<p>Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods.  As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.    </p>

Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods.  As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.

The purpose of this study is to observe some factors that may affect the understanding of subtraction with borrowing. The study is done in a foreign environment, in Kenya. Factors that will be looked into are: the classroom environment, the situation of learning in a second language. The study will also observe factors that can cause an erroneous answer and what those may look like. Within this area manipulatives will be mentioned. The study has used a qualitative as well as quantitative approach. The qualitative method has been accomplished through interviews and observations, the quantitative method through tests given to the learners. For the analysis of the observations, Cobb’s and Yackel’s model (1995) of the mathematical classroom has been used. The study is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective focusing interaction. The result in this study shows that the interaction in the classroom is important to the individual learning, perceptions of mathematics and the expectations on the individual. Learning in a second language can be a barrier. The use of manipulatives can work as a scaffold, but it can also hinder the learner to develop a deeper understanding. / Syftet med studien är att studera faktorer som kan påverka förståelsen av subtraktion med växling. Studien är gjord i en annan lärmiljö, i Kenya. Faktorer som kommer att uppmärksammas är lärmiljön i klassrummet och att inlärningen sker på ett för eleven andra språk. Studien kommer också att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan bidra till ett felaktigt svar och hur de kan se ut. Inom detta område kommer laborativt material nämnas. Studien har både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Den kvalitativa metoden har genomförts genom intervjuer och observationer, den kvantitativa metoden med hjälp av elevtester. Cobbs och Yackels (1995) modell över matematik klassrummet har använts som analysmaterial. Studien tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Focus är på interaktionen.   Resultaten i studien visar att interaktionen I klassrummet är viktigt för det individuella lärandet, uppfattningen om matematik och förväntningar på individen. Undervisning på ett andra språk kan bli ett hinder. Användandet av laborativt material kan fungera som ett stöd, men kan också hindra utvecklandet av en djupare förståelse.

This thesis employed an integrated approach and investigated intra- and inter-individual differences relevant for normally hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) adults in native (Swedish) and non-native (English) languages in adverse listening conditions. The integrated approach encompassed the role of cognition as a focal point of interest as well as perceptualauditory and linguistic factors. Paper I examined the extent to which proficiency in a non-native language influenced native and non-native speech perception performance for NH listeners in noise maskers compared to native and non-native speech maskers. Working memory capacity in native and non-native languages and non-verbal intelligence were also assessed. The design of paper II was identical to that of paper I, however the participants in paper II had a hearingimpairment. The purpose of paper III was to assess how NH and HI listeners subjectively evaluated the perceived disturbance from the speech- and noise maskers in the native and nonnative languages. Paper IV examined how well native and non-native stories that were presented unmasked and masked with native and non-native speech were recalled by NH listeners. Paper IV further investigated the role of working memory capacity in the episodic long-term memory of story contents as well as proficiency in native and non-native languages. The results showed that generally, the speech maskers affected performance and perceived disturbance more than the noise maskers did. Regarding the non-native target language, interference from speech maskers in the dominant native language is taxing for speech perception performance, perceived disturbance and memory processes. However, large inter- individual variability between the listeners was observed. Part of this variability relates to non-native language proficiency. Perceptual and cognitive effort may hinder efficient long-term memory encoding, even when stimuli are appropriately identified at a perceptual level. A large working memory capacity (WMC) provides a better ability to suppress distractions and allocate processing resources to meet assigned objectives. The relatively large inter-individual differences in this thesis, require an individualized approach in clinical or educational settings when non-native persons or people with hearing impairment need to perceive and remember potentially vital information. Individua  differences in the very complex process of speech understanding and recall need to be further addressed by future studies. The relevance of cognitive factors and language proficiency provides opportunities for individuals who face difficulties to compensate using other abilities. / Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att genom ett integrerat tillvägagångssätt undersöka mellan- och inom-individuella skillnader relevanta för normalhörande och hörselskadade vuxna i svenska och engelska språket under ogynnsamma lyssningsförhållanden. Med kognitiva faktorer i fokus, omfattade det integrerade tillvägagångssättet också perceptuella-auditiva och lingvistiska faktorer. Studie I undersökte i vilken utsträckning färdigheter i engelska inverkade på taluppfattning av ett modersmål och ett andra språk som var maskerat med brus jämfört med störande tal på svenska och engelska. Normalhörande vuxna deltog. Arbetsminneskapacitet på svenska och engelska liksom icke-verbal intelligens bedömdes också i studien. Designen i studie II var identisk med designen i studie I, förutom att personer med hörselnedsättning ingick som deltagare. Syftet med studie III var att bedöma hur normalhörande personer och personer med hörselnedsättning subjektivt utvärderade den upplevda störningen från tal- och brus på ett modersmål och ett andra språk. Studie IV undersökte hur väl normalhörande deltagare kom ihåg berättelser på svenska och engelska som presenterades omaskerade eller med störande tal på svenska eller engelska. Studie IV undersökte vidare  arbetsminneskapacitet och episodiskt långtidsminne av berättelsernas innehåll liksom också färdighet i svenska och engelska språket. Resultaten visade att generellt var maskeringseffekten större vid störande tal jämfört med andra bruskällor både vad avser taluppfattning såväl som upplevd störning. Vad det gäller det engelska språket som talsignal, är störning från det svenska modersmålet påfrestande för taluppfattning, upplevd störning såväl som för minnesprocesser. Dock har stor inter- och intra-individuell variation mellan deltagarna observerats. En del av denna variation avser engelska språkfärdigheter. Perceptuell och kognitiv påfrestning kan minska möjligheten till att säkra långsiktiga minnesprocesser även om ett stimuli var korrekt identifierat på en perceptuell nivå. En god arbetsminneskapacitet kan ge en bättre förmåga att undertrycka en distraktion och därmed fördela processresurserna för att nå de uppställda målen. De relativt stora inter-individuella skillnaderna i denna avhandling gör det angeläget med en individualiserad  tillämpning, kliniskt eller inom utbildningsmässiga områden när personer med hörselnedsättning eller personer med ett annat modersmål behöver uppfatta eller minnas potentiellt viktig information. De individuella skillnader som ligger bakom taluppfattning och minnesförmåga behöver utforskas vidare. Goda kognitiva förmågor och språkfärdigheter ger möjligheter för individer som möter svårigheter till att kompensera genom att använda dessa förmågor.

In this qualitative study I examine how teachers of Swedish as a second language in adult education interpret and plan their teaching based on the 2017 revised curriculum of the Swedish National Agency for Education. I also study how the teachers use genre based methods and what pros and cons they see with these methods. The study shows big differences in the interpretation and application of the curriculum based on the core content. It also shows a variation between campuses in the extent to which students are able to participate in the planning and to be informed, at the beginning of the course, of how the assignments relate to the course content. All the participating teachers use genre based methods but most of them have chosen to combine these methods with other forms of teaching. In general, the participating teachers approve genre based methods but most of them mentioned lack of time as the biggest challenge when applying these methods in adult education.

The aim of this essay is to examine how two different schools in Södertälje municipality are working to include and integrate newly arrived high school students in the subject Swedish as a second language. I will do a comparative study in which I study the teachers’ completely opposite way of working to integrate newly arrived school students in the subject Swedish as a second language. I have used a qualitative method where I have conducted interviews. My main theory is Peder Haug's (1998) theory. He uses the concepts of “segregerande integrering” and “inkluderande integrering”. Overall, I would determine that the results of my study suggest that there are many ways that you can work with to achieve integration in school and in the Swedish community. The conclusion of this study is that the newly arrived high school students are integrated in different ways. I have found that the teachers’ in both schools are satisfied with their work and believe that both working methods are aiming at integration. Both schools despite the differences and the similarities in their working methods strive towards the same aim and that is that the newly arrived high school students is going to be integrated in school education and in society.

Elevernas tillgång till olika digitala medier har under de senaste 10 åren ökat. Flera elever möter idag det engelska språket utanför skolan i form av olika aktiviteter. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare förhåller sig till den engelska som eleverna har med sig in i klassrummet.  Begreppet extramural engelska innefattar all den engelska som eleverna kommer i kontakt med på fritiden. Studien har en fenomenografisk inspirerad ansats och materialinsamlingen har gjorts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fyra lärare på tre olika skolor har medverkat i studien. Resultatet visar att lärarna försöker att inkludera elevernas extramurala engelska i undervisningen, Lärarna ser dock både möjligheter och hinder med att använda elevernas extramurala engelska i engelskundervisningen. Samtliga lärare ser elevernas extramurala engelska som något positivt och tycker det är bra att eleverna lär sig engelska utanför skolan. / Students’ access to digital media has for the last ten years increased. Several students have been exposed to the English language out of school in the form of various activities. The aim of the study is to examine how teachers relate to the English that the students bring into the classroom. Extramural English includes all English that students encounter in their spare time. The study has a phenomenographic inspired approach and semi-structured interviews have been used to collect data. Four teachers from three different schools have participated in the study. The conclusion of the study shows that teachers try to include students extramural English in the classroom, however the teachers see both possibilities and obstacles with using students extramural English in the classroom. All teachers see the students extramural English as something positive and think that it is good that the students learn English out of school.

The Swedish debate regarding the reform of the third person pronoun plural has been examined with the NLS theory and with the perspective of literacy as not only a mental process but also as a social practice. The debate was initiated in autumn of 2016 by an article written by the teacher Henrik Birkebo in which he argued for a reform. To examine the legitimacy of the main arguments in the debate in relation to pupils’ actual use of the Swedish alternatives for the third person pronoun plural de/dem and dom in secondary school, 307 answers to the National Tests in Swedish and Swedish as a Second Language from 2015 has been quantified in a corpus. The result shows that the argument for a reform due to the hardship for pupils to make out the difference between de and dem sees literacy mainly as a mental process. This is not shown in the corpus. A minority cannot use de and dem as the norm requires, and this minority consists of pupils with high and low grades. The argument to not too hastily make a reform sees literacy as a social practice and as a performance in a social context. This is more likely to be true according to the results of the analysis of the corpus. 82 % of the pupils want to use de/dem which shows that this is seen as a more respected literacy than the use of dom, which only 6 % of the pupils use in the corpus.

This study aims to find an understanding of how pleasure reading outside of a classroom context can assist in the development of English as a second language. The study primarily seeks to examine what teachers and parents say about how the access to and active reading of English books in children’s home environment can benefit their language skills development in the classroom, and this has been done through qualitative interviews. The interviewees were categorized into two groups, one group consisting of four teachers working as English teachers in grades 4-6 at four different schools, and the other consisting of parents of children currently studying in grades 4-6. The results of the study show that most of the interviewed parents encourage their children to read in English, however most of the mentioned children engage more in pleasure reading in Swedish rather than English. The study also shows that the interviewed teachers share the opinion that students who read in English during their free time bring better comprehension of and proficiency in the English language to the classroom. / Den här studien syftar till att få en förståelse för hur nöjesläsning utanför ett klassrumssammanhang kan assistera i utvecklingen av engelska som andraspråk. Studien riktar sig i första hand mot att undersöka vad lärare och föräldrar säger om hur tillgången till och läsningen av böcker på engelska i ett barns hemmiljö kan gynna utvecklingen av deras språkkunskaper i klassrummet, och detta har gjorts genom kvalitativa intervjuer. De intervjuade deltagarna kategoriserades i två grupper, en grupp bestående av fyra lärare som arbetar som engelsklärare i årskurserna 4-6 på fyra olika skolor, och den andra gruppen bestående av fyra föräldrar till barn som går i årskurs 4-6. Resultaten av studien visar att de flesta intervjuade föräldrarna uppmuntrar sina barn att nöjesläsa på engelska, men att de flesta av de nämnda barnen ägnar sig mer åt nöjesläsning på svenska. Studien visar också att de intervjuade lärarna delar åsikten att elever som läser på engelska under sin fritid har med sig bättre förståelse och språkfärdighet i det engelska språket till klassrummet.

El objetivo de esta monografía es tratar de determinar en qué medida y de qué manera cuatro manuales didácticos suecos de español como lengua extranjera (ELE), usados en la enseñanza en el nivel de bachillerato, tratan aspectos pragmáticos. Además, evaluaremos el potencial y la relevancia de la información metapragmática y las actividades relacionadas a los aspectos pragmáticos para el proceso de adquisición de una competencia tanto metapragmática como pragmática. En este estudio se parte de la noción de la competencia pragmática como una destreza orientada a saber crear y comprender significados en la interacción de manera eficaz (Thomas, 1995), que supone, más que los conocimientos lingüísticos en una interacción intercultural, los conocimientos extralingüísticos (cf. Bravo, 2005). La hipótesis de partida de este trabajo postula que los manuales no explican a fondo por qué cierto lenguaje se utiliza en ciertos contextos y que el contenido pragmático sería poco variado y difícil de asimilar y que los ejercicios no estarían diseñados principalmente para desarrollar la competencia pragmática. Hasta cierta medida se puede decir que los resultados de esta investigación confirman la hipótesis: los manuales podrían efectivamente ser más exhaustivos en cuanto a los temas que abarcan, asimismo podrían variar y explicar más a fondo aquellos temas. No obstante, parece haber un esfuerzo de incorporar actividades comunicativas e información extralingüística, sin embargo, hace falta una conceptualización y progresión en cuanto a cómo tratar estos temas como el propósito principal. Ni siquiera se ofrecen en las guías del profesor modelos didácticos o información adicional, y por lo general, no se combina la información metapragmática en los manuales con actividades complementarias que pretenden desarrollar las destrezas comunicativas. / The purpose of this paper is to try to determine to what extent and in what way four Swedish textbooks on Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) treat pragmatic aspects, as well as to evaluate the potential and relevance of the metapragmatic information and activities related to pragmatic aspects provided by the textbooks, for the development of pragmatic awareness and competence in Spanish. This study parts from the notion of pragmatic competence as a skill of knowing how to create and understand meanings in interaction effectively (Thomas, 1995), which in intercultural interaction probably requires extra-linguistic knowledge more than language skills (cf. Bravo, 2005). The hypothesis postulated at the beginning of the study was that the manuals would not fully explain why certain language is being used in certain contexts, that the pragmatic content would be scarcely varied and rather difficult to assimilate and that the exercises would not be designed primarily to develop a pragmatic competence. To some extent it can be said that the hypothesis is confirmed: the manuals could have been more comprehensive in terms of the topics covered, they could also have varied and explained those issues further. Despite the fact that there seems to be an effort to incorporate extra-linguistic information and communicative activities, the results indicate that there is a lack of emphasis on or progression on how to treat these issues. For example, there are no didactic models or suggestions in the teacher’s guide, nor is additional information provided elsewhere; usually the metapragmatic information is not combined with any activities, and the activities that aim to develop communicative skills are not combined with further metapragmatic information.