Digitala medier och dataspel utgör ett stort intresse bland barn och ungdomar. Studien har tagit reda på hur fritidslärare förhåller sig till användandet av digitala medier och dataspel som ett verktyg för socialt samspel och lärande i fritidsverksamheten. I studien har en kvalitativ intervjumetod använts där sju fritidslärare intervjuats och fått dela med sig av sina tankar och åsikter till användning av digitala medier och dataspel på fritidshemmet. Studiens resultat visar på att förhållningsättet till digitala medier och dataspel fortfarande är ett område värt att diskutera och utforska vidare. En upptäckt var att elevernas eget intresse och konsumtion av digitala medier och dataspel på deras egen fritid var ett argument för att användningen inte borde ske i större utsträckning på fritidshemmet. Studiens respondenter reflekterade över att det kan ske lärande i den digitala användningen. En social aspekt av användningen var något respondenterna tyckte skulle infinnas för att det skulle vara givande. Samtidigt påpekades det att fritidshemmet ska vara en verksamhet som ska kunna erbjuda eleverna andra aktiviteter än det digitala.

La razón por la que se cree conveniente investigar el tema “Los ambientes virtuales como estrategia de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el nivel primario” es con el fin que se conozca la relevancia de estos ambientes virtuales en la educación. Actualmente, nos encontramos en un mundo que evoluciona digitalmente de manera continua y que brinda herramientas que permiten tanto a los docentes como a los estudiantes desarrollarse de manera integral. A partir de ello, se considera fundamental integrar los ambientes virtuales como un contexto que sirva de soporte para los maestros y, a su vez, facilite el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de cada estudiante. Asimismo, permiten que los estudiantes trabajen de manera colaborativa, con lo que se crean comunidades en las que se posibilita un aprendizaje constructivo. Además, se cuenta con el apoyo de diversos dispositivos, como es el caso de tablets, computadoras, etc. Estos van a ir funcionando como una extensión del aula. De esta manera, el acceso a la información de calidad se hace más factible, y se fomente la autonomía en los estudiantes a partir de la experimentación y exploración. Cabe mencionar; que los ambientes virtuales permiten el desarrollo y la progresión que trae consigo cambios significativos en la forma de enseñanza. Por ello, es necesario que, en las instituciones educativas, se mantengan actualizados constantemente a los docentes para que se encuentren preparados y empleen estas herramientas. A partir de ello, podrán integrar diversas estrategias y técnicas de enseñanza - aprendizaje. / The reason why it’s convenient to research the topic “Virtual environments as teaching strategy and lower school learning” is to know the relevance of these virtual environments in education. Nowadays, we find ourselves in a world that evolves digitally in a continuos way and provides the tools that allow teachers and students to develop comprehensively. Because of this, it is essential the integration of these virtual environments as background to support teachers, and at the same time to facilitate the process of teaching-learning of each student. Likewise, it enables students to work in a collaborative way, which creates communities that make possible constructive learning. There is also the help from different devices, like tablets, computers, etc. These will work as an extension of the classroom. In this manner, access to quality information is more reachable, and autonomy of the students is encouraged through experimentation and exploration. It should be noted that virtual environments allow the development and progression that meaningful changes in the way of teaching entails. That is why it is necessary that educational institutions have their teachers constantly updated so they can be prepared and exercise these tools. On that basis, they will be able to incorporate different teaching and learning strategies and techniques. / Trabajo de investigación

Syftet med den här studien är att bidra med kunskap om fritidshemslärares uppfattningar kring användandet av digitala lärresurser i fritidshemmet och hur de använder digitala lärresurser för att motivera elevernas lärande. För att få svar på våra forskningsfrågor har vi intervjuat sex utbildade fritidshemslärare på två skolor belägna i södra Sverige. De berättade om sina uppfattningar av digitala lärresurser samt hur de används för att motivera elevernas lärande. Vi har använt oss av två fenomenologiskt inriktade begrepp, erfarenhet och riktadhet, samt SAMR-modellen för att analysera resultatet i vår undersökning. I resultatet framkommer det att fritidshemslärarna eftersträvar en vidare digital kompetens. Det framkommer också att majoriteten förespråkar att digitala lärresurser ska användas mer på fritidshemmet. Resultatet visar även att det skiljer sig i både utförande och planering hur digitala lärresurser används för att bidra till elevers motivation att lära vidare. Diskussionen belyser i linje med tidigare forskning att användningen av digitala lärresurser kan begränsas utifrån fritidshemslärarnas digitala kompetenser. Studien visar att digitala lärresurser sällan används i ett pedagogiskt syfte och därför kan ett kritiskt förhållningssätt bli svårt att utveckla hos eleverna. / The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge about after-school teachers 'perceptions about the use of digital learning resources in the after-school center and how they use digital learning resources to motivate students' learning. To get answers to our research questions, we interviewed six trained after-school teachers at two schools located in southern Sweden. They talked about their perceptions of digital learning resources and how they are used to motivate students' learning. We have used two phenomenologically oriented concepts, experience and focus, as well as the SAMR model to analyze the results of our study. The results show that after-school center teachers strive for further digital competence. It also appears that the majority advocates that digital learning resources should be used more in the after-school center. The results also show that it differs in both design and planning how digital learning resources are used to contribute to students' motivation to learn further. The discussion highlights in line with previous research that the use of digital learning resources can be limited based on the digital skills of after-school teachers. The study shows that digital learning resources are rarely used for a pedagogical purpose and therefore a critical approach can be difficult to develop in students.

Syftet med den här studien är att få svar på hur digitala verktyg används på fritidshemmet, hur fritidshemslärare ser på digitaliseringen inom fritidshemmet samt vilka utmaningar och möjligheter de ser med digitala verktyg för språkutveckling. Vi har använt en kvalitativ studie och som analysverktyg har vi använt Puenteduras (2013) SAMR-modell. I studien har vi intervjuat nio behöriga fritidshemslärare på två olika fritidshem i sydöstra Sverige. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med användning av digitala verktyg för elevers språkutveckling. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns behov av kompetensutveckling hos fritidshemslärare angående digitala verktyg och hur de kan användas på fritidshem för språkutveckling. Fritidshemmen i undersökningen arbetar olika och i olika utsträckning med digitala verktyg beroende på vilka som arbetar där. Fritidshemslärare ser både för och nackdelar med digitala verktyg på fritidshemmen. / The purpose of this study is to get answers to how digital tools are used in the after-school center, how after-school center teachers view digitalisation within the after-school center and what challenges and opportunities they see with digital tools for language development. We have used a qualitative study and as an analysis tool we have used Puentedura's (2013) SAMR model. In the study, we interviewed nine qualified after-school teachers at two different after-school centers in south-eastern Sweden. Previous research shows that there are both advantages and disadvantages to using digital tools for students' language development. The results of the survey show that there is a need for competence development among after-school center teachers regarding digital tools and how they can be used at after-school centers for language development. The leisure centers in the survey work differently and to different extents with digital tools depending on who works there. Leisure home teachers see both the pros and cons of digital tools in after-school centers.

Implementering av digitala verktyg har haft inverkan på hur lärare väljer att undervisa i matematikklassrummet de senaste åren. Därför som blivande matematiklärare blir det intressant att undersöka hur lärare ser på hur digitala verktyg påverkar den egna undervisningen och elevernas lärande samt undersöka lärares val av undervisningsmetoder i geometriämnet när användningen av digitala hjälpmedel står i fokus. För att samla in data genomfördes intervjuer av sju matematiklärare från tre olika skolar. De teoretiska ramverken som använts för analys i vår studie är SAMR-modellen (SAMR är en akronym som står för fyra engelska begrepp: Substitution, Augmentation, Modification och Redefinition) som beskriver hur digitala verktyg används i olika steg i undervisning och Drijvers orkestreringstyper för att identifiera olika undervisningsmetoder och beskriva deras kännetecken. Studien visade att alla intervjuade lärare använder olika digitala verktyg i sin geometriundervisning samt att de överlag är positiva till att använda verktygen. Lärarna beskriver att verktygen understödjer undervisningen utifrån de behov som uppstår i praktiken, till exempel behov av individanpassade uppgifter, olika redovisningsformer medmera. Resultatet av analysen visade att flera av de intervjuade lärare når steg tre i SAMR-modellen, vilket innebär att synen på elevernas lärande och undervisningen har börjat förändrats. Studien visade också att lärarna varierar och utnyttjar olika orkestreringstyper för att organisera sin undervisning för specifika lärandemål. / The aim of this thesis is to execute digital tools in mathematics teaching. The study focuses its attention on how teachers choose the type of the digital tools and carry out mathematics teaching, especially in the subject of geometry. As a future teacher, it will be interesting to investigate the teachers’ views concerning the effect of digitizing on their teaching and students’ learning, as well as the teacher's choice of teaching methods and the design of the teaching within that method, will depend on the lessons of geometry where the use of digital technology is the focus in the classroom. The empirical materials were collected through interviews with seven teachers from three different schools. The data were analyzed with a focus on the ways by which teachers employ digital tools to support and work with mathematical content. The theoretical frameworks in our study are the SAMR model (SAMR is an acronym that stands for four English concepts Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) that describes how digital tools are used at different stages in teaching and Drijver's orchestration type to identify different teaching methods and describe their characteristics. The results based on the interviews show that most teachers meet requirements for reaching step three in the SAMR model. The study also shows an overview of different teaching methods in mathematics teaching where digital technology is used. The results also show that the teachers utilize several types of orchestration in the work with the subject of geometry in their teaching. In total, this study shows that teachers use up to five different types of orchestration. Generally, all teachers have positive opinions concerning the employment of digital technology in mathematics education, and the utilities of digitization that they spotlight include assisting and supporting students' mathematical knowledge as well as developing their understanding of geometric concepts.

Student technology literacy is critical for success in today’s world; however, little is understood about how teachers make the decision for students to use technology for learning due to limited empirical research on the topic of teacher decision-making regarding student use of information communication technologies (ICT). The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the decision-making process of kindergarten to Grade 5 (K-5) teachers regarding implementation of ICT for student use at varying levels. The framework for this study comprised the substitution augmentation modification redefinition model and the technology acceptance model. The research questions focused on how teachers have students use technology in the classroom, the influences on teacher decision-making to have students use technology, and how decision-making compared among K-5 teachers whose students use technology at varying levels of implementation. Interview data were collected from 12 teachers at a public-school district in the southern United States that were analyzed using 2 cycles of coding: a priori and emergent. Key findings were that (a) teachers have students use technology primarily at substitution and augmentation levels, (b) teacher decisions were influenced mostly by student technology readiness, and (c) teachers who used technology at redefinition levels had different factors for decision-making. The results of this study may contribute to positive social change by creating a deeper understanding of the decision-making process of teachers, which can positively affect student engagement, academic growth, and lay the foundations for technology literacy for students.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Petrobrás / Em estudos de escoamentos do tipo colunas de bolhas o uso de ferramentas computacionais desempenham um importante papel por permitir que, através de experimentos virtuais, a comunidade científica agregue mais conhecimento sobre as forças que atuam nesse tipo de escoamento. Considerando a confiabilidade dos resultados, torna-se possível o aperfeiçoamento de modelos constitutivos de forças fluidodinâmicas como de arrasto, sustentação e massa virtual. O código AMR3D trabalha com malhas de refinamento localizado bloco-estruturadas que se adaptam dinamicamente às características de um dado escoamento. Utiliza-se um método de projeção para o acoplamento pressão-velocidade e o método do Volume de Fluido (VOF) para a representação das fases e interfaces do escoamento bifásico. As equações do balanço da quantidade de movimento linear são discretizadas no tempo por um esquema semi-implícito de segunda ordem (IMEX). A presente tese contribuiu com o código com a implementação de um novo critério de refinamento que captura as estruturas turbilhonares do escoamento e com um algoritmo para identificação de bolhas para que seja possível a realização de operações sobre uma mesma bolha em meio à uma população. O código é verificado e validado com problemas da literatura. Resultados de simulações de bolhas ascendentes isoladas em meio quiescente são apresentados e comparados com o diagrama de Grace indicando boa concordância. Análises de forças de resistência fluidodinâmicas atuantes nas bolhas foram apresentadas e coeficientes de arrasto, sustentação e massa virtual calculados. Através de comparações com correlações da literatura, foi possível observar concordância dos resultados. Simulações da interação entre duas bolhas de volumes conhecidos são realizadas e comparações são realizadas com resultados da literatura. Em um dos casos, o algorítimo de identificação é verificado ao rastrear consistentemente os volumes e centroides das bolhas. Simulações com população de bolhas foram apresentadas e, através do algoritmo de identificação, estima-se a força de resistência fluidodinâmica total que age em uma bolha em meio à população. Conclui-se que, com base nos resultados, que o código AMR3D, com as implementações realizadas neste trabalho, possui potencial para a investigação de escoamentos borbulhantes. / In bubble dynamics studies computational tools plays an important role as it allows, through virtual experimentations, the increase of knowledge about forces that act in this kind of flow. Considering results reliability, it is common to observe constitutive force models improvement, as in drag, lift and virtual mass correlations. The AMR3D code, developed in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory - MFlab, uses locally block-structured meshes that dynamically adapts itself to characteristics of a given flow. A projection method is used for the pressure-velocity coupling, and the Volume of Fluid - VOF method for the phases representation, including interface dynamics. The equations of linear momentum balance are discretized with a second order semi-implicit scheme (IMEX). The present thesis contributes to the code with the implementation of a new refinement criteria that captures the main structures of the flow, and an identification algorithm that allows users to perform operations on a single bubble between a swarm of bubbles. The present code is verified and validated against well known literature problems. Results of isolated ascending bubbles in a quiescent media are presented and compared with Grace’s diagram, showing good agreement. Fluid-dynamic forces are computed and analyzed, as well as fluid-dynamics forces coefficients for drag, lift and virtual mass, showing good agreement with literature. Simulations of a pair of bubbles interacting were presented and comparisons were realized against results of literature, showing good proximity. In one of the cases, the bubble identification algorithm was tested as it calculates bubbles known volumes and centroid positions consistently. Bubble swarm simulations were presented, and the identification algorithm were also applied to track a bubble as it ascend though the domain to expose the fluid-dynamics forces acting on it. With the presented results, one can conclude that the AMR3D code has a potential for investigative approaches in bubbly flows. / Tese (Doutorado)

IT- och IKT-kompetens utgör en stor del av såväl internationell som svensk utbildningsforskning och enda sedan 60-talet har regeringen gjort satsningar med ändamål att förbättra lärares och elevers kompetens inom dessa områden. Den internationella strävan är att läroplaner införlivar mål för förbättrad IT- och IKT-kompetens, för att förbereda elever inför en arbetsmarknad som alltmer kräver teknologiska kompetenser. I den svenska forskningen har det visat sig att användningen av IT i den svenska skolan har ökat märkbart de senaste åren. PISA-undersökningen har visat att Sverige har låga resultat i problemlösning och att dessa resultat samvarierar med hög användning av IT. Vidare kompetensutveckling behövs och lärare bör anpassa sin undervisning utefter de teknologiska verktygens närvaro i den svenska skolan. Flipped Classroom är en undervisningsmetodik som innebär en betydande omordning av aktiviteter i den klassiska undervisningen, med avseende på vad som sker i klassrummet och vad som sker utanför klassrummet. Vidare ämnar metodiken att tydligt integrera digitala materiel i undervisningen. Framtida forskning bör undersöka hur Flipped Classroom-lärare väljer att utforma deras videoföreläsningar och övriga datorbaserade instruktioner. Detta examensarbete söker finna svar på hur och i vilket syfte Flipped Clasroom-lärare i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena använder digitala materiel i sin flippade undervisning samt ge en överblick av dessa. Tre naturvetenskapliga ämneslärare som använder Flipped Classroom har intervjuats. Det är alltså intervjuerna som utgör den empiriska grunden för detta arbete. Vidare innefattar detta arbete en konstruktion av en lämplig modell för att karaktärisera Flipped Classroom-lärares användning av digitala materiel. Karaktäriseringen indikerar att övervägande del av de digitala materielen används för datorbaserad instruktion utanför klassrummet. Totalt sett utgör 57 % datorbaserad instruktion och 30 % elev-centrerade aktiviteter i klassrummet. Resterande 13 % består av digitala materiel som till övervägande del består i mjukvaror för automatisk rättning av prov. För de intervjuade lärarna gäller att övervägande del av samtliga materiel används för att förmedla det centrala innehållet i respektive kurser. Men individuella skillnader finns. Totalt sett så utgör ungefär 52 % av samtliga materiel, användingsområden som ämnar att elever antingen ska återge kunskap eller lagra den i långtidsminnet. Det visar sig också att större delen av dessa användningsområden samtidigt innebär omfattande förändringar av undervisningsmoment.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The use of technology in mathematics education has many potentially positive outcomes. There is, however, little evidence to show where the use of technology has made a significant impact on mathematics education in South Africa. This study aims to address the issue of how computer tablets are currently used in the mathematics classroom. The researcher drew a comparison between learners who were taught with computer tablets and learners who were taught in the traditional way by evaluating the learners' progress after being taught on the topic of 3D images. This assessment was done in the form of a pre-test and a post-test that were administered to both classes on a topic of 3D images that was taught during this allocated time. The research is located in the third-generation activity theory. It is based on the socio-cultural theory of Lev Vygotsky, but it is blended with modern western theories as described by Engeström. The researcher made use of a mixed methods approach starting with a qualitative survey, followed by a pre-test, observations and concluding with a post-test. The pre-test and post-test determined whether cognitive knowledge was gained. The participants in the study were a group of 15-year-old learners at a private school where the one class was taught using computer tablets in the mathematics classroom, and the other class was taught the same content without computer tablets. A qualitative survey was sent to 27 schools within a particular school group where teachers indicated the popular Apps that were used in the mathematics classroom in this school group. Teachers also gave reasons why these were the Apps of choice and elaborated on how they were using these Apps. The quantitative part of this research was guided by the results of the survey and the 5 most popular Applications (Apps) were used in the teaching experiment. The quantitative part focused on two classrooms within the same school where the one class were taught with computer tablets and the other class were taught without the use of computer tablets. The t-test for this research showed that the group of learners who were taught with computer tablets achieved significantly better results than the class of learners who were taught using hard copy textbooks with traditional methods of teaching. This study showed that having computer tablets in schools can be effective in the mathematics classroom. The recommendations emanating from this study indicates that school who are planning to use computer tablets in the mathematics classroom should first plan their wi-fi capabilities with enough access points and internet access. These schools also need to decide on a type of computer tablet and what operating system to use. This decision has implications to the accessibility of quality Apps, battery life and storage space of the computer tablet. Schools are recommended to have a plan for training teachers in the use of this computer tablets especially regarding the pedagogical practice when interacting with learners. A last recommendation is to nurture a culture of computer tablet use amongst the learners to discipline themselves to charge and maintain their computer tablets and apply it to educational use. This study includes a pedagogical framework in respect of the effective use of computer tablets in the mathematics classroom.

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