There are few studies reporting the voices of adolescents with autism, especially concerning their situation in school. Most studies are about children with autism and from the perspectives of their parents or teachers. This study aimed to investigate how adolescents with autism experience the social situation in mainstream upper secondary schools and what success factors and challenges they raise about their social situation. The theoretical framework leans on Aspelin's relational pedagogy and Noddings's ethic of care. The study was conducted using a qualitative method with semistructured interviews with five students. This study intended to contribute to method development about interviewing young people with autism. I used visual support, adapted to the age of the respondent, in the interview.According to the result of this study, the social needs of young students with autism do not look like students without difficulties. In today's schools, there are many opportunities for communication and interaction, which belongs to the difficulties of these students. Students with autism are, according to this study, often alone or in the periphery of the classroom, and they have a smaller contact network and fewer friends than others. The students express that they do not need or want an extensive network of contacts where they interact and communicate; they are satisfied in a small context. However, it is crucial that they have a small context, that they have friendships and that they feel accepted by the class. Without social support and friendship relations, there is a risk of exclusion and bullying. Other challenges are all situations where a social network is needed, and when they need "to make their voices heard", for example, in group work and discussions. Another challenging situation where a social network is needed is the lunch situation. It is vital that there is a teacher in the classroom who meets the students with care, who listens and understands, has basic knowledge of autism and who adapts according to the student's needs and day-to-day shape. Adaptations that are highlighted by the students as successful are the opportunity for individual tasks, to present in smaller groups and the opportunity to withdraw during the day. These adaptations need to be made in dialogue with the student.These findings imply that schools need routines for students with autism. The routines need to ensure that there is always someone in the organization who has an extra responsibility for the social situation of the student because the social situation of these students is complex and vulnerable. Schools need to work at the organizational level to create an allowing atmosphere; teachers need education in autism and understand the importance of careful treatment.

Variable speed limits (VSL) are used more commonly around the globe lately. Although on a macroscopic level positive effects of VSLs have been reported, the caveat is that the impact of VSLs is very sensitive to the level of driver compliance. Thus far it is unknown whether all individual drivers are actually able to notice when a speed limit changes into another speed limit; a prerequisite for purposeful speed limit compliance in the first place. To simulate regular driving conditions, twenty-four participants were familiarised with a particular route by driving the same route in a driving simulator nineteen times on five separate days. Part of the route consisted of a motorway where VSL signs were regularly displayed above every driving lane. At drive nineteen, speed limits changed from 80 km/h to 100 km/h on four out of eight consecutive signs. After passing all signs, one expects 6.25% of the participants still to be unaware that the speed limit had increased (based on chance), while the results showed most participants had failed to notice the speed limit change (58.3%). Instead, they saw what they expected to see: a speed limit of 80 km/h. If the speed change had been vice versa, in other words from 100 km/h to 80 km/h, this would immediately result in speed offences, though not deliberately at all.

The major thrust of refugee protection worldwide is directed towards providing assistance to refugees in emergency situations. In South Africa, a large number of refugees have moved beyond this initial emergency phase such that the extended nature of their refugee status has left them in a state of continuous vulnerability. Their prolonged exile has led to violations of various rights recognised by international law and South Africa’s own constitutional and refugee law. Faced with restricted access to rights, refugees in South Africa live in poverty, are frustrated, and do not realise their full potential, to say nothing about the overt and brutal attacks they constantly face as victims of xenophobia. Their continued status as refugees deprives them of opportunities and subjects them to constant fear of harassment and exploitation. Even though neither the UNHCR nor the South African government has classified refugees living in South Africa as being in a protracted situation, many refugees have been in South Africa for five years or longer, with no durable solution in sight. This thesis highlights the plight of refugees in protracted refugee situation in South Africa and recommends suitable solutions to the problems this situation raises.

In September 2008, the National Weather Service (NWS) predicted that Hurricane Ike would make landfall on Galveston Island as a strong category three storm. This led the NWS to release a statement of 'certain death' if people did not adhere to the emergency evacuation messages. Millions of people fled the Texas coast. Using Hazleton and Long's (1993) taxonomy of public relations strategies, experimental methods were conducted with various evacuation messages to test emergency communication. Grunig's (1997) situational theory of publics was used to determine strategy influence. Problem recognition, constraint recognition, and level of involvement were tested. In addition, tests were conducted to measure source expertise, trust, and attitude depending on the message source. Results indicated that a national message source produced higher constraint recognition than a local message source. The national message source produced higher expertise, trust, and attitude then a local message source. The threat and punishment strategy produced the highest level of information-seeking behavior. Information-seeking behavior was the lowest when a persuasive strategy was used. Constraint recognition produced the weakest effect on information-seeking behavior. In conclusion, emergency management communicators must use the correct message strategy to have an effect on information-seeking behavior.

Les clients des missions de drones sont demandeurs de systèmes d'information et de décision dans lesquels l'humain joue un rôle clé avec sa capacité unique d'analyse. Nous avons présenté comme première contribution un référentiel des niveaux d'automatisation qui interroge systématiquement sur le rôle de l'humain, et ce en rupture avec les référentiels précédents. Nous avons proposé comme seconde contribution un système décisionnel qui laisse les systèmes automatisés être incertains quant à l'ordre de certaines options de telle sorte que l'opérateur/superviseur puisse trancher. Afin d'augmenter le ratio nombre de drones / nombre d'humains, nous avons restreint l'usage de la décision humaine à l'arbitrage des conflits entre objectifs majeurs. Nous avons finalement expérimenté le sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs pour donner plus de temps à ces arbitrages. En conclusion nous rappellerons les mérites de nos deux contributions. LOA4 est un référentiel des niveaux d'autonomie centré sur l'humain, attentif à l'adaptation et compatible avec UML/PACT. Le système décisionnel que nous proposons est également centré sur l'humain et lui permet de jouer - même avec parcimonie et parfois au prix du sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs - un rôle clé basé sur sa capacité unique d'analyse. / Humans are still vital after years of automation and the clients of UAV mission systems want to preserve the human user’s key role because human knowledge, experience and judgment provide unique capability to analyze safety risks and to think ahead in uncertain and novel situations. Our first contribution is LOA4, a set of tree levels of automation in four dimensions to assess human involvement in partially automated systems. Previous sets focus too much attention on the computer rather than on the collaboration between the computer and its operator/supervisor. Unlike previous sets, our set systematically assess human involvement: is there none; some sometime; or some anytime. Its simplicity allow to recursively assess the situation of automation of a system based on the situation of automation of its parts. These information can be part of an IHM to increase the situation awareness in real time. Our second contribution is a mission system in which automated systems decide to delegate some decisions to humans. In order to increase the ratio number of “uavs / number of humans”, decisions that are untrusted to humans are mostly both ambivalent and critical. Some minor goals may be discarded to provide humans with more time to make their decisions. We implemented our approach and we report some results.

Les villes ont eu recours à destechnologies dans plusieurs domaines pouraméliorer la prestation de services publics,répondre aux demandes des citoyens etmesurer la consommation de ressourcesnaturelles. Connues sous le nom de VillesIntelligentes, ces initiatives visent àaméliorer la qualité́ de vie des citoyens etont déjà̀ eu un impact positif sur la manièredont les citoyens interagissent avec lesespaces urbains, les services et les uns avecles autres. D'autre part, les espaces urbainspeuvent être considérés comme une menacepour l'indépendance et l'autonomie despersonnes en situation d'handicap. Nousavons utilisé une approche multiinstrumentspour collecter des donnéesauprès de différentes parties prenantes –personnes en situation de handicap,professionnels travaillant avec despersonnes en situation de handicap, expertsliés à l'accessibilité́ et décideurs politiques,– afin de comprendre les obstaclesrencontrés par les personnes en situation dehandicap. Nous avons d’abord élaboré unedéfinition du terme Ville IntelligenteInclusive, ainsi que nous avons proposé desoutils pour soutenir les praticiens etchercheurs engagés dans le développementde technologies d'assistance numériques :une méthodologie d'implémentation etfonctionnement, un modèle conceptuel etune architecture de système sont proposésdans cette thèse. / Cities have used technologies in anumber of areas to improve the delivery ofpublic services, meet the demands ofcitizens, and measure the consumption ofnatural resources. Known as Smart Cities,these initiatives aim to improve the qualityof life of citizens and have already had apositive impact on how citizens interactwith urban spaces, services and with eachother. On the other hand, urban spaces canbe considered as a threat to theindependence and autonomy of people withdisabilities. We used a multi-instrumentapproach to collect data from differentstakeholders - people with disabilities,professionals working with people withdisabilities, accessibility experts and policymakers - to understand the barriers faced bypeople with disabilities. We first developeda definition of the Smart Inclusive City, aswell as proposed tools to supportpractitioners and researchers engaged in thedevelopment of digital assistivetechnologies: an implementation andoperation methodology, a conceptual model,a business model, and a system architectureare proposed in this thesis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how employees experience their mental health and work situation in combination with the current worldwide corona pandemic. A websurvey was sent to workplaces in retail and preschool/kindergarten. The websurvey contained self-constructed questions about the participants' experience of their mental health including depression and anxiety and other mental factors. Their work situation including experience of well-being at work, related to before the pandemic and during the worst period of the pandemic.The study showed that impact from the covid-19 pandemic had an effect on participants' mental state and work situation. Levels of, depression, anxiety, and other mental factors increased during the worst period of the pandemic compared to before the pandemic. In terms of well-being in the workplace, levels of well-being were lower during the worst period of the pandemic compared to before the pandemic according to both of the groups. Perceived working conditions did not differ significantly between the groups. / Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur anställda upplevde sin psykiska hälsa och arbetssituation i kombination med den rådande världsomfattande coronapandemin. En webbenkät skickades till flera arbetsplatser inom handels och förskola/förskoleklass. Webbenkäten innehöll egenkonstruerade frågor om deltagarnas upplevelse av sin psykiska hälsa i form av nedstämdhet och ångest samt andra psykiska faktorer. Sin arbetssituation i form av upplevelse av välbefinnande på arbetet relaterade till före pandemin och under pandemins värsta period. Studien visade att påverkan från covid-19-pandemin gav inverkan på deltagarnas mentala tillstånd och arbetssituation. Nivåerna av nedstämdhet, ångest, och andra psykiska faktorer ökade under den värsta perioden av pandemin jämfört med före pandemin. Anställdas arbetssituation från båda grupperna påverkades av pandemin då trivsel på arbetet förekom i lägre grad under den värsta perioden av pandemin jämfört med före. Anställdas upplevda förutsättningar för att arbeta under pandemin skilde sig inte signifikant åt mellan grupperna.

Titel: “Man behöver verkligen varandra” - En kvalitativ studie gällande vilka faktorer som påverkar socialsekreterares arbetssituation och vilka erfarenheter socialsekreterare har av socialt stöd på arbetsplatsen. Författare: Martina Johnsträd och Per Jonsson Arbetssituationen för socialsekreterare är idag mycket komplex, arbetsbelastningen är hög, många kommuner lider av hög personalomsättning och sjukskrivningarna har de senaste åren ökat. En skyddsfaktor för när arbetssituationen präglas av höga krav och låg kontroll är socialt stöd. Socialt stöd har visat sig ha en skyddande effekt även i de fall då arbetsbelastningen är hög. Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare upplevde sin arbetssituation och hur de upplevde det sociala stödet på arbetsplatsen. Syftet konkretiseras i följande frågeställningar: “Vilka faktorer påverkar socialsekreterares arbetssituation?” och “Vilka erfarenheter har socialsekreterare av socialt stöd på arbetsplatsen?” Uppsatsen genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativ metod och bestod av intervjuer med sju socialsekreterare yrkesverksamma inom barn- och familj eller ekonomiskt bistånd. Krav-kontroll-stödmodellen användes som teori för att analysera uppsatsens resultat. Enligt uppsatsens resultat framkom att socialsekreterarna värderade socialt stöd högst av allt när det kom till avgörande faktorer för att trivas och stanna på en arbetsplats. Majoriteten av socialsekreterarna hade en positiv upplevelse av sin arbetssituation trots att de upplevde hög arbetsbelastning och andra påfrestningar i arbetet vilket förklaras med krav-kontroll-stödmodellen där hög kontroll ihop med höga krav utformar en arbetssituation som främjar lärande och kan begränsa negativ stress. / Title: "You really need each other" - A qualitative study regarding what factors affect the social workers work situation and what experiences the social worker have of social support in the workplace.  Authors: Martina Johnsträd and Per Jonsson  The work situation for social workers today is very complex, the workload is high, many municipalities suffer from high staff turnover and sick leave has increased in recent years. A factor that has a protective effect against high work demands and low control is social support. Social support has been shown to have a protective effect even in cases where the workload is high. The purpose of the study was to investigate how social workers experienced their work situation and how they experienced social support in the workplace. The purpose is concretized in the following questions: "What factors affect the social secretary's work situation?" and "What is the experience of social workers with social assistance in the workplace?" The study was conducted based on a qualitative method and consisted of interviews with seven social workers working with children and families or financial assistance. The demand-control-supportmodel were used to analyze the results of the study. According to the results of the study, it shows that the social workers valued social support most of all when it came to decisive factors for well-being and staying in a workplace. The majority of social workers had a positive experience of their work situation despite experiencing high workload and other stresses at work, which is explained by demandcontrol-supportmodel where high control together with high demands shapes a work situation that promotes learning and can limit negative stress.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the life situation of unaccompanied young Afghans as undocumented after rejection of their asylum application by deportation decision. Another purpose was to investigate the factors behind their migration and view of returning to their homeland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four unaccompanied undocumented Afghans. The results showed that all respondents who live irregularly in the country have no intention of returning to their homeland voluntarily. They have all experienced homelessness and problems with their livelihood. Three respondents have worked illegally with poor wage conditions. Recently, all respondents have received help with accommodation and food from voluntary organizations. The respondents hope that they will have the opportunity to submit new asylum applications after their fingerprints disappear from the Swedish Migration Board's computer system. Their attitude towards non-voluntary return is based on feelings of fear and threats and lack of future in their homeland. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka ensamkommande unga afghaners livssituation som papperslösa efter avslag på asylansökan med utvisningsbeslut. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka vilka faktorer som låg bakom deras flykt/migration samt deras syn på återvändandet till hemlandet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med fyra ensamkommande papperslösa afghaner. Resultatet visade att samtliga respondenter som lever irreguljärt i landet inte har någon avsikt att återvända till hemlandet frivilligt. De har alla upplevt hemlöshet och problem med sin försörjning. Tre respondenter har arbetat svart med dåliga lönevillkor för att försörja sig. På senare tid har samtliga respondenter fått hjälp med boendeplats och mat från frivilligorganisationer. Respondenterna hoppas på att de ska få möjlighet att lämna nya asylansökningar till Migrationsverket efter att deras fingeravtryck försvinner från Migrationsverkets datasystem. Respondenternas inställning till icke frivilligt återvändande har en grund i att de känner rädsla och hot samt att de inte ser någon framtid i hemlandet.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18689号 / 工博第3967号 / 新制||工||1611(附属図書館) / 31622 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 松原 厚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM