Les rapports qu‘entretiennent le droit commun et le droit maritime notamment le droit spécial des transports sont complexes, mais pleins d‘enseignement. Au coeur de cette dialectique, se trouve le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises lequel, s‘exécute dans un milieu qui n‘est pas naturel à l'homme : la mer. Alors que certains auteurs revendiquent son autonomie et, soulignent avec force que sa spécificité interdit de s‘en remettre au droit commun, d‘autres, en revanche, affirment qu‘il ne peut vivre sans ce dernier d'où il puise toute sa sève. Particularisme, autonomie, soumission, telles sont les expressions couramment utilisées pour caractériser cette relation sans que l‘on ne sache finalement, si le contrat de transport est dominé par la théorie générale du contrat ou détaché de celle-ci. La présente étude, permet d‘apporter une réponse claire à cette interrogation. La confrontation des deux ensembles de règles révèle une forte domination de la théorie générale du contrat sur le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises. En tant que contrat, celui-ci subit une influence naturelle du droit commun. En effet, par sa vocation subsidiaire récemment réaffirmée par le nouvel article 1105 du Code civil, le droit commun comble constamment les interstices laissés à l‘air libre par le contrat de transport, et, impulse une certaine cohérence à celui-ci. Cependant, sa domination sur le contrat de transport n‘est pas totale. Sur certains aspects en effet, ce dernier s‘affranchit de l‘emprise du droit commun afin de marquer une certaine originalité, mieux son particularisme. Celui-ci, se manifeste d‘une part, par certaines résistances du contrat de transport maritime au droit commun. Ou encore, par l‘inadaptation du droit commun à certaines situations créées par la pratique des transports maritimes. La notion de consentement ou encore la conception réduite de l‘effet relatif des contrats par exemple, ne permettent pas de prendre en considération toute la richesse et la singularité du contrat de transport maritime. La situation du destinataire quant à elle, défigure entièrement les conceptions classiques du droit des contrats. D‘autre part, ce particularisme se révèle par des règles et mécanismes propres au contrat de transport notamment au niveau du régime de responsabilité du transporteur. Comparable à un véritable statut, ce régime quasi-exclusif exerce une forte attraction sur toutes les actions intentées contre le transporteur, qu‘elles soient contractuelles ou délictuelles. Somme toute, le contrat transport n‘est ni entièrement soumis au droit commun, ni autonome. Il navigue en effet entre les deux. / The relations between ordinary law and maritime law notably special transport laws are complex, but full of teaching. At the heart of this dialectic is found the contract of maritime transport of merchandise, which is executed in a milieu that is not natural to man: the sea. While others claim its autonomy and stress with force that its speciality forbids its inclusion in ordinary law, others on the contrary, affirm that it cannot succeed without the latter, from which it draws all its essence. Particularity, autonomy, submission, are expressions currently used to characterise this relation, though at the end, we don‘t know if the transport contract is dominated by the general theory of the law of contract or is detached from it. This study helps to give a clear response to this worry. The confrontation of two sets of rules reveals a strong domination of the general theory of contract on the contract of maritime transport of goods. As a contract, the latter witnesses a natural influence of ordinary law. In effect, through its subsidiary vocation recently reaffirmed by the new article 1105 of the civil Code, ordinary law always fills the gaps left by the transport contract and instills a certain coherence in the latter. However, its domination on transport contract is not total. In fact, on certain aspects, the latter goes out of the sphere of ordinary law to instill in it some originality, better still, its particularity. This is manifested on the one hand, through some resistance of ordinary law by the contract of maritime transport. Or, the unsuited nature of ordinary law to certain situations created by the practice of maritime transport. The notion of consent or the diminished conception of the relative effects of contract for example, does not allow for the taking into consideration of all the richness and the singularity of the contract of maritime transport. The situation of the consignee entirely disfigures the classical conceptions of the law of contract. On the other hand, this particularity is revealed by rules and mechanisms specific to the contract of transport, notably at the level of the regime of liability of the transporter. Comparable to a veritable status, this quasi-exclusive regime exerts a strong attraction to all actions initiated against the carrier, whether they are contractual or tortuous. To sum up, the contract of transport is neither entirely subject to the ordinary law nor autonomous. It swings between the two.

Traditionnellement, le droit prend soin de distinguer entre les clauses, parties d’un acte juridique, et les pratiques qui sont des faits juridiques. Pourtant, le droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence semble réaliser une assimilation de ces deux notions, en qualifiant de pratiques restrictives de concurrence certaines clauses. L’étude analyse cette qualification d’une clause en pratique en proposant un critère et en s’interrogeant sur ses effets : la possible contestation de clauses sur le fondement du droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence. En invitant à une réflexion sur cet aspect du droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence, il s’agit également de s’interroger sur les finalités de cette matière, autant que sur la possibilité d’une meilleure intégration de la contestation de clauses dans un droit des pratiques commerciales déloyales entre professionnels en construction. / Generally, the law is careful to distinguish between the clauses, part of a legal act, and practices, that are legal facts. Yet, the law about restrictive competition practices seems to realise an assimilation of these two concepts, and provide the classification of a clause in restrictive competitive practice. The study analyses the classification of a clause into practice by proposing a criterion and pondering its effects: possible challenge clauses on the bases of the right of restrictive practices. By inviting a reflection on this aspect of the law of restrictive practices, it is also to question the aims of this particular law, as well as on the possibility of a better integration of the challenge clauses in a law about unfair trade practices between professionals in construction.

Pour une doctrine actuellement majoritaire, le contrat désigne l’acte juridique donnant exclusivement naissance à des obligations, soit une contrainte pesant sur la seule personne des parties. Cette approche subjectiviste du contrat fait obstacle à ce qu’il puisse être justifié que certains actes relatifs à une chose se doublent d’un effet réel, c'est-à-dire, d’une limite assignée au libre exercice des prérogatives juridiques relatives à la chose objet du contrat. En consentant à l’acte, le débiteur ne s’oblige pas seulement ; il s’engage à permettre la réalisation du contrat. Le sujet renonce à une part d’autonomie juridique, laquelle se traduit notamment par l’affectation du bien et donc par une perte du libre exercice de sa prérogative sur la chose. À l’effet personnel du contrat s’ajoute un effet réel. La prise en compte de l’effet réel du contrat permet de résoudre, par exemple, les difficultés liées à la détermination de la portée de l’engagement consenti par le propriétaire engagé à une promesse unilatérale, d’expliquer la situation du bailleur ou encore celle de l’apporteur d’un bien en propriété à une société. Inconnu du Code civil et des divers projets de réforme du droit des obligations, mais encore de la doctrine, l’effet réel du contrat ne peut être traduit à l’aide d’une notion existante. L’étude menée suppose donc de procéder à l’élaboration tant de la notion d’effet réel du contrat que d’un régime spécifique. Au terme de cette étude, il est conclu que la consécration de la notion d’effet réel du contrat permet d’appréhender l’ensemble des manifestations de l’engagement contractuel. / For the dominant legal doctrine, a contract is an act creating obligations between parties. This subjective approach, centered on the parties’ personal liability tends to preclude any justification of a potential effect in rem – i.e. a limit to the free exercise of legal powers on the subject matter of the contract. By agreeing to the contract, the contractor not only takes on an obligation, but also pledges to allow the completion of the contract, which implies his submission to a limitation of his rights, especially those relevant to the subject matter of the contract. In addition, as it may carry an assignment of property, a contract cannot be reduced to a simple creation of obligations. The admission of effets in rem makes it possible to establish the duties of an owner bound by a unilateral promise to sell and to explain the commitment of a lessor or of a shareholder bringing assets into the business. Ignored by law and by doctrine, the in rem effect of a contract cannot be fully understood through pre-existing notions. The subject of the study therefore consists in developing an entire theory of effect in rem of contract. In conclusion, it will appear that its recognition is a necessity to fully measure the scope of contractual liability.

A quoi sert la responsabilité contractuelle ? « Réparer » répond la doctrine classique. « Payer ! » conteste un courant doctrinal audacieux. « Punir ? » s’interrogent quelques voix ici et là. La responsabilité contractuelle cherche à reconstituer une situation à l’image de celle qui aurait découlé de l’exécution du contrat. Ce faisant, elle ne remplit pas une fonction unique mais plusieurs fonctions. Elle est d’abord tournée vers le créancier, auquel elle offre un substitut en argent de l’exécution elle-même (fonction de paiement) et la compensation des préjudices consécutifs à l’inexécution (fonction de réparation). Les dommages et intérêts en lieu et place de l’exécution et les dommages et intérêts compensatoires se complètent et permettent le rétablissement du créancier. La responsabilité contractuelle est ensuite tournée vers le débiteur : elle punit l’inexécution d’une particulière gravité en le condamnant à verser une somme supérieure à celle due au titre du paiement et de la réparation (fonction de peine privée). Cette punition peut notamment prendre la forme d’une restitution des profits, sanction de portée générale de la violation lucrative du contrat. L’étude des fonctions de paiement, de réparation et de peine privée révèle le caractère hybride de la responsabilité contractuelle, lequel forge sa spécificité et fonde son autonomie. Des fonctions qui sont reconnues à la responsabilité contractuelle dépendent directement les conditions qui président à sa mise en oeuvre, les effets qui sont les siens, la place qu’elle occupe au sein du droit de l’inexécution, son articulation avec les autres sanctions et la frontière qui la sépare de la responsabilité délictuelle. Cette étude de droit comparé, qui inclut, aux côtés du droit français, les droits allemand et anglais, examine les interactions entre les fonctions et les sanctions de la responsabilité contractuelle en vue d’une meilleure compréhension et d’une possible reconstruction de cette institution. / What is the purpose of contractual liability? “To compensate” will be the classical answer. “To provide a substitute for performance!” will dissent some daring scholars. “To punish?” will ask some voices here and there. Contractual liability aims at reproducing a situation similar to the one that would have resulted from performance. In doing so, it fulfils not one, but several functions. Firstly, looking at the creditor, contractual liability offers him a monetary substitute for performance itself (satisfactory function) and a compensation for the consequential loss suffered due to the breach of contract (compensatory function). Secondly, turning to the debtor, contractual liability punishes particularly serious breaches of contract by allowing an amount of damages greater than the cost of performance and compensation (punitive function). In case of a profit-oriented breach, this punishment can take the form of an account of profits. The clarification of these three functions reveals the hybrid nature of contractual liability that forges its specificity and provides the conceptual foundations for its autonomy. On these functions depend the conditions and effects of contractual liability, its place in contract law and its articulation and combination with the other remedies for breach of contract, as well as its borderline to tortious liability. This comparative work in French, German and English Law examines the interactions between the functions and the sanctions within contractual liability in view of a better understanding and a possible rational reconstruction of the concept of contractual liability.

A reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro introduziu uma nova categoria de clientes no mercado consumidor. Os chamados Clientes Livres, ao contrário dos Clientes Cativos, podem formalizar a aquisição de energia elétrica para atendimento dos requisitos de seu processo produtivo, através de contratos bilaterais, onde os prazos, os preços e os volumes são livremente negociados entre os agentes. A segmentação imposta pelas reformas do setor promoveu a competição na atividade de comercialização, repercutindo em novas responsabilidades para os agentes setoriais, com oportunidades para a busca de resultados financeiros, mas, por outro lado, com riscos associados que requerem adequado gerenciamento. Conseqüentemente, o estabelecimento de contratos neste ambiente evidencia a importância da adoção de estratégias de hedge adequadas para mitigar os riscos de exposição financeira dos Clientes Livres ao Mercado de Curto Prazo. Sob essa perspectiva, o texto aborda a formação de preços contratuais no curto e longo prazos, propõe critérios de risco para aferir as estratégias mais promissoras, de acordo com o perfil do consumidor, de modo a otimizar a obtenção de energia no Ambiente de Contratação Livre, contemplando, também, o efeito da recente possibilidade da comercialização dos excedentes de energia elétrica, como forma de flexibilização contratual para esta categoria de consumidores. / The power sector reforms in Brazil introduced a new sort of consumers in the electricity market. The Free Consumers are able to choose their suppliers and freely negotiate contractual terms. The restructuring process of electricity industry promoted the competition into the retail sales subindustry. It gave new responsibilities to market participants and also potential opportunities to reduce its energy costs. On the other hands, the Free Customers are requested to manage their own risks. It is important therefore the establishment of contracting strategies to hedge against price risks. As consequence, the purpose of this study is to address a methodology to implement short and long-term contract pricing and evaluate the risks associated with its strategies. Moreover, the work identifies the contracting decisions to optimize electricity costs accordingly to customer´s needs. Finally, it is presented a study on contract flexibility where an opportunity could be given to such kind of consumers, making possible to resell part of their electricity contracts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Basile Alves.pdf: 1982195 bytes, checksum: 167f0712dcb66c27f479920e3d831afc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The challenge of competing in highly dynamic and complex environments, which involve high technology and knowledge and resources distributed among different agents, encourages organizations to develop strategic alliances contract. Alliances are a way to expand the boundaries and a way to transfer knowledge and to access complementary assets. However, a large number of alliances fail to meet expectations of the partners involved. In this work, there is the question of how the ability to manage strategic alliances contract relates to the performance of alliances. The relevance of the research is to conduct a qualitative study to complement previous theoretical and quantitative studies and seeking to expand the understanding of the relationships between the processes of relational capacity and performance of alliances. To study this question we chose to map the alliances in the sector of pharmaceutical biotechnology, in human health segment. Noteworthy is the fact that the Brazilian government has chosen this sector as a central tenet of its industrial policy through several incentive programs. This sector is highly complex and dependent on multidisciplinary knowledge, and is characterized by the distribution of knowledge and resources needed by the agents, with a large number of alliances involving activities such as research, development, innovation, clinical testing, marketing, which are crucial to the good performance and competitive advantage. For the study we opted for the methodology of multiple case studies. We studied three biotechnology organizations, and one alliance from each organization. We interviewed managers of rank 1 and 2 (directors and managing partners), one manager for each alliance. Data were analyzed through categorical thematic analysis, with categories defined a priori from the literature on the subject. The main categories and cases have been crossed. It was concluded that the business model through alliances is very present in biotechnology sector, and the ability to manage alliances have a value for organizations, as it contributes to the performance of alliances. Another highlight is the importance of the relationship of cooperation and trust between partners, for the good performance of alliances. / O desafio da competição em ambientes altamente dinâmicos, complexos e que envolvem alta tecnologia, com conhecimento e recursos distribuídos entre diferentes agentes, estimula as organizações a desenvolverem alianças estratégicas contratuais. As alianças são uma forma de expandir as fronteiras e um meio de transferência do conhecimento e de acesso a ativos complementares. No entanto, um grande número de alianças não atendem às expectativas dos parceiros envolvidos. Neste trabalho, coloca-se a questão de como a capacidade de gestão de alianças estratégicas contratuais se relaciona com o desempenho das alianças. A relevância da pesquisa está em realizar um estudo qualitativo que complemente estudos teóricos e quantitativos anteriores, buscando ampliar o entendimento das relações processuais entre a capacidade relacional e o desempenho das alianças. Para estudar esta questão optou-se por mapear as alianças no setor de biotecnologia farmacêutica, segmento de saúde humana. Destaca-se o fato do governo brasileiro ter escolhido esse setor como um dos eixos centrais de sua política industrial por meio de diversos programas de incentivo. Esse setor é altamente complexo e dependente de conhecimento multidisciplinar, e se caracteriza pela distribuição dos conhecimentos e recursos necessários pelos agentes, apresentando um grande número de alianças envolvendo atividades como pesquisa, desenvolvimento, inovação, testes clínicos, comercialização, as quais são cruciais para o bom desempenho e para a vantagem competitiva. Para a realização do estudo optou-se pela metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos. Foram estudadas alianças de três organizações de biotecnologia, sendo uma aliança de cada organização. Foram entrevistados gestores do nível hierárquico 1 e 2 (diretoria e sócios-diretores), sendo um gestor para cada aliança. Os dados foram analisados via análise temática categorial com categorias definidas a priori a partir da literatura sobre o tema. As principais categorias e casos foram cruzados. Concluiu-se que o modelo de negócios via alianças está muito presente no setor de biotecnologia, e que a capacidade de gestão de alianças tem um valor para as organizações, na medida em que contribui para o bom desempenho das alianças. Outro ponto de destaque é a importância da relação de cooperação e de confiança entre os parceiros, para o bom desempenho das alianças.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Regina Gofredo.pdf: 853318 bytes, checksum: 3d3cb0c94536788bbac7e31bbf3fe3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / With this work, we sought to deepen the relation between synchronization mechanisms and the interdependence of contractual strategic alliances of the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector. The analyzed companies are reputable manufacturers of medicines for human health, which represent 25% of total sales in the Brazilian market. We sought to create yet no definite propositions, based on the constructs of interdependence and synchronization mechanisms, together with information drawn from empirical research. The interest in focusing on the pharmaceutical industry has to understand that this is a sector characterized by complexity and dynamism in its competitive environment and therefore have incentives to seek knowledge beyond their organizational boundaries, becoming an industry highly susceptible to the establishment contractual strategic alliances for a number of organizational activities, such as research and development, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and supply. For this study, qualitative research was conducted exploratory, given that the most important for the realization of the study unit is working with people and all the worries involved. Primary data through systematic interviews with managers responsible for alliances sector companies, listed in the Electronic Bulário ANVISA were collected. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, with categories defined a priori, and crossing cases. The research work has responded to the problem posed by the analysis of several propositions. It was concluded that, from the identification of interdependence created between partners in a strategic alliance contract, there is indeed the search for mechanisms of synchronization of activities that best fit this alliance, and that alternate according to the degree of interdependence is characterized by the type of alliance between the partners. / Com este trabalho, buscou-se aprofundar qual a relação entre mecanismos de sincronização e a interdependência em alianças estratégicas contratuais do setor farmacêutico brasileiro. As empresas analisadas são conceituadas fabricantes de medicamentos para a saúde humana, que correspondem a 25% do faturamento total do mercado brasileiro. Buscou-se ainda criar proposições não definitivas, baseadas nos constructos de interdependência e mecanismos de sincronização, conjuntamente às informações extraídas da pesquisa empírica. O interesse em focar na indústria farmacêutica se deu por entender que se trata de um setor caracterizado pela complexidade e dinamismo em seu ambiente de competição e, portanto, tem incentivos para buscar conhecimento além das suas fronteiras organizacionais. Desse modo, constitui-se em um setor altamente suscetível ao estabelecimento de alianças estratégicas contratuais para uma série de atividades organizacionais, como pesquisa e desenvolvimento, manufatura, comercialização, distribuição e fornecimento. Para este estudo, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa com caráter exploratório, tendo em vista que a fonte mais importante para a concretização do estudo é o trabalho com as pessoas e todas as preocupações envolvidas. Foram coletados dados primários via entrevistas sistemáticas, com gestores responsáveis por alianças em empresas do setor, listadas no Bulário Eletrônico da ANVISA. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo temática categorial, com categorias definidas a priori, e cruzamento dos casos. O problema de pesquisa proposto foi respondido por meio da análise de várias proposições. Concluiu-se que, a partir da identificação da relação de interdependência criada entre os parceiros envolvidos em uma aliança estratégica contratual, há de fato a busca pelos mecanismos de sincronização das atividades que mais se ajustem a essa aliança, e que se alternam conforme o grau de interdependência caracterizado pelo tipo de aliança estabelecida entre os parceiros.

La condition, la forme et la justification théorique des exceptions sont aujourd’hui au coeur du débat sur l’avenir du droit d’auteur. L’objectif primaire de ces normes particulières est de garantir la cohérence du droit d’auteur. Et pourtant les chercheurs s’accordent sur la nécessité de leur reconceptualisation.Cette thèse a pour but de découvrir la signification, les origines et les conséquences de la crise qu’engendre le ressentiment à l’égard des exceptions aux droits de l’auteur dans leur forme actuelle. Tenant compte d’une certaine fragilité axiologique de la matière, elle essaie d’appréhender les phénomènes étudiés selon une posture épistémologique neutre. À cet égard, la théorie des paradigmes scientifiques lui offre un cadre d’analyse scindé en deux. La reconstruction de l’état normal et voulu des principes élaborés par la tradition française du droit d’auteur en matière des exceptions permet de repérer les signes de leur dépassement par la réalité juridique mouvante.De cette analyse résulte d’abord le modèle d’une exception cohérente, internalisé par le droit d’auteur objectif qui a complètement résolu le conflit entre la création et la consommation des oeuvres de l’esprit. Cette image est ensuite confrontée à des forces destructrices ayant leur origine dans des normes extérieures au droit d’auteur objectif. Celles-ci se substituent aux exceptions prévues par le droit d’auteur et remettent en question l’idée de son autarcie.L’idylle du droit d’auteur autosuffisant n’est toutefois pas une utopie. Entre l’état normal et la maladie des exceptions se noue un lien dialectique. Vus ensemble, ces deux éléments s’éclairent réciproquement, de sorte que la crise qui les résume devient un processus réversible. / The condition,shape and theoretical justification of copyright exceptions are at the heart of the debate on the future of copyright. The main objective of these particular rules is to ensure the consistency of copyright law. Yet, researchers agree on the need of their reconceptualization.This doctoral thesis aims to explore the meaning, origins and consequences of the crisis that brings resentment toward copyright exceptions in their present form. Taking into account a certain axiological fragility of the subject, it tries to apprehend it in the respect of a neutral epistemological posture. Therein, the theory of scientific paradigms offers a framework split in two. The reconstruction of the normal and wanted state of the principles developed by the French tradition of copyright in the field of exceptions allows to identify the signs of their violation by the changing legal reality.This analysis reveals, on the one hand, the model of a consistent exception, internalized by the copyright law which completely resolved the conflict between creation and consumption of works of the mind. On the other hand, this image is faced with the destructive forces that originate in the norms that are external to copyright law. These replace the copyright exceptions and, therefore, question the idea of its autarchy.The idyll of the self-sufficient copyright law is, however, not a utopia. A dialectical link can be traced between the normal state of exceptions and their illness.Seen together, these two elements illuminate each other, so that the crisis that summarize them becomes a reversible process.

L’alinéa 1er de l’article 2 de l’AUA consacre l’aptitude des personnes morales de droit public à compromettre. À ce titre, elles peuvent être parties à l’arbitrage au même titre que les personnes privées. Aussi, l’alinéa 2 du même article exclut le recours au droit interne pour contester la validité de la convention d’arbitrage ou la capacité de compromettre. À partir d’une analyse téléologique de cet alinéa, il apparaît que le législateur OHADA exclut de l’arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques l’exercice des prérogatives étatiques. Mais il apparaît que les personnes publiques continuent d’exercer de jure ou de facto certaines prérogatives dérogeant au Droit commun de l’arbitrage. Cela amène à penser que le législateur n’a pas réussi à concilier l’arbitrage avec les prérogatives exorbitantes des parties publiques. Il se pose alors la question de la conciliation de l’arbitrage avec le statut exorbitant des personnes publiques. Il résulte de l’analyse que les privilèges des personnes publiques sont manifestement irréconciliables avec les exigences de l’arbitrage. Les contradictions sont générées par l’insuffisance du cadre juridique avec des effets mettant à mal l’arbitrage. Mais il est possible de les concilier par une réduction encadrée des privilèges exorbitants des parties publiques. Il est question de l’aménagement d’un régime spécifique à l’arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques fondé sur l’équilibre des pouvoirs des parties à l’arbitrage. À cette fin, il faut réorienter le fondement de l’arbitrage vers les valeurs du procès équitable. De fait, les personnes publiques peuvent contractuellement renoncer à leurs privilèges ou affecter un bien en garantie à l’exécution de la sentence arbitrale. / Paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the AAU enshrines the capacity of legal persons governed by public law to compromise. As such, they may be parties to arbitration on the same basis as private persons. Paragraph 2 of the same article thus excludes recourse to domestic law to challenge the validity of the arbitration agreement or the capacity to compromise. On the basis of a teleological analysis of this paragraph, it appears that the OHBLA legislator excludes from the arbitration involving public entities the exercise of State prerogatives. Two arguments support this interpretation. On the one hand, the objectives of legal and judicial security are incompatible with any derogation from the requirements of arbitration. On the other hand, the prerogatives of national public authorities are defined by national laws. By prohibiting recourse to domestic law, the legislature implicitly prohibits the opposition of derogatory privileges to the common law of arbitration.But it appears that public persons continue to exercise de jure or de facto certain prerogatives derogating from common arbitration. This suggests that the legislature has failed to reconcile arbitration with the exorbitant prerogatives of the public parties. The question then arises of the conciliation of arbitration with the status of parties to exorbitants under common law.It follows from the analysis that the legislature has ensured access to arbitration to public entities. But his indifference to the privileges they enjoyed made the system of public participation in arbitration an unfinished business. This regime is manifestly characterized by various contradictions. These are generated by the inadequate legal framework of subjective arbitrability of public persons. Thus, the effects of these contradictions make it possible to measure the extent of the inadequacy of privileges to the standards of arbitration. But it is possible to reconcile the requirements of arbitration with the specifics of public parts. The balance between the two institutions will have to be realized by a framed reduction of the exorbitant privileges of the public parts. To this end, the basis of arbitration must be revised: moving from the autonomy of the will to the values of a fair trial. Consequently, the privatization of these prerogatives can be envisaged by different contractual mechanisms.

La problématique traitée. Cette étude est dédiée à l’institution de la résolution unilatérale, c’est-à-dire, à la situation quand le contrat est anéanti par la déclaration unilatérale du créancier émise à la suite de l’inexécution importante d’une obligation contractuelle par le débiteur. Cette étude concerne principalement la résolution unilatérale légale comme elle a été consacrée dans l’article 1552 du Code civil roumain et les particularités de la résolution unilatérale conventionnelle. La distinction entre la résolution judiciaire et la résolution unilatérale a comme fondement la manière de laquelle la résolution opère. Ainsi, tandis que la résolution judiciaire est disposée par le juge, la résolution unilatérale est déclarée par la partie en droit. En conséquence, à l’exception de la manière dont la résolution opère, la résolution judiciaire et celle unilatérale ont le même régime juridique. Pour ces raisons la recherche exhaustive de ce sujet a supposé une analyse des éléments communs de la résolution. De plus, en vue de la manière de la rédaction et de la position des articles qui la concerne, ainsi comme des avantages offerts par cette manière d’opérer, la résolution unilatérale est prévue comme le moyen général d’anéantissement du contrat pour l’inexécution des obligations. En conséquence, dans le contexte du Nouveau Code civil roumain, pour traiter le sujet de la résolution unilatérale, une analyse complète du régime juridique de la résolution s’impose. Bien qu’en apparence, les résolutions du Nouveau Code civil roumain concernant la résolution n’apportent pas de modifications en substance par rapport au régime juridique de l’ancien Code civil roumain inspirée par le Code civil français, une analyse systématique des dispositions regardant l’exécution des obligations contractuelles mènent à une autre solution. Pour ce motif, on a choisi de commencer cette étude par la présentation des considérations générales en ce qui concerne la résolution (la Ière Partie), cela ayant comme finalité l’essai d’identifier les traits caractéristiques de cette institution, sa nature juridique et son fondement. A la suite, on a opté d’examiner les conditions pour que le droit à la résolution, les particularités de la résolution et de la résiliation unilatérale conventionnelle (la IIème Partie) et les effets de la résolution et de la résiliation (la IIIe Partie) [...] / The object. This study is dedicated to the unilateral termination of the contract in the situation when the contract is destroyed by the unilateral declaration issued by the creditor as a result of the significant breach of a contractual obligation by the debtor. This study mainly concerns the unilateral and legal termination of contract for breach as it was enshrined in Article 1552 of the Romanian Civil Code and also the case of the conventional unilateral resolution. The distinction between judicial termination of contract for breach and unilateral resolution of contract for breach is based on how the termination operates. Thus, while judicial termination of contract for breach is declared by the judge, the unilateral termination of contract for breach is declared by the party entitled. Excepting this distinction, the judicial termination of contract for breach and the unilateral one have the same legal regime. For these reasons this analyses focuses on the common elements of the termination of contract for breach. Furthermore, we believe that in this new legal frame the unilateral termination of contract for breach is intended as a general means of destruction of a contract for breach. This is the reason why in order to address the issue of unilateral termination of contract for breach we appreciated that a comprehensive analysis of the legal regime of the termination of contract for breach is required […]