Toute entreprise, par choix ou par obligation, doit s’adapter en permanence aux différentes évolutions économique, technologique et social de son environnement. Dans cette visée, des changements internes et externes s’avèrent nécessaires afin d’optimiser les performances existantes de l’entreprise. Pour anticiper et réussir ces changements, les organisations doivent réfléchir à une stratégie adéquate en tenant compte du volet humain, car toute modification ou rupture des pratiques de travail peut déstabiliser les habitudes des acteurs et dans certains cas peut être à l’origine des mécanismes de résistance. Dans la littérature académique et dans le discours managérial la résistance au changement est souvent présentée comme un fait négatif mené par une minorité d’individus impactant significativement les projets de changement. Dans ce sens, l’étude de la compréhension et de la mesure des résistances des acteurs est donc essentielle pour réussir le changement dans une organisation. Notre étude démontre que, pour ne pas compromettre la réussite du projet de changement, une analyse des niveaux de résistances s’avère nécessaire par le gestionnaire afin de minimiser les effets de la résistance des acteurs face au changement. Le dispositif de recherche diachronique nous a permis de suivre l’évolution des comportements des acteurs, d’un projet de changement, dans le secteur médical, pour faire émerger les principaux caractéristiques et les niveaux de résistances. L’intérêt de cette étude est de déterminer les différents niveaux de résistances pour identifier les freins possibles auxquels le manager devra faire face, et de proposer des solutions adéquates pour réussir de manière positive un changement dans l’entreprise. / Every company, by choice or by necessity, must constantly adapt itself to various economic, technological and social environment changes. From this perspective, the internal and external changes are needed in order to optimize the existing of the company. To anticipate these changes and to be successful, organizations need to consider an appropriate strategy taking into account the human dimension, because any modification or termination of work practices can destabilize the habits of actors and in some cases can cause resistance mechanisms. In the academic literature and in the managerial discourse, the resistance to change is often presented as a negative led by a minority of individuals impacting significantly change projects. In this sense, the study of understanding and measuring resistances actors is essential for managing change in an organization. Our study demonstrates that, in order to not jeopardize the success of the change project, an analysis of resistance levels is necessary for the manager to minimize the effects of the actor’s resistance to change. This diachronical research has allowed us to monitor the behavior of actors, a proposed change in the medical industry, to bring out the main characteristics and resistance levels. The interest of this study is to determine the different levels of resistance, to identify the possible obstacles, that the manager will have to deal and then to propose appropriate solutions to achieve positively the change in the company.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque. En effet, nous avons cherché à déterminer les étapes clés de la mise en évidence d’un processus de diffusion au sein de la banque, de déterminer les freins que peuvent rencontrés les banquiers lors de ce processus et d’évaluer leur impact sur la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie. En effet, la diffusion est le processus par lequel la stratégie est déclinée à travers toute la banque. Or, la compréhension et le soutien qu’accordent les membres de la banque dépendent, entre autres, du processus grâce auquel iles en prennent connaissance. C’est pourquoi, l’étude de la diffusion apparait pertinente. Ainsi, comprendre en profondeur le processus de la diffusion en termes de modalités et de contenus, nous a permis de détecter les éléments qui peuvent freiner le développement d’une représentation stratégique partagée et comprise par l’ensemble de la banque, de la stratégie envisagée, et influencer la qualité de la mise en oeuvre. Notre analyse s’est essentiellement basée sur une démarche abductive qui consiste à procéder par allers retours entre théorie et terrain et qui nous a permis de renforcer la validité de notre cadre conceptuel et de le compléter par les éléments de notre analyse des cas. Au final, nous avons détecté un ensemble de freins à la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque qui sont essentiellement : la sur information, les capacités cognitives, la résistance au changement, la nature de la stratégie et le nombre des niveaux hiérarchiques et dont l’impact le plus marquant est le dérapage de la mise en oeuvre. / This study deals with the communication of strategy within the banking sector. Our aim was to highlight the key steps involved in the communication process of banks, identify the challenges faced by bankers regarding that process and assess their role in the promotion of the strategy. Indeed, communication is the channel through which the strategy will be spread throughout the bank. Yet, the understanding and defense of the strategy by the employees, greatly depends on the way it has been conveyed to them; hence the importance and relevance of communication studies. Thus, a deep understanding of communication processes in terms of form as well as content, allowed us to pinpoint the elements that might prevent the development of a common strategic representation, understood by all, and affect the quality of its implementation. Our study is essentially based on an abductive approach that consists in going back and forth between theory and confirmation on the field. This method allowed us to strengthen the validity of our conceptual framework and supplement it with examples derived from our study case. In the end, we came up with the conclusion that many elements prevent the good circulation of strategy information within a bank. The main ones being: over-information, cognitive capacities, the resistance to change, the nature of the strategy as well as the number of hierarchical levels whose most striking consequence is the failure of implementation.

The research was conducted from the perspective of a positive psychological paradigm and investigated the interrelationship dynamics between the psychological constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital which have been under-researched in the rapidly changing open distance learning work environment of academics. A quantitative survey was conducted on a probability sample of 423 (N=423) academics at a South African open distance learning higher education institution. Confirmatory- and exploratory factor analysis, in the absence of goodness of fit, revealed a four-construct measurement model for resistance to change, a two-factor measurement model for work engagement and a four-construct measurement model for psychological capital. A correlational analysis revealed significant relationships between resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital and structural equation modelling indicated an adequate fit of the conceptual structural model. Tests for statistically significant mean differences revealed no differences between male and female academics, or between the educational levels of groups of academics, with regard to levels of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. At a theoretical level, the research provided insight into the different concepts and theoretical models that lead to the development of positive psychological functioning, such as understanding of the notion of resistance to change in the work environment. At an empirical level, the new knowledge and insights derived from the results may add to a broader perspective on interrelationships between the psychological behavioural constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. This research has also added to the body of knowledge on how academics’ positive psychological behaviour can contribute to a positive organisation as well as to individual well-being in a changing open distance learning work environment. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie is onderneem om die invloed van die veranderingsproses op die funksionering van 'n welsynsorganisasie te bepaal. 'n Literatuurstudie en empiriese studie is onderneem. Die navorsing het aangedui dat die redes vir verandering hoofsaaklik ekstern van aard is, dat 'n hoe persentasie respondente nie altyd die noodsaaklikheid of rede vir verandering verstaan nie, en dat die meerderheid die kommunikasieproses en deurgee van inligting nie altyd duidelik beleef nie. Die ondersoek dui verder aan dat die motivering van grondvlak maatskaplike werkers deur die bestuurders nie onderskat moet word nie. Die deurgee van inligting is positief ervaar, maar die werkers sou meer ondersteuning daarvan van die bestuur wou ervaar. Tydens die studie is daar 'n beperkte mate van weerstand gevind. Weerstand by werkers word egter beperk indien hulle ervaar dat hulle deel van die proses is, voorberei word op verandering, sekuriteit nie be"invloed word nie en hulle oor die nodige redes vir verandering ingelig wor / The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of the process of change on the functioning of a welfare organisation. A literature and empirical study was done. Research showed that reasons for change were primarily of an external kind, that a high percentage of respondents not always understand the necessity or reasons for change, and that most of the respondents experienced the communication channels and information not always as open and clear. The research shows that motivation of ground level social workers by managers must under no circumstances be under-estimated. The way in which information was given, was experienced positively, but workers needed more support with it from management. During the research a limited degree of resistance was further found. Resistance experienced by workers became less when they were part of the process, are prepared for change, their security not threatened and the reasons for change are known to them. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Maatskaplike Werk-rigting)

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between attitude and resistance to organizational change in mineworkers. An associative transversal strategy of natural groups design was used. The following instruments were administered: the scale of attitudes towards change (EAC), the scale of resistance to change (ERC) and a survey to collect sociodemographic data. 251 workers participated, mostly men. The results indicate a favorable attitude toward organizational change, and a medium/moderate level of resistance. Significant differences in scores of ERC and EAC according to the work task were found. Labor hierarchy generates a modest effect on differences in factors associated with responsibility and the attitude of cynicism to change. With respect to age, workers older than 51 years of age scored lower than the lowest ranks in the dimension of fearful attitude towards change. / El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la actitud y resistencia al cambio organizacional en trabajadores mineros. Se utilizó una estrategia asociativa de tipo transversal de diseño de grupos naturales y la escala de actitudes hacia el cambio (EAC), la escala de la resistencia al cambio (ERC); y una encuesta para recabar datos sociodemográficos. Participaron 251 trabajadores. Los resultados indican una actitud favorable hacia el cambio organizacional, y un nivel medio/moderado de resistencia. Se presentan diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de la ERC y la EAC en función de la faena laboral. La jerarquía laboral genera un efecto moderado en las diferencias de los factores asociados a la responsabilidad y la actitud de cinismo al cambio. Con relación a la edad, los trabajadores mayores de 51 años puntúan más bajo que los rangos menores en la dimensión actitud de temor hacia el cambio. / L’objectif de l’étude était d’analyser la relation entre l’attitude et la résistance au changement organisationnel chez les travailleurs miniers. Nous avons utilisé une stratégie associative de conception transversale des groupes naturels et l’échelle des attitudes envers le changement (EAC), l’échelle de la résistance au changement (ERC); et une enquête pour collecter des données sociodémographiques. 251 travailleurs ont participé. Les résultats indiquent une attitude favorable envers le changement organisationnel et un niveau de résistance moyen / modéré. Il existe des différences significatives dans les scores de l’EAC et de l’ERC en fonction de la journée de travail. La hiérarchie du travail génère un effet modéré dans les différences des facteurs associés à la responsabilité et l’attitude du cynisme à changer. En ce qui concerne l’âge, les travailleurs de plus de 51 ans obtiennent des scores inférieurs à ceux des groupes d’âge inférieurs dans l’attitude de peur face au changement. / Atitude e resistência à mudança organizacional em trabalhadores de mineração O objetivo do estudo foi analizar a relação entre a ação e a resistência ao cambio organiza- çional em mineiros. Utilizou-se uma estratégia asociativa de tipo transversal de planejamento de grupos naturais midimdo-se con uma escada de atitudes ao cambio (EAC), a escada da resistência ao cambio (ERC); e uma pesquisa para coletar dados socio-demográficos. Participaram 251 trabalhadores. Os resultados indicam uma atitude favorável para o cambio organizacional e um nível médio / moderado de resistência. Foram apresentadas diferenças significativas na classificação da ERC e da EAC em função da categoría do trabalho feito. A hierarquia laboral gera um efeito moderado nas diferenças dos fatores associados à responsabilidade e à atitude de cinismo ao cambio. Con relação a idade, os trabalhadores maiores de 51 anhos tiveron uma contagem superior aos das faixas etáreas menores na dimensão da atitude de temor para o cambio.

Kring grundskolemedarbetares delaktighet förbättringsarbete är forskningslandskapet tunt, speciellt beträffande studier där forskningsförfarande som förutsättningslöst tillåter multivetenskapliga fynd, praktiserats. För att fylla det gapet har Grundad Teori använts med intervjuer, fokusgruppsintervjuer och observationer för att uppnå studiens syfte, som var att förutsättningslöst, ur ett medarbetarperspektiv, bidra med ny teoribildning kring medarbetares delaktighet i förbättringsarbete inom grundskola. Mer specifikt innebar det att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar grundskolepersonals delaktighet i sin verksamhets förbättringsarbete. Det innefattade även att undersöka eventuella samband mellan dessa faktorer, samt hur de eventuella sambanden påverkar grundskolepersonals delaktighet i sin verksamhets förbättringsarbete. Resultatet visade att förutsättningar behöver tillgodoses för att öka sannolikheten för att medarbetare ska vara delaktiga i förbättringsarbete. Även ledarskapsstilen har betydande påverkan. Emellertid kan medarbetare utveckla både negativa och positiva attityder gentemot förändring om förutsättningarna saknas, till viss del beroende på deras personlighetsdrag, vilka även avgör deras behov samt hur de bör matchas med kollegor. Därför behöver ledare beakta personlighetsdrag både beträffande behov och sammansättning av arbetsgrupper. Vidare har fenomenet samverkan, enligt resultatet, en betydande positiv effekt på grundskolemedarbetares delaktighet i förbättringsarbete. Genom dessa fynd kan studien tillskriva etablerad teoribildning och tidigare forskning relevans även inom domänen grundskola / Regarding compulsory school staff’s participation in their school’s improvement activity, the area of research is thin, especially regarding research approaches which allows unconditional multidisciplinary findings. To fill this gap this study has been using Grounded Theory, with interviews, focus group interviews and observations, to achieve the purpose of this study, which was to, with an unconditionally approach, provide a new theory from an employee perspective, of employee’s participation in improvement activity, within compulsory school. More specific, this meant investigating the factors that influence compulsory schools staff participation in their work of improvement. It also included examining possible correlations between these factors, as well as how these possible correlations affect compulsory school staff's participation in their improvement activities.   The findings showed that prerequisites need to be met to improve the probability of employees participating in work of improvement. The kind of leadership practiced also have great impact. However, employees can develop both negative and positive attitudes towards change if the prerequisites are not met, in part depending of their personality traits, which also determine their needs as well as how they need to be matched up with co-workers. Leaders therefore need to take personality traits into consideration regarding both needs of the employees and team composition. Furthermore, the phenomenon of teamwork has, as the result shows, a greatly positive impact on compulsory school staff’s participation in improvement activities. With these findings this study recognizes established theories and previous research, as valid even within the domain of compulsory school. / <p>2020-06-26</p>

In today’s volatile market, retail companies struggle for survival as they have to become more flexible and dynamic. Thus, they change the organization, implementing agile methods. However agile is more than a set of practices and therefore the implementation process needs to be accompanied by organizational development to accomplish successful organizational change. This has been shown to be difficult for retail companies due to their size, defined silos, comfortable long-established ways of doing things and strong bureaucratic hierarchical culture. This thesis studies the implementation of agile in a large-scale retail organization and uses organizational development as a tool for deeper understanding and analysis. The study has been conducted at one of Sweden's leading retail organizations, where the research design contains two phases: one pre-study phase where a deeper understanding of the company and the transformation is achieved resulting in a problem formulation and the second phase where the main study is directed by the problem formulation and leads to an analysis and conclusion. The analysis is based on empirics gathered from three separate teams and is divided into three interconnected change phases, “Preparation”, “Implementation” and “Desired state”. From the analysis in the preparation and implementation phases; strengths and challenges within the organization were identified. Together with a maturity model to evaluate the implemented agile practices and an organizational culture assessment instrument to evaluate people and culture, the strengths and challenges were then used to estimate their current state and compare it to their future desired state. In conclusion, the strengths of the case company were that, when implemented, the observed teams incorporated the agile ceremonies and ways of work successfully. However, there were challenges identified in relation to resistance within management, there was a general lack of support from the sponsors and confusion about the managerial roles. There was also a lack of communication, cooperation and synchronizations between teams. / I dagens flyktiga marknader kämpar företag inom dagligvaruhandeln för att överleva då de måste bli mer flexibla och dynamiska i deras strategi. För att bemöta detta ändrar företagen sin strategi genom implementering av agila metoder. Emellertid handlar att vara agil inte bara om att använda sig av olika verktyg och övningar för att ändra hur man arbetar, utan för att implementeringen av agila metoder ska vara lyckad, måste den följas med av en lyckad organisationsförändring. En sådan agil implementering och organisationsförändring har visats vara komplicerad i just dagligvaruhandeln på grund av organisationernas ofta stora storlek, definierade silos, komfortabla gamla traditioner och starka hierarkiska organisationskultur. Denna uppsats studerar implementationen av agilt i ett storskaligt företag inom dagligvaruhandeln och använder sig av organisationsutveckling som ett verktyg för att nå en djupare förståelse och analys. Analysen är uppdelad i tre olika sammanhängande faser “Förberedelse”, “Implementering”, och “Önskat Tillstånd”. Empirin analysen är baserad på kommer från tre olika separata team, vilka är i olika faser av den agila transformationen. I förberedelse- och implementeringsfaserna identifieras styrkor och utmaningar hos företaget. Dessa används sedan tillsammans med en mognadhetsmodell, för att evaluera de agila tillvägagångssätten samt ett bedömningsinstrument för organisationskultur, för att evaluera personer och kultur, i syfte att sedan utvärdera det nuvarande tillståndet i jämförelse med det önskade. Sammanfattningsvis lyckades de observerade teamen att framgångsrikt implementera de agila metoderna och arbetssätten. Däremot identifierades flera utmaningar i relation till motstånd inom management. Det fanns en generell förvirring kring chefs rollernas betydelse och det saknades stöd från ledningsgruppen. Slutligen identifierades även förbättringsområden inom kommunikation, samarbete och synkronisering mellan olika team.

Bakgrund och problem: Det, enligt oss, socialkonstruktionistiska fenomenet motstånd vid organisationers förändringsarbeten kan vara svårt att undvika och alla företag stöter på det någon gång. Motstånd associeras ofta med något negativt och har i tidigare forskning traditionellt sett setts som ett hinder och blivit demoniserat, andra forskare menar att motståndet är en rationell reaktion som kan medföra fördelar för ett förändringsarbete. Hur motståndet bemöts och hanteras kan vara avgörande för förändringsarbetets framgång. Det finns många olika strategier och metoder för chefer att använda sig av men hanteringen kan också bli kostsam och resurskrävande, trots de olika strategierna kan det fortfarande misslyckas och bidra med negativa konsekvenser. Motståndets negativa konsekvenser på ekonomistyrningen är mer omskrivet än de fördelar motstånd skulle kunna bidra med. En ökad förståelse för hur cheferna hade kunnat arbeta med motstånd som en resurs hade kunnat bidra med fördelar för styrningen av ett förändringsarbete. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att utforska och få en djupare förståelse för hur motstånd hanteras i ett tillverkningsföretag. Dessutom att undersöka relationen mellan ekonomistyrning och motstånd vid förändringsarbeten och huruvida motstånd kan vara en resurs vid förändringsarbeten.  Metod: En enfallstudie har genomförts på Företag Delta där deltagarna är indelade i subgrupperna, chefer och medarbetare, och studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats där det empiriska material är insamlat med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien har även en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats och texten har skrivits fram med ett abduktivt arbetssätt. Slutsats: Vi fann i studien att cheferna i Företag Delta hanterar motstånd som uppstår främst genom kommunikation, involvering och förståelse samt påskyndade strategier, exempelvis tvång. Det framkom i studien att vilken av strategierna som används beror på situationen och människorna, där typ av motstånd som uttrycks, vem som gör motstånd, organisationskulturen, det förebyggande arbetet och kommunikationen framkommer som olika faktorer. Det finns både negativa och positiva upplevda konsekvenser för ekonomistyrningen i Företag Delta. De negativa konsekvenserna som upplevts är förseningar , minskad produktivitet och effektivitet, vilket i slutändan kan ha en negativ påverkan på Företag Deltas finansiella och icke-finansiella mål. De positiva konsekvenser som upplevts i Företag Delta är att konstruktivt motstånd kan leda till förbättringar av förändringar och ökad effektivitet, vilket kan resultera i högre vinstmarginaler och en snabbare uppfyllelse av finansiella och icke-finansiella mål.  Motstånd kan ses som en resurs i förändringsprocessen, där dess integration kan förbättra styrningen av förändringsarbeten. Det kräver en förståelse för orsakerna bakom motståndet, samtidigt som det är avgörande att chefer ges rätt förutsättningar att skapa bra kommunikationsstrategier och stärka relationen med medarbetarna. / Background: The, in our opinion, social constructionist phenomenon of resistance in organizational change efforts can be difficult to avoid and all companies encounter it at some point. Resistance is often associated with negativity and has traditionally been viewed in earlier research as an obstacle and demonized. Other researchers argue that resistance is a rational reaction that can bring advantages to a change process. How resistance is addressed and managed can be crucial to the success of the change efforts. There are many different strategies and methods for managers to use, but handling resistance can also be costly and resource-intensive. Despite the various strategies, it can still fail and result in negative consequences. The negative consequences of resistance on management accounting are more extensively discussed than the potential benefits resistance could contribute. An increased understanding of how managers could work with resistance as a resource could provide advantages for the management of a change effort. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to explore and gain a deeper understanding of how resistance is managed in manufacturing companies. Additionally, to examine the relationship between economic governance and resistance in change processes and whether resistance can be a resource in change efforts.  Method: A case study has been conducted at Company Delta where the participants are divided into subgroups, managers and employees, and the study adopts a qualitative research approach where the empirical data is collected through semi-structured interviews. The study also adopts a social constructionist approach, and the text has been developed using an abductive approach. Conclusion: The managers at Company Delta primarily handle resistance through communication, involvement, understanding, and expedited strategies such as coercion. The choice of strategy depends on the situation and the people involved. Factors such as the type of resistance expressed, who is resisting, the organizational culture, preventive measures, and communication were identified as different influencing factors at Company Delta.  The perceived consequences for the management accounting at Company Delta are both negative and positive. The negative consequences experienced include delays in implementation, reduced productivity and efficiency, which may have a negative impact on Company Delta's financial and non-financial goals. On the other hand, the positive consequences experienced at Company Delta are that constructive resistance can lead to improvements in changes and increased efficiency, resulting in higher profit margins and quicker achievement of financial and non-financial goals. Resistance can be viewed as a resource in the change process, where its integration can enhance the management of change efforts. This requires an understanding of the reasons behind resistance, while it is important for managers to be provided with the right conditions to create effective communication strategies and strengthen relationships with employees.

The study set out to assess the impact of organisational restructuring (OR), the independent variable on organisational behaviour (OB), the dependent variable, in private and public sector organisations as well as state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa. OB, for the purposes of this study, consists of turnover intention, resistance to change, commitment to change and job security. It further aimed to evaluate whether the various types and magnitude of OR impact on employees in the different sectors. OR was delineated into three factors, that being Restructuring (Type), Restructuring (Leadership) and Restructuring (Frequency), before being further regressed into sub-factors, that being Restructuring (Type_Count), Restructuring (Leadership_Count) and Restructuring (Frequency_Count), for the purposes of using it as categorical variables and indexing it. The study assessed whether effective change management (ECM) mediated the relationship between OR and OB, across sectors. ECM is underpinned by effective change management processes, leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived organisational support (POS). Finally, it aimed to assess whether employees’ psychological capital (PC), comprised of self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience, moderated the relationship between ECM and OB. The study found that OR does, indeed, impact on the OB of employees in different sectors. It has also confirmed the mediating role of ECM and that PC moderated the relationship between ECM and OB. The study assessed whether effective change management (ECM) mediated the relationship between OR and OB, across sectors. ECM is underpinned by effective change management processes, leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived organisational support (POS). Finally, it aimed to assess whether employees’ psychological capital (PC), comprised of self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience, moderated the relationship between ECM and OB. The study found that OR does, indeed, impact on the OB of employees in different sectors. It has also confirmed the mediating role of ECM and that PC moderated the relationship between ECM and OB. The study found that the unidimensional construct, effective change management, coupled with PC, another unidimensional construct, has indeed been able attenuate the impact of OR on OB. In the case of this study, it was primarily the employees of large organisations, such as SOEs, which are affected, while employees of private and public organisations were also affected. Recommendations to organisational leaders and practitioners are provided, with the aim of assisting with the successful implementation of organisational change and restructuring initiatives, while at the same time reducing the impact thereof on the organisational behaviour of employees / Business Management / DBL (Business Leadership)