Au cours des dernières années, les villes du Monde Arabe assistent à une propagation de centres commerciaux. Parallèlement et à partir des années quatre vingt dix, période de la reconstruction du Liban suite à la guerre libanaise, le paysage commercial de Beyrouth a subi de profondes mutations avec l’introduction de la grande distribution internationale et la multiplication des franchises nationales et internationales éparpillées dans la ville et ses extensions. Là, le phénomène n’est pas nouveau au Liban, mais l’ampleur qu’il prend actuellement et sa généralisation à tout l’espace de l’agglomération beyrouthine, en modifie le paysage commercial. De nouvelles structures commerciales côtoient les structures existantes. Ainsi, la géographie commerciale devient de plus en plus multiforme et complexe, surtout avec l’émergence actuelle d’importants complexes commerciaux de grande échelle et d’une nouvelle typologie. Le commerce de proximité est bousculé et remis en cause par l’avènement de la grande distribution surtout alimentaire au Liban. La problématique émerge de ces mutations qui s’opèrent autour des centres commerciaux constituant des pôles d’attraction surtout, en l’absence de planification urbaine prévoyant leur implantation et la politique d’encouragement aux investissements pour les projets de construction et de reconstruction adoptée par le gouvernement libanais suite à la guerre libanaise. Face à cette situation, ce phénomène nous incite à s’interroger sur les mutations du commerce, leur rayonnement spatial, économique et social, leurs causes et leurs effets sur l’environnement urbain. Quelles sont les logiques qui sont derrière ces mutations ? Quelle est leur portée sur le commerce existant et le commerce nouveau ? La problématique émerge des transformations qui se manifestent dans le paysage commercial et sera traitée à travers les différentes logiques, spatiale, économique, sociale, …, urbaine qui les sous-tendent, se questionnant sur leur dimensions dans chaque type de commerce et la portée du « grand » commerce sur « le petit ». / Over the past years, the cities of the Arab world attended a spread of shopping centers. At the same time and from the year 1990, period of the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Lebanese war, the commercial landscape of Beirut has undergone profound changes with the introduction of the large international distribution and the multiplication of national and international franchises scattered throughout the city and its extensions. Here, the phenomenon is not new to the Lebanon, but the extent that it is currently taking and its generalization to any space of the agglomeration of Beyrouth, alter the business landscape. New commercial structures coexist with existing structures. Thus, the commercial geography becomes increasingly multifaceted and complex, especially with the current emergence of major commercial complexes of large scale and new typology. Trade in proximity is jostled and challenged by the advent of the great especially food distribution in Lebanon. The problem emerges from these mutations occur around shopping malls constituting poles of attraction especially, in the absence of urban planning for their implementation and the policy of encouraging investment for the projects of construction and reconstruction adopted by the Lebanese Government after the Lebanese war. Given this situation, this phenomenon prompts us to wonder about the mutations of the trade, their spatial, economic and social influence their causes and their effects on the urban environment. What are the logics that are behind these mutations? What is their scope on the existing trade and new trade? The problem emerges from the transformations that occur in the commercial landscape and will be processed through the different logical, spatial, economic, social,..., urban that underlie them, questioning their dimensions in each type of trade and the scope of the "large" trade and the “small” ( Le “grand” et le “petit” commerce).

This dissertation is based on a narrative analysis of eighteen life biographies of children of Vietnamese descent in Czech Republic. It shows that these young people lives are embedded in a "transnational social space", which spans between two geographical regions of Vietnam and Czech Republic, and which leaves them exposed to a set of social expectations, cultural values and patterns of human interaction, that are shaped by more than one political, economic and social system. It also describes how these people, through multiple connected social networks and social relationships, transform cultural practices, interpretations, experiences and identities, which deconstructs the idea of integrity between place, identity and culture. Although the primary aim of the work is to analyse how children of Vietnamese operate in transnationalized social and cultural contexts, transnational practices, such as homeland visits, kinship ties and sending remittances are also being explored. In doing so the children of Vietnamese migrants are neither perceived as "existing in vacuum" nor are their identities described as "deterritorialized". The work pays also attention to the question how their lives and identities are shaped on the backdrop of discursive fields and power relationships in particular localities. Key...

As spatial properties that systems theoretically have, Socio-Ecological Systems are characterized by dynamism and mobility, therefore, are subject to changes in the space they occupy in the biosphere. In land ecosystems, these changes are understood as processes of evolution over time, or the result of extreme natural events, or transformation of the natural space induced by human activities. These spatial changes produce effects on the land surface and groundwater of ecosystems colonized or penetrated by elements, individuals or populations belonging to other ecosystems. These are the so-called Transitional Spaces between ecosystems. Throughout the continuous geographical space, these spatial transitions affect human and not human ecosystems in different ways. Given their ambiguous characteristics and their indefinite temporal location between urban, rural or natural spaces, transition spaces deserve to be investigated in order to know their properties and functions within the cartography that represents complex socio-ecological systems. The research is conducted from a particular perspective of Political Ecology. For this I proceed to develop an epistemological exercise on the political ecology syntagma in order to approach its concept and object of study as a hybrid discipline between social sciences and natural sciences. Interdisciplinarity as a practice, a dialectic vision regarding anthropocentrism, environmental perception as a method for an ontology of human ecology, The ecosystem as a unit of spatial analysis. These would be some of the characteristics of my ecological-political perspective. But what does transitional space mean for political ecology and what does it add to its theory? The question led me to seek the integral concept of ecosystem and to support myself in the General Systems Theory to analyze the notions of boundary and external environment as part of the classic concept of system. At that point, the notion of transitional spaces emerges implicit when recognizing the dynamic spatiality of other existing systems. v Since the research is not linear but interdisciplinary and convergent, a brief anthology of geographic and socio-spatial political thought is presented in order to connect the issue of transitional spaces with the point of view of the social sciences. Various socio-geographical, deterministic, anthropocentric, Darwinian, Marxist, modernist theories give an overview of the issues related to space and nature. With the emergence of the spatial turn, new concerns for political sociology, geography and environmental sciences are explained by the phenomenon of urban growth at the global level. In the same way, I introduce the topic of ecological spaces, specifically the concept of Ecotone, the space of transition between diverse natural ecosystems. The use of the notion of ecotone is based precisely on the perspective of the concept of political ecology developed previously. This, in turn, will allow me to introduce the FLACAM methodology into the research, which among its components has the virtue of identifying and analyzing the spatial phenomenon of physical and social Interfaces, that is, spaces of transition within human ecosystems. Several graphics and charts show the potential properties and functions of different kind of existing interfaces and ecotones. My proposal converges in using these concepts as planning tools for transitional spaces identified as Rurban Regions and metropolitan areas. A final reflection on the need for spatial research on global urban expansion and the theoretical and pragmatic advantages of the concept of intermediate cities closes the main body of the investigation.

The thesis inquires into the entanglement between the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction that heavily relies on self-regulated property ownership and the emergence of vigilant violence on behalf of local property owners against undocumented migrants in the relegated neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki’s West End. It probes the extent to which incidents of vigilant violence can be used as indicators of the structural deficiencies in the Greek housing system and property paradigm. 
 First, the thesis points to the distinct historic trajectory of the Greek housing system and property regime that is carved by a strategy of minimal involvement of state authority since the end of the Greek Civil War (1949). In contrast to the (North) European paradigm, the Greek model of social reproduction is marked by a normalized laissez-faire attitude in the domain of housing and by the hypertrophy of the family institution that emerged as a substitute system of social protection vis- a-vis the atrophy of administration. The thesis then points to a political discourse investing in the figure of the householder, sketched as the ‘normal’ Greek subject par excellence, within which self- government connects up with the imperatives of good government, in times when access to housing has become scarce and social insecurity widespread. 
 I focus my study on the neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki, where as of late a vigilant campaign of evictions of undocumented migrant squatters on behalf of local property holders was launched. I suggest that this campaign of vigilance is not an act of ‘pure racism’ but is linked with the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction, the scarcity of outright homeownership as a resource of symbolic and material value and the particularity of Ksiladika, that is at once a stigmatized neighborhood and a land of promise. 
 I rely on data collected through micro-ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation and semi-structured interviews with local property holders in Ksiladika. I use the conceptual tools of social space, field of power and symbolic power found in the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, as heuristic tools to identify the significance of property and home ownership in shaping perceptions of local property holders towards their neighborhood and in defining their actions. I present my empirical findings clarifying the diversity of choices, expectations and actions of different actors, active in this propertied field of power in the studied area. 
 The thesis draws to an end by using the findings from Ksiladika to contribute to a discussion that revolves around Wacquant’s three basic theses on the emergence of advanced urban marginality as an effect of the neoliberal state crafting on a global scale. First, I argue that in regions where the social state was inexistent, the implementation of neoliberal policies did not happen in a way identical to what can be observed in the North and do not entail a reengineering of the state. Then I suggest that Wacquant's schematization of a Janus-like Centaur state that performs liberalism for those at the top of the social scale and punitive paternalism for those at the social bottom immured in precarity does not hold, due to the expanding zone of precarity. Eventually, I suggest that neoliberal governing is not attained merely by the penal apparatus of the neoliberal Leviathan, but via a governing through subjects who internalize the postulates of the entrepreneurial ideology mediated through homeownership in times when the resource is scarce.

The contemporary society is in many ways a society of consumers where individuals consume to satisfy their desires at the expense of our world’s health for our future generations. Consumption and a pro-environmental lifestyle have a polarized relationship and research indicates that society needs a change. Consumption should take place in decreased amounts and in a way that emphasizes the environment. Education has proven to have a positive effect on behavioral changes in individuals towards a lifestyle that emphasizes the environment. The aim of this quantitative essay is to study the importance of cultural and economic resources for an environmentally friendly lifestyle. In addition, it examines how environmentally oriented consumption, degree of consumption, consumerism and concern for the environment are in relation to a lifestyle that emphasizes the environment by recycling. The study’s theoretical frame of reference is based on Bauman’s theory of the society of consumers and Bourdieu’s concepts of the social space, capital and habitus. Data material retrieved from the Swedish National Data Service collected for the SOM-Survey 2018 is used and analyzed through univariate, bivariate analysis and multiple regression analyzes. Results show that higher capital, especially cultural, has a positive impact on individual pro-environmental lifestyles. In addition, the individual's environmentally friendly lifestyle increases through positioning such as shopping eco-labeled products, shopping secondhand and through concern for the environment. Shopping more than you can afford turns out to have a negative impact. / Samhället vi lever i idag är på många sätt ett konsumtionssamhälle där individer konsumerar för att mätta sina begär på bekostnad av vår världs hälsa för våra kommande generationer. Konsumtion och en miljöfrämjande livsstil har ett polariserat förhållande och tidigare forskning pekar på att samhället behöver en förändring. Konsumtionen bör ske i minskad volym och på ett sätt som framhåller miljön. Utbildning har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på beteendeförändringar hos individerna mot en livsstil som framhåller miljön. Denna kvantitativa uppsats har som syfte att studera vilken betydelse kulturella och ekonomiska resurser har för en miljöfrämjande livsstil. Därtill undersöks hur miljöinriktad konsumtion, grad av konsumtion, konsumism och oro för miljön står i relation till en livsstil som framhåller miljön genom att återvinna. Undersökningens teoretiska referensram utgår från Baumans teori om konsumtionssamhället samt Bourdieus begrepp det sociala rummet, kapital och habitus. Ett datamaterial som hämtats från Svensk Nationell Datatjänst insamlat till SOM-undersökningen 2018 används och analyseras genom univariat, bivariat analys samt multipla regressionsanalyser. Resultat visar att högre kapital, i synnerhet kulturellt, har ett positivt samband med en miljöfrämjande livsstil. Därtill ökar individens miljöfrämjande livsstil genom positioneringar som att handla kravmärkt, handla secondhand samt genom en oro för miljön. Att handla för mer än man har råd med visar sig ha en negativ påverkan.

Everyone deserves a home that promotes well-being and reduces stress. Mental illness among students has tripled in the 21st century and statistics show higher numbers than ever. The problems can often be linked to socioeconomic factors and for many young people, it applies to education. The design of our cities has a great impact on how we feel and how we choose to live our lives and through awareness and knowledge of health-promoting factors, the architect can design more stress-reducing and functional environments. We need to create a pleasant environment for students to live in using architectural strategies that counteract stress. Building enjoyable apartments incorporating architectural means to reduce stress can help students in their everyday life. Having both private spaces and different scales of public areas creates opportunities to choose where they want to spend their time depending on how much interaction with other people they want. The way we design and manage spaces around apartments, outdoor as well as indoor, can support both the development of interaction between humans and solitary activities. According to studies, offering both active and passive social participation creates security and belonging. Each person takes control over their own presence in social interactions which decreases the risk of social isolation.

[ES] Este trabajo estudia las contranarrativas visuales a modo de inscripciones y los borramientos que aparecen en el espacio público, durante el estallido social en Chile, iniciado el día 18 de octubre de 2019, en dos hitos del centro urbano de Santiago de Chile: Plaza Dignidad, donde se encuentra emplazada la escultura del general Manuel Baquedano y el Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral [GAM]. El propósito se centra en la interpretación de las inscripciones, sus connotaciones y el cómo resignifican el espacio público. El capítulo 1, da cuenta de las inscripciones como contranarrativas en el espacio público, su contextualización histórica de movimientos artísticos y sociales que han sido incluidos como sustrato investigativo para la elaboración y desarrollo del presente estudio. El capítulo 2, se enfoca en el análisis de una intervención con paste-up de 11 folios realizada por el mismo autor, en los muros del Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral (GAM) los cuales fueron intervenidos por los transeúntes, dando cuenta de una interpretación y discusión acerca de una serie de preguntas que se formulan en los folios. El capítulo 3, se centra en el análisis e interpretación de las inscripciones realizadas a la escultura del general Manuel Baquedano, en Plaza Dignidad, analizando las intervenciones y acciones de iconoclasia que se realizaron en la escultura durante el estallido social. El foco está puesto en el análisis de su materialidad, contenido icónico, imaginarios sociales y contradiscursos. El capítulo 4, se inicia con el grupo C.A.D.A, e incluye la intersección entre arte y espacio público durante la dictadura militar chilena. Sé suma al estudio, la revisión 3 colectivos y un artista que realizaron diversas intervenciones a modo de inscripciones durante el estallido social en Chile en 2019. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5 se discuten e integran los planteamientos en relación a las contranarrativas en el espacio público, y como las manifestaciones de "artivismo" aparecen y se diferencian, generando una narrativa específica durante el estallido social. / [CA] Aquest treball estudia les *contranarrativas visuals a manera d'inscripcions i els *borramientos que apareixen en l'espai públic, durant l'esclat social a Xile, iniciat el dia 18 d'octubre de 2019, en dues fites del centre urbà de Santiago de Xile: Plaza Dignitat, on està emplaçada l'escultura del general Manuel *Baquedano i el Centre Cultural Gabriela Mistral [*GAM]. El propòsit se centra en la interpretació de les inscripcions, les seues connotacions i el com resignifiquen l'espai públic. El capítol 1, dona compte de les inscripcions com *contranarrativas en l'espai públic, la seua contextualització històrica de moviments artístics i socials que han sigut inclosos com a substrat *investigativo per a l'elaboració i desenvolupament del present estudi. El capítol 2, s'enfoca en l'anàlisi d'una intervenció amb pasture-*up d'11 folis realitzada pel mateix autor, en els murs del CENTRE CULTURAL GABRIELA MISTRAL, *GAM, els quals van ser intervinguts pels transeünts, donant compte d'una interpretació i discussió sobre una sèrie de preguntes que es formulen en els folis. El capítol 3, se centra en l'anàlisi i interpretació de les inscripcions realitzades a l'escultura del general Manuel *Baquedano, en Plaza *Dignidad, analitzant les intervencions i accions de *iconoclasia que es van realitzar en l'escultura durant l'esclat social. El focus està posat en l'anàlisi de la seua materialitat, contingut icònic, imaginaris socials i *contradiscursos. El capítol 4, s'inicia amb el grup C.A.D.A, i inclou la intersecció entre art i espai públic durant la dictadura militar xilena. Sé suma a l'estudi, la revisió 3 col·lectius i un artista que van realitzar diverses intervencions a manera d'inscripcions durant l'esclat social a Xile en 2019. Finalment, en el capítol 5 es discuteixen i integren els plantejaments en relació a les *contranarrativas en l'espai públic, i com les manifestacions de *artivismo" apareixen i es diferencien, generant una narrativa específica durant l'esclat social. / [EN] This work studies the visual counternarratives in the form of inscriptions and erasures that appear in public space, during the social outbreak in Chile, which began on October 18, 2019, in two landmarks in the urban center of Santiago de Chile: Plaza Dignidad, where the sculpture of General Manuel Baquedano and the Gabriela Mistral Cultural Center [GAM] are located. The purpose is focused on the interpretation of the inscriptions, their connotations and how they give new meaning to the public space. Chapter 1, gives an account of the inscriptions as counter-narratives in the public space, its historical contextualization of artistic and social movements that have been included as a research substrate for the elaboration and development of the present study. Chapter 2 focuses on the analysis of an 11-page paste-up intervention carried out by the same author, on the walls of the GABRIELA MISTRAL CULTURAL CENTER, GAM, which were intervened by passers-by, giving an account of an interpretation and discussion about a series of questions that are formulated in the pages. Chapter 3 focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the inscriptions made on the sculpture of General Manuel Baquedano, in Plaza Dignidad, analyzing the interventions and actions of iconoclasm that were carried out on the sculpture during the social outbreak. The focus is placed on the analysis of its materiality, iconic content, social imaginaries and counter-discourses. Chapter 4 begins with the C.A.D.A group, and includes the intersection between art and public space during the Chilean military dictatorship. Be added to the study, the review of 3 groups and an artist who carried out various interventions in the form of inscriptions during the social outbreak in Chile in 2019. Finally, in chapter 5 the approaches in relation to counter-narratives in public space are discussed and integrated, and how the manifestations of "artivism" appear and differ, generating a specific narrative during the social outbreak. / Riquelme Loyola, M. (2023). Lo que aparece en la calle: contranarrativas visuales durante el estallido social en Santiago de Chile 2019, en Plaza Dignidad y en el Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198564

Publicly funded art institutions in Sweden are tasked with the mission of making contemporary art available and accessible to the citizens. This thesis investigates three cases of publicly funded art institutions in Sweden, namely Göteborgs Konsthall, Malmö Konsthall and Liljevalchs Konsthall. The study examines the exhibitions presented by the institutions during the fall of 2023 and how they are curated to be inclusive or exclusive towards visitor groups. By using a model of curatorial values in conjunction with a constructed model of the exhibition as social space, inspired by Henri Lefebvre’s concept “social space”, this research will reveal different strategies used by the institutions for mediating curatorial intentions through the exhibitions.    Empirically the thesis is based on observations of three exhibitions and their visitors and interviews with exhibition hosts. The material is used to examine how the institutions work towards different audiences and how curatorial decisions influence visitor behaviour within the selected institutions.    The results show that the three cases differ in curatorial decisions and values. Further, the social space model used indicates that institutions differ in how they award agency to visitors. The analysis shows that visitors, by acting in unpredictable ways, contribute to the social space of exhibitions in ways not intended by the curator.     In conclusion, this study shows that the mission of the municipality-driven art institution is multifaceted and holds challenges when attempting to engage a broad audience while displaying exhibitions of high artistic integrity. The curatorial choices reflect in the audience and these choices therefore determine who will partake in the exhibition. The curator therefore plays a crucial role in how the exhibitions work with inclusivity.

Master's thesis is devoted to the problem of the social space’s role in forming of the image of the city. On basis of author’s methodology the theoretical model of the structure of the image of the city was formed. On basis of the analysis of empiric sociological investigation’s results the forming factors of image of the city was revealed, the social space of the city is base among them. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме роли социального пространства в формировании имиджа города. На основе авторской методологии сформирована теоретическая модель структуры имиджа города. На основе анализа результатов эмпирического социологического исследования выявлены факторы формирования имиджа Екатеринбурга, базовым среди которых является социальное пространство города в целом.

本文考察1945到1970年間台灣人口管理機制的特殊性與國家「統治型態」的變遷。理論層次上我們思考的問題是：現代國家如何「統治」──而解答問題的關鍵就在於建立一個現代國家有關「人口」的特殊視野。現代國家的出現，其實正意味著一種新的統治型態、一種合理化的「管理」；其具體的對象，就是「人口」。要之，近代所謂的「人口」現象，本身就反映出現代國家在「統治」與「反思性監控」上最根本、最核心的一環。 從這個角度來看，1945年到1970年間，台灣在人口管理上呈現出極為特殊的現象。一方面，國府於1945年接收台灣之後，就在延襲日本殖民政府的戶籍制度、「警察－保甲」之組織與地方行政區劃的前提下，迅速地建立或重建了一個以「戶籍管理」為核心的人口管理機制。1947年「二二八事件」之後，國府透過「綏靖」與「基層編鄰」的措施進一步地強化了警察與社會底層「村里鄰」的組織網絡；1949年國府遷台，上述機制更在「反共復國」與「動員戡亂」的需要下得到最大程度的擴張，也使得國家得以嚴密地監控「人口」狀態。國府接收台灣的過程，可因此標示為「移植」、「挪用」與「轉化」。 但另一方面，對於軍事人口，國家行政體系始終無法予以有效的管理。原因在於：戰後初期台灣「軍事人口」群體的出現，主要是隨同國府遷台與來自中國大陸大規模的人口遷移，由於其中「在營軍人」的社會活動空間與國家行政體系眼中的一般人口有著客觀上的區隔，因此被迫施以特殊的處置。再者，國府統治大陸期間軍事體系內部問題的「制度遺緒」，使得戰後初期的軍事體系尚未「國家化」，內部管理上也沒有達到「現代化」的水準；因此，無論國家行政體系與軍方，都無法有效管制軍事人口動態。其中，「在營軍人」未納入戶籍的現象，更是國家行政運作上的一大困擾，甚至對總體人口的統計數據形成嚴重扭曲。 然而，中樞在衡量各項主客觀條件之後，透過「強迫服役」、「禁婚令」與退除役軍人「集中－隔離」等「內部規約」，以及抑制軍人營外活動的「外部監控」，國府仍然建立了一個「內弛外張」的人口管理模式。此一模式其實具有高度的「權宜性」：在「動員戡亂」這樣一個非常態性的統治方略下，它結合了對於軍事人口（內部的）生命歷程的規約與（外部的）人身監控，將軍事人口的社會活動壓縮在一定的社會空間，以達到有效管理的目標。這樣一個高度權宜性的人口管理機制，在1970年前後出現重大的轉變：戶籍管理的統計模式開始要求「一般化」與「集中化」，而軍事人口也一律要納入戶籍管理。導致此一發展的因素包括：國民黨政權「外部合法性」的消失、行政體系內部的合理化要求、以及國家「權力結構」狀態的變化。在1950年代與1960年代間，國府在國際情勢的特殊條件下得以堅持「反共復國」、「戰時體制」的方略；同時間，國家無法完全掌握軍事體系也構成軍方獨立管理內部人口的前提。然而，國府遷台之後二十年間，先是逐步推展「以黨領軍」、「以黨領政」的策略，繼則因為國家行政體系在專業知識、行政技術與制度慣習上的優勢，逐漸排除了「黨」直接干預國家行政決策與執行的可能性，終於在1970年前後由行政體系主導，成功地推動了一連串的內政革新──總體來看，「國家行政體系的合理化要求」與國家內部「權力結構」的變遷，乃是此一過程中最為關鍵的內在因素。 根據戰後台灣人口管理機制的諸多變革，我們發現：(1)位居社會底層綿密組織（甚至既有的社會關係）的挪用與轉化，(2)國家行政體系的合理化趨勢，以及 (3)權力結構的集中與穩定，乃是現代國家之建構與國家遂行長期有效「統治」的重要關鍵。然而，從理論的層次來看，台灣歷史的發展也提供了一些特殊的思考空間，值得進一步探討： 其一，台灣在清治時期到日本殖民時期，人口管理的基本要件乃是由「保甲」到「警察－保甲制度」轉化；這樣一種「挪用」與「轉化」的過程，在國府接收台灣時也再次出現。據此，國家體系「由上而下」的制度與組織建構，作為某種歷史發展中的突出現象，始終必須連結社會既有的組織網絡與社會關係，以重新規劃、建構有利於「統治」的「社會空間」。 其二，台灣歷史發展過程中始終存在的「戶籍」管理體系，其實是在日本殖民時期才發展成一個全面而有效的人口管理機制；國府遷台之後，在組織、制度與行政區劃上大致也延續了這樣的統治型態。無論是以「保甲」、「警－保」體系或「戶政管理」作為人口統治的基礎，基本上都是將「人口動態」、「社會關係」與「地理行政空間」相互結合而產生的「反思性監控」模式──從「人必歸戶」的要求與「流動人口」的嚴厲管制，不難看出此一模式的特徵。然而，這樣一種建立在「地理行政空間」的人口統治型態是否能夠適應「現代」世界的變遷？從當前的發展趨向分析，戶籍制度以其長期發展、盤根錯結的現況，與國家的行政運作已經無法割離；然而，制度本身在國家統治的需要上要求「人地合一」的初衷，在高度流動的現代社會中卻早已去而不返。