冷戰結束改變歐洲的政治和戰略版圖，歐洲與俄羅斯希望在後冷戰時期建立多極體系，避免以美國為主的單極體系出現，雙方在經濟與政治上逐步發展伙伴合作關係，希望削弱美國在歐陸的影響力，並增強雙方在國際上的競爭力。然而，歐俄間在北約東擴、歐盟東擴、車臣問題、加里寧格勒問題上又存在許多衝突。因此，後冷戰時期歐俄雙邊主要特徵如下：既競爭又協調、既爭奪又合作、既對抗又妥協。本文欲針對以下幾個問題加以討論： 1.後冷戰時期使歐盟與俄羅斯改變過去的敵對狀態發展合作關係的因素為何？ 2.目前歐盟與俄羅斯的合作關係為何？ 3.影響歐俄合作關係的變數為何？ 本文主要採用歷史研究法、內容分析法與理性選擇分析法等三種方法來進行研究，並且運用現實主義的理論分析後冷戰時期歐俄建構合作關係的成因，以新功能主義的觀念解釋歐俄從經濟的合作逐漸轉為政治的合作的歷程、並且以新自由制度主義的理論討論歐俄合作機制的架構。本論文由五個章節組成：第一章緒論、第二章歐盟與俄羅斯的關係、第三章歐盟與俄羅斯合作關係之評估、第四章影響未來歐盟與俄羅斯合作關係之變數、第五章結論。

Between 2000 and 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were the focus of much global attention and activity. They were selected in light of astounding poverty, with over 1 billion people at the time living on less than $1 per day. In a sense the MDGs were morally undeniable. The focus of this study is MDG2, universal primary education. It sets out to establish how and why MDG2 came to be selected. Whilst its selection seems obvious, for years developing countries complained about the short-sightedness of prioritising primary over secondary and tertiary education (Klees 2008). A task force commissioned by the World Bank and UNESCO at the time showed that the Bank’s rate of return analysis on primary education was flawed. It argued that developing countries need highly educated people to be economic and social entrepreneurs, develop good governance, strong institutions and infrastructure. In this way MDG2’s selection is problematic. Using case study method, first the literature is examined. Three hypotheses are generated: one based on a rational synoptic theory, one on critical theory and one on world society theory. A range of data are used to establish findings and test hypotheses. The study then considers implications of the findings for theory and the policy process. The findings show that priorities promoting more equal opportunities, such as MDG2, were gradually preferred. Whereas priorities promoting more equal outcomes, such as elimination of trade barriers, were gradually excluded. The study finds no evidence that the General Assembly ever voted on the list of 8 MDGs. Rather, the MDGs were selected by elite policy actors, addressing multiple interests. The study considers the assertion that marginalization of the poor does not happen because people harbor ill will toward them, rather because “The poor have no friends among the global elite” (Pogge 2011, p. 62).

Cette thèse interroge les processus de communication qui autorisent la construction du microcrédit - pratique de prêts à des personnes pauvres - comme cause internationale. Un réseau d’acteurs nommé « Campagne du Sommet du Microcrédit » milite activement pour sa reconnaissance en tant qu’outil de lutte contre la pauvreté. L’étude de ses pratiques et des formes de son discours éclaire les conditions de possibilité logistique et symbolique de la conversion d’une technique financière en cause louable, endossable et universalisable.L’approche communicationnelle de cet objet se formule au croisement de deux axes théoriques qui forment les deux niveaux d’analyse d’un matériau composite - documentaire et ethnographique.Le premier axe concerne la démarche stratégique d’« entrepreneurs de cause » qui défendent une thématique et en accompagnent la trajectoire publique. Il questionne les conditions de la visibilité de la cause et met, ainsi, en évidence les contraintes d’une exigence de visibilité et les normes d’action et de justification qu’elle impose aux acteurs.Le second axe s’attache aux médiations symboliques - formes intercalaires, rémanentes et circulantes - qui incarnent la cause en-Deçà et au-Delà des déclarations d’intention. Il interroge, alors, sa lisibilité en élucidant les régimes de construction de deux figures nécessaires et complémentaires - le micro et le macroentrepreneur - et leurs effets de sens paradoxaux.La thèse confronte donc les « arrière-Pensées » des formes aux intentions stratégiques des acteurs qui les mobilisent et éclaire ainsi la mécanique d’inscription d’une perspective contemporaine du traitement de la pauvreté dans son « ordre de discours ». / Microcredit is a widespread financial tool, originally designed to lend small amounts of money to very poor people.This thesis questions the communication processes that enabled its construction as an international cause. Microcredit Summit Campaign is a network of organizations that strongly advocates for the acknowledgement of microcredit as a tool to fight poverty . The study of its practices and the forms of its discourse highlights the logistic and symbolic conditions required for the conversion of a financial theory into a praiseworthy, endorsable and universal cause.Drawing on a discourse and semiotic analysis of documented and ethnographical sources, the communicational approach of this topic links together two theoretical perspectives.On the one hand, it focuses on Microcredit Summit Campaign as a social movement organization and discusses the symbolic constraints imposed by a requirement for visibility in the public sphere. It influences their eligibility as spokeperson, their standards of action and their modes of justification.On the other hand, the thesis questions the legibility of microcredit as a cause. In this perspective, it analyzes the symbolic mediations that allow it to be embodied. To support the analysis, two compatible actors – “microentrepreneur” and “macroentrepreneur” - are strategically used in the discourse. The study of their characteristics reveals a paradoxical symbolic meaning and effect.Thus, the thesis confronts the "ulterior motives" of the semiotic forms used to support the discourse with the strategic intentions. In doing so, it sheds light on how a contemporary perspective on treating poverty is symbolically integrated in its " orders of discourse ".

Le Vietnam du Doi Moi poursuit sa libéralisation économique tout en consolidant le système politique hérité du marxisme-léninisme. Ce paradoxe influence considérablement son processus d'intégration économique internationale et se manifeste particulièrement dans le commerce des services. La manière dans laquelle le Vietnam reconnaît le principe de non-discrimination via les traités bilatéraux, plurilatéraux et multilatéraux, tant sous l'angle du commerce des services que sous l'angle de l'investissement, le prouve. Par ailleurs, dans le souci d'accélérer le développement économique, d'importantes réformes relatives au droit des affaires ont supprimé des discriminations substantielles entre les opérateurs économiques. Cependant, en raison de l'insuffisance de l'adapatation structurelle, la mise en oeuvre du principe de non-discrimination pose toujours de nombreuses difficultés. / Vietnam of Doi Moi pursues economic liberalization while strengthening the political system initiated from Marxism-Leninism. This paradox significantly influences its international economic integration process and manifests itself especially in the domain of trade in services. This is demonstrated by the manner in which Vietnam recognizes the principle of non-discrimination, through bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral agreements, in trade in services as well as in investements. Besides, in order to accelerate economic development, important reforms on business law have removed substancial discriminations between economic operators. However, the insufficient ajustement on structural matters still poses many problems for the implementation of the principle of non-discrimonation.

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Wetland sites provide important knowledge about settlement history and historical infrastructure in the form of buried archaeological features. However, the subsurface is difficult to access, e.g. due to high groundwater levels or unstable sediments, making archaeological excavation difficult and the conservation of recovered artefacts, e.g. timbers, is expensive. In addition, one of the aims of heritage conservation is to disturb structures in such contexts as little as possible as part of preserving. Therefore, alternative non- and minimal-invasive methods, e.g. geophysical prospection and vibra-coring, are used for exploration. However, geophysical surveys face the issue of inaccurate depth values and rely on sufficient contrasts in the measured physical parameters. Vibra-coring allows direct access to the sediments, but again gives inaccurate depth values due to high compaction rates. For this reason, the implementation of alternative methods and the development of new methodical approaches to wetland site exploration are of extraordinary importance. One such wetland site is the Fossa Carolina, an early medieval canal that today is partially buried. Located in Southern Germany next to Treuchtlingen, south of Nuremberg, the canal was intended at the time to provide a navigable link between the Rhine-Main and Danube basins by bridging the European watershed. In the research for this thesis, direct push sensing was used as an alternative exploration technique to explore the site. In this method, various probes are pushed into the unconsolidated subsoil and the parameters are measured in situ with high depth accuracy. (i) Therefore, the colour logging tool (CLT) and the electrical conductivity (EC) probe were applied. (ii) In order to record archaeological structures and features, the soundings were distributed closely along a transect using an adaptive exploration strategy, thus recording a high-resolution cross-section of the structure. (iii) These prospections were integrated into a spatial-hierarchical multi-method approach by combining direct push sensing with geophysical survey and vibra-coring, inter alia. (iv) Thus, a deeply buried section of the Fossa Carolina (West-East Section) was explored, demonstrating at least one-way navigability and revealing the backfill stratigraphy. (v) Furthermore, the approach used helped to clarify the nature of conspicuous magnetic anomalies in the area adjacent to the canal. In the Northern and North-Eastern Sections, magnetic anomalies provided evidence of water-supplying structures. The exploration of these structures revealed an Early Holocene structure in the North-Eastern Section and a historic gravel road in the Northern Section. (vi) Additionally, a strong magnetic anomaly with a course parallel to the canal in the Northern Section could be temporally and stratigraphically associated with the construction of the canal. Thus, for the first time, a larger remnant of the construction process outside the canal could be identified, even if the origin could not be conclusively clarified. (vii) In a broader context, the in situ direct push cross-sections were integrated into a 3D modelling approach for the entire Fossa Carolina to quantify the excavation volume. (viii) The methodological approach was successfully applied to a wetland site at Pestenacker in Southern Germany to collect evidence for Holocene floodplain dynamics in the Late Neolithic settlement. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the enormous methodological potential of direct push sensing for the exploration of buried archaeological sites. In particular, the colour logging tool is proving to be extremely effective, further enhanced by the intelligent combination in multi-method approaches. This is confirmed by the significant results obtained at Fossa Carolina that shed new light on the canal{'}s navigability, water supply, and construction structure. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the valuable contribution that direct push methods can make to geoarchaeological research. It both introduces a new methodological approach and provides new empirical evidence concerning the construction of an example of early medieval infrastructure.:Preface Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1 Introduction 1.1 Geoarchaeological exploration in wetlands: possibilities and challenges 1.1.1 Proven exploration methods 1.1.2 Direct push sensing 1.1.3 Exploration strategies 1.2 The study site 1.2.1 The Fossa Carolina - State of the art in brief 1.2.2 Natural settings 1.3 Aims of the thesis 2 Published Studies 2.1 Minimalinvasive Direct-push-Erkundung in der Feuchtboden(geo)archäologie am Beispiel des Karlsgrabens (Fossa Carolina) 2.2 Non-invasive prospection techniques and direct push sensing as high-resolution validation tools in wetland geoarchaeology – Artificial water supply at a Carolingian canal in South Germany? 2.3 High-Resolution Direct Push Sensing in Wetland Geoarchaeology—First Traces of Off-Site Construction Activities at the Fossa Carolina 2.4 3D-Modelling of Charlemagne’s Summit Canal (Southern Germany)—Merging Remote Sensing and Geoarchaeological Subsurface Data 2.5 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 3 Discussion 3.1 Direct push sensing for wetland exploration 3.1.1 High-resolution direct push sensing cross-sections 3.1.2 Integration and comparison of direct push sensing in a spatially hierarchical multi-method approach 3.1.3 Direct push colour logging tool (CLT) data for ground truthing 3.1.4 Perspectives on direct push sensing in geoarchaeology 3.2 Results of the exploration of the Fossa Carolina 3.2.1 Chronostratigraphic recording in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.2 Characteristics of the canal construction in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.3 Validation of off-canal structures in the Northern and North-Eastern Sections 3.2.4 Water supply for the Fossa Carolina 3.2.5 Pending issues in the study of the Fossa Carolina 4 Conclusion References Appendix A1 - Author publications A2 - Article contribution A3 - Declaration of originality A4 - Bibliographic description / Feuchtgebiete bergen durch begrabene archäologische Strukturen wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Siedlungsgeschichte und historischen Infrastruktur. Schwierige Untergrundverhältnisse, z. B. durch hohen Grundwasserspiegel oder instabile Sedimente, erschweren jedoch archäologische Ausgrabungen und die Konservierung der geborgenen Artefakte, z. B. Hölzer, verursacht hohe Kosten. Darüber hinaus ist ein Ziel der Bodendenkmalpflege, archäologische Strukturen so wenig wie möglich zu beeinträchtigen und sie in situ zu erhalten. Daher werden alternative nicht- und minimal-invasive Methoden, z. B. geophysikalische Prospektionen und Rammkernsondierungen, zur Exploration eingesetzt. Bei geophysikalischen Untersuchungen ergeben sich jedoch Schwierigkeiten durch ungenaue Tiefenwerte und die Methoden sind auf ausreichende Kontraste der gemessenen physikalischen Parameter angewiesen. Rammkernsondierungen ermöglichen einen direkten Zugriff auf die Sedimente, erzeugen jedoch wiederum ungenaue Tiefenwerte durch hohe Kompaktionsraten. Aus diesem Grund sind die Implementierung alternativer Methoden und die Entwicklung neuer methodischer Ansätze für die Erforschung von Feuchtgebietsstandorten von herausragender Bedeutung. Die Fossa Carolina, ein frühmittelalterlicher, heute teilweise verschütteter Kanal, ist ein solcher Standort. Das Bauwerk befindet sich in Süddeutschland in der Nähe von Treuchtlingen, südlich von Nürnberg und sollte eine schiffbare Verbindung zwischen dem Rhein-Main- und dem Donaueinzugsgebiet herstellen, indem es die europäische Hauptwasserscheide überbrückte. Zur Erkundung des Bauwerks wurde als Alternative die in situ Direct-Push-Methode eingesetzt. Bei dieser Methode werden verschiedene Sonden in den unkonsolidierten Untergrund gedrückt und die Parameter in situ tiefengenau gemessen. (i) Dabei kamen die Farbsonde, engl. colour logging tool (CLT), und die Sonde zur Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, engl. electrical conductivity (EC) probe, zum Einsatz. (ii) Zur Erfassung archäologischer Strukturen und Befunde wurden die Sondierungen mit einer adaptiven Erkundungsstrategie auf einem Transekt engmaschig verteilt und somit ein hochaufgelöster Querschnitt des Bauwerks erfasst. (iii) Darüber hinaus wurden diese Prospektionen in einen räumlich-hierarchischen Multimethodenansatz integriert, indem in situ Direct-Push-Sondierungen mit z. B. geophysikalischen Erkundungen und Rammkernsondierungen kombiniert wurden. Somit wurde (iv) ein tiefliegender, begrabener Abschnitt der Fossa Carolina im West-Ost-Bereich erkundet, dort die Schiffbarkeit für mindestens eine Schiffsbreite nachgewiesen und die Sedimentstratigraphie der Verfüllung beschrieben. Weiterhin wurde der Ansatz genutzt, um magnetische Anomalien im Umfeld des Kanals zu prospektieren. (v) Im nördlichen und nordöstlichen Bereich lieferten magnetische Anomalien Hinweise auf wasserzuführende Bauwerke im Untergrund. Die Erkundung ergab eine frühholozäne Struktur im nordöstlichen Bereich und eine historische Schotterstraße im nördlichen Bereich. (vi) Weiterhin konnte eine starke magnetische Anomalie mit parallelem Verlauf zum Kanal im nördlichen Bereich zeitlich und stratigraphisch dem Bauwerk zugeordnet werden. Somit konnte zum ersten Mal eine größere Spur des Baus außerhalb des Kanals nachgewiesen werden, auch wenn die Entstehung nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnte. (vii) Im übergeordneten Kontext konnten die Daten der in situ Direct-Push-Transekte in einen 3D-Modellierungsansatz für die gesamte Fossa Carolina zur Quantifizierung des Aushubs integriert werden. (viii) Neben der Erforschung der Fossa Carolina wurde der methodische Ansatz zusätzlich an einem Feuchtgebietsstandort bei Pestenacker in Süddeutschland angewendet, um Informationen über die holozäne Auendynamik an der spätneolithischen Siedlung zu gewinnen. Schlussendlich belegt die Dissertation das enorme methodische Potential der in situ Direct-Push-Erkundungen für die Prospektion von Bodendenkmälern. Dabei erweist sich insbesondere die Farbsonde als äußerst wirkungsvoll, was durch die gezielte Kombination in multi-methodischen Ansätzen noch verstärkt wird. Dies wird durch die aussagekräftigen Ergebnisse an der Fossa Carolina belegt, mit deren Hilfe insbesondere neue Erkenntnisse zur Schiffbarkeit, Wasserzuführung und Baustruktur gewonnen werden konnten. Insgesamt demonstriert diese Dissertation den wertvollen Beitrag, den in situ Direct-Push-Methoden zur geoarchäologischen Forschung leisten können. Sie präsentiert sowohl einen neuen methodischen Ansatz als auch neue empirische Erkenntnisse zu einem frühmittelalterlichen Bauwerk.:Preface Acknowledgements Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Symbols 1 Introduction 1.1 Geoarchaeological exploration in wetlands: possibilities and challenges 1.1.1 Proven exploration methods 1.1.2 Direct push sensing 1.1.3 Exploration strategies 1.2 The study site 1.2.1 The Fossa Carolina - State of the art in brief 1.2.2 Natural settings 1.3 Aims of the thesis 2 Published Studies 2.1 Minimalinvasive Direct-push-Erkundung in der Feuchtboden(geo)archäologie am Beispiel des Karlsgrabens (Fossa Carolina) 2.2 Non-invasive prospection techniques and direct push sensing as high-resolution validation tools in wetland geoarchaeology – Artificial water supply at a Carolingian canal in South Germany? 2.3 High-Resolution Direct Push Sensing in Wetland Geoarchaeology—First Traces of Off-Site Construction Activities at the Fossa Carolina 2.4 3D-Modelling of Charlemagne’s Summit Canal (Southern Germany)—Merging Remote Sensing and Geoarchaeological Subsurface Data 2.5 A hydrological tipping point and onset of Neolithic wetland occupation in Pestenacker (Lech catchment, S Germany) 3 Discussion 3.1 Direct push sensing for wetland exploration 3.1.1 High-resolution direct push sensing cross-sections 3.1.2 Integration and comparison of direct push sensing in a spatially hierarchical multi-method approach 3.1.3 Direct push colour logging tool (CLT) data for ground truthing 3.1.4 Perspectives on direct push sensing in geoarchaeology 3.2 Results of the exploration of the Fossa Carolina 3.2.1 Chronostratigraphic recording in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.2 Characteristics of the canal construction in the West-East and Northern Sections 3.2.3 Validation of off-canal structures in the Northern and North-Eastern Sections 3.2.4 Water supply for the Fossa Carolina 3.2.5 Pending issues in the study of the Fossa Carolina 4 Conclusion References Appendix A1 - Author publications A2 - Article contribution A3 - Declaration of originality A4 - Bibliographic description

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Opposing the culture of différance created through American cultural media, this thesis argues, Arab hip-hop artists revive the politically conscious sub-genre of hip-hop with the purpose of normalising their Arab existence. Appropriating hip-hop for a cultural protest, Arab artists create for themselves a sub-genre of conscious hip-hop – Arab-conscious hip-hop and function as Gramsci’s organic intellectuals, involved in better representation of Arabs in the mainstream. Critiquing power dynamics, Arab hip-hop artists are counter-hegemonic in challenging popular identity constructions of Arabs and revealing to audiences biases in media production and opportunities for progress towards social justice. Their identity (re)constructions maintain difference while avoiding Otherness. The intersection of Arab-consciousness through hip-hop and politics of identity necessitates a needed cultural protest, which in the case of Arabs has been severely limited. This thesis progresses by reviewing literature on politics of identity, Arabs in American cultural media, Gramsci’s organic intellectuals and conscious hip-hop. Employing criticism, this thesis presents an argument for Arab hip-hop group, The Arab Summit, as organic intellectuals involved in mainstream representation of the Arab community.