern Sweden has been utilized for mowing and pasture even in our time. There are a large number of words and expressions, expecially in the dialects, to denote and describe the various types of wetlands.The chief aim of the thesis is to investigate some 40 wetland terms in a limited area - the old parish of Luleå, Norrbotten, in northern Sweden - in order to establish their distribution, meanings and use. The aim of the study is also to illustrate different semantic aspects, such as semantic features, semantic fields, the relationship between common nouns and place-names, as well as explanations based on the appearance of the wetlands. The material consists of words that derive from archives, the literature on the subject and interviews with 43 informants, and has been supplemented with studies of the wetlands themselves.Three semantically similar words, drävj, dröla and dovei, are scrutinized and compared with reference to their frequency and distribution, position, humidity, vegetation, form and depth of the ground. To illustrate the relationship between words and referents the author investigates what words are used about (small) muddy pools in a swamp (mire) and about the dry parts of a swamp (in technical language called flarkar and strängar, respectively). The words drävj and dröla are compared with five other words for 'depression/hollow' etc. and 'small pool' etc. Similarities and differences are illustrated in three figures on the basis of criteria like depression/hollow, humidity and size. The words are often explained with reference to special places in the area or to adjacent places, the names of which contain the word in question. With two pairs of words as examples, grande and skärpa, and drävj and dröla, respectively, the author investigates the meanings of the words and their referents and the explanatory strategies of the informants.The author stresses the dependence of word explanations and the learning of words on their contexts and functional situations. This aspect is illustrated in a chapter which summerizes how the author's semantic views of dövel, dröla and drävj have been formed. This is done with reference to the so-called prototype theory. / digitalisering@umu

Undersköterskors arbetsliv inom äldrevården har genomgått omvälvande förändringar övertid. Efter den omfattande reformen under 90-talet har undersköterskornas arbetsliv genomgått betydande förändringar. Det var dessa förändringar som inspirerade och låg till grund för studiens inriktning att skapa en djupare förståelse för undersköterskors upplevelse av motivation och trivsel kopplat till den organisatoriska strukturen och arbetsvillkor. Tidigare forskning inom området har granskats och undersköterskor från Norrbotten med lång erfarenhet inom äldrevården har intervjuats. Genom att ta del av deras erfarenheter och insikter har en sammanställning och analys genomförts med hjälp av motivations-teorier av bland annat Herzberg (1966). Studiens resultat visar att flera respondenter uttrycker en längtan efter mer tid för vårdnära arbetsuppgifter. Undersköterskorna ansvarar idag för fler ”lätta” uppgifter som städ och tvätt, samtidigt som de flesta sjukvårdsuppgifter har tagits ifrån dem och lagts över på sjuksköterskor. Tidigare fanns en hierarkisk arbetsfördelning baserad på kompetens och utbildning under "långvårdstiden". Det gav en rättvisare ansvarsfördelning som belönade utbildade undersköterskor. Idag anställs i högre grad outbildad personal, vilket ökar arbetsbelastningen för de utbildade. Undersköterskor kompenserar genom extra arbete utan direkt belöning. En efterfrågan på erkännande och belöning kopplat till kompetens samt en mer rättvis ansvarsfördelning finns. Resultatet kan förklaras genom tidigare forskning, där undersköterskor påverkas negativt av organisatoriska förändringar och kompetensbrist. Äldreomsorgsreformen 1992 och införandet av New Public Management försämrade arbetsmiljön. Effektiviseringsåtgärder minskade tid för vårdnära arbete, och arbetskraftbristen i Norrbotten ökade anställningen av outbildad personal. Den ökade kompetensbristen trots minskad arbetslöshet utmanar rekrytering och kompetensförsörjning. Studien betonar att identifiera faktorer för arbetsmotivation och utforma effektiva förbättringsåtgärder är viktigt. / The work life of nursing assistants in elderly care has undergone significant changes over time. Following the extensive reform in the 1990s the work life of nursing assistants has experienced notable transformations. It was these changes that inspired and formed the basis for the study's focus on gaining a deeper understanding of nursing assistants experiences of motivation and satisfaction related to organizational structure and working conditions. Previous research in the field has been reviewed, and nursing assistants from Norrbotten with extensive experience in elderly care have been interviewed. By exploring their experiences and insights, a compilation and analysis have been conducted using motivation theories, including those of Herzberg (1966). The study's findings indicate that several respondents express a desire for more time for caregiving tasks. Nursing assistants today are responsible for more "light" tasks such as cleaning and laundry, while most healthcare tasks have been taken away from them and delegated to nurses. Previously, there was a hierarchical work distribution based on competence and education during the "long-term care period." This provided a fairer distribution of responsibilities that rewarded educated nursing assistants. Today, there is a higher prevalence of hiring untrained personnel, increasing the workload for the trained ones. Nursing assistants compensate by working extra without direct compensation. There is a demand for recognition and rewards linked to competence, along with a more equitable distribution of responsibilities. The results can be explained by previous research, where nursing assistants are negatively affected by organizational changes and a lack of competence. The eldercare reform in 1992 and the introduction of New Public Management worsened the working environment. Efficiency measures reduced time for caregiving tasks, and the labor shortage in Norrbotten led to increased employment of untrained personnel. The increased competence shortage, despite decreased unemployment, poses a challenge for recruitment and competence supply. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying factors affecting work motivation and designing effective improvement measures.

För att studera hur omställningen från vertikal till horisontell energiutvinning kommer att påverka samhället har två fallstudier gjorts. Fallstudierna tillsammans med teorin om socialekologiska fix har använts för att analysera de socialekologiska transformationerna som sker på landskap och politiken som finns kring dessa transformationer. En fallstudie har studerat vindkrafts projektet Markbygden i Norrbottens län och den andra studerar vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötlands län. Dessa fallstudier har genomförts genom en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer med aktörer som är med och påverkar samt påverkas av dessa vindkraftsetableringar. Fallstudierna visar att landskapet har förändrats fysiskt av byggnationen av vindkraftverken vilket har bidragit till en transformation av markanvändningen. Karteringar som har gjorts i samband med vindkraftsetablering har påverkat hur människor använder och förhåller sig till marken samt hur ägandeförhållandena ser ut. Vidare har vindkraftsetableringen i Östergötland och Norrbotten lett till olika konflikter som exempelvis störningar av ljus och buller samt konflikter med renskötseln som tidigare bedrivits i området Markbygden. Dessa konflikter har alltså uppkommit till följd av den landskapstransformation som har skett i samband med vindkraftsutbyggnaden. I Norrbotten och Östergötland är en ekonomisk kompensation respektive en markhyra aktuell, dock anses dessa vara otillräckliga för att kompensera för den förlust av betesmark för renar som sker i Norrbotten respektive för de besvär lokalbefolkningen upplever med bullret i Östergötland. Slutligen visar resultatet även på att den största drivkraften för företag att etablera vindkraft är vinst och därmed sker otillräckliga karteringar av vind och markanvändning vilket försvårar implementeringen av vindkraft. Slutsatserna för denna rapport är därmed att olika kartläggningar av främst vind har förändrat markanvändningen och andra verksamheter som tidigare bedrivits i landskapet har begränsats och i stor utsträckning ersatts av produktion av vindkraft. Då vindkraften i Östergötland och Norrbotten har byggts ut med otillräckliga kartläggningar som inte tar de sociala relationerna i beaktning har dessa olika konflikter uppstått. / To study how the transition from vertical to horizontal energy recovery will affect society, two case studies have been conducted. The case studies, together with the theory of socio-ecological fixes, have been used to analyze the socio-ecological transformations that take place on landscapes and the politics that exist around these transformations. The first case study concerned the wind power project called Markbygden in Norrbotten County and the second case study concerned wind power establishment in Östergötland County. These case studies were conducted through a qualitative study in the form of interviews with actors who are involved in and are affected by these wind power establishments. The case studies show that the landscape has changed physically by the construction of wind turbines, which has contributed to a transformation of land use. Mappings that have been made in correlation with wind power establishment have affected how people use and relate to the land and what the ownership conditions look like. Furthermore, the establishment of wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has led to various conflicts such as disturbances caused by light and noise as well as conflicts with reindeer husbandry that was previously conducted in the Markbygden area. These conflicts have thus arisen as a result of the landscape transformation that has taken place in connection with the expansion of wind power. In Norrbotten and Östergötland, financial compensation and land rent are current, however, these are considered insufficient to compensate for the loss of grazing land for reindeer that occurs in Norrbotten and for the problems the local population experiences with the noise in Östergötland. Finally, the results also show that the biggest driving force for companies to establish wind power is profit and thus insufficient mapping of wind and land use takes place, which makes it more difficult to implement wind power. The conclusions of this report are thus that various mappings of mainly wind have changed land use and other activities previously conducted in the landscape have been limited and to a great extent been replaced by the production of wind power. As wind power in Östergötland and Norrbotten has expanded with insufficient mappings that disregard existing social relations, the various conflicts have arisen.

I denna uppsats undersöks den demografiska utvecklingen i Piteå landsförsamling under åren 1862-1872. Detta för att få en kunskap om hur den ekonomiska krisen 1867-1868 påverkade folkmängd, födelsetal, dödstal och giftermålsfrekvens. Vidare undersöks hur olika socialgrupper påverkades med avseende på mortalitet och giftermålsfrekvens. Resultatet av undersökningen är att ekonomiska faktorer påverkar demografiska faktorer och att lägre socialgrupper tvingas anpassa sig i högre utsträckning.

Detta pedagogiska specialarbete är en undersökning av lukkari – försångarens och försångens betydelse, tradering och historia inom östlaestadianska församlingar i Norrbottens län. Resultatet, som framkommit genom kvalitativa intervjuer med informanter, visar att val av lukkari och dess traderingsprocess mellan personer och generationer grundar sig utifrån parameterar såsom sångröst, personens mod och ansvarstagande, en levande kristen tro samt i vissa fall även arv. Det framkomna resultatet visar även på skillnader i lukkaritraditionens status och fortlevnad i de områden och församlingar som undersökts. Ny information och relevant fakta kring lukkaritraditionens historia har även lyfts fram. Resultatdelen sammanfattas under egen rubrik och reflektioner samt analyser kring arbetet redovisas i en avslutande diskussion.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Validerat; 20101217 (root)