Within many communities and religions, including the LDS community, there is some controversy surrounding the use of stem cells – particularly embryonic stem cells (ESC). Much of this controversy arises from confusion and misconceptions about what stem cells actually are, where they come from , and when life begins. The theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has interesting implications for the last of these considerations, and it becomes less a question of “when does life begin” and more an exploration of “when does personhood begin” or “when does the spirit enter the body.” With no official Church stance, statements from Church leaders vary on this topic, and this first section of the thesis explores the philosophical and practical meaning of personhood with a biological background intended for those not familiar with the origin or uses of stem cells.The second portion of the thesis explores possible cloning technologies. Recent events and advances address the possibility of cloning endangered and extinct species. The ethics of these types of cloning have considerations uniquely different from the type of cloning commonly practiced. Cloning of cheetahs (and other endangered or vulnerable species) may be ethically appropriate, given certain constraints. However, the ethics of cloning extinct species varies; for example, cloning mammoths and Neanderthals is more ethically problematic than conservation cloning, and requires more attention. Cloning Neanderthals in particular is likely unethical and such a project should not be undertaken. It is important to discuss and plan for the constraints necessary to mitigate the harms of conservation and extinct cloning, and it is imperative that scientific and public discourse enlighten and guide actions in the sphere of cloning.

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C’est au tournant des années 1990 que Paul Ricœur s’est intéressé à Théorie de la justice de John Rawls. Tout en étant fondamentalement en accord avec la valeur morale, déontologique et politique des principes de justice de Rawls, Ricœur s’oppose à l’approche « purement procédurale » de la justice pour les institutions telle qu’elle se développe à l’aide de l’interprétation rawlsienne de la théorie du contrat social. Si l’approche déontologique de la justice comme équité priorise une conception formelle de la justice pour les institutions, elle ne peut toutefois pas, selon Ricœur, s’affranchir des fondements téléologiques qui justifient la formulation et le choix rationnel des principes rawlsiens. En reprenant l’argumentaire de Théorie de la justice, Ricœur relève la dépendance de la procédure formelle de Rawls à une série de présupposés éthiques fondamentaux qui justifient téléologiquement la rationalité des principes. Ces présuppositions ne mettent pas en ruine la position de Rawls, au contraire, ils relèvent d’une circularité « naturelle » propre à la problématique de la distribution des biens sociaux (justice distributive), indispensable à l’élaboration d’une conception politique de la justice et à l’intelligence démocratique du contrat social. Contre la démonstration empirique de la procédure formelle de la « position originelle » sous le « voile d’ignorance » à partir de laquelle devrait résulter le choix rationnel et unanime des principes de justice, Ricœur propose de rétablir la primauté du sens de la justice pour le sujet de droit/contractant. Sans réfuter la priorité déontologique des principes de justice pour les institutions, Ricœur veut rétablir la valeur éthique de la justice pour les individus à partir d’une herméneutique du soi et d’une anthropologie philosophique qui posent le besoin de l’institution au sein même de la constitution du sujet à « vivre une vie bonne, avec et pour autrui, dans des institutions justes ». / At the turn of the 1990s, Paul Ricœur became interested in John Rawls' Theory of Justice. While fundamentally agreeing with the moral, deontological, and political value of Rawls' principles of justice, Ricœur opposes the "purely procedural" approach to justice for institutions as developed through Rawls' interpretation of social contract theory. If the deontological approach to justice as equity prioritizes a formal conception of justice for institutions, it cannot, however, according to Ricœur, break free from the teleological foundations that justify the formulation and rational choice of Rawlsian principles. Returning to the argument of Theory of Justice, Ricœur identifies the dependence of Rawls' formal procedure based on a series of fundamental ethical presuppositions that teleologically justify the rationality of the principles. These presuppositions do not undermine Rawls' position; on the contrary, they are part of a "natural" circularity specific to the issue of the distribution of social goods (distributive justice), a process which is indispensable in the elaboration of a political conception of justice and in the democratic understanding of the social contract. Against the empirical demonstration of the formal procedure of the "original position" under the "veil of ignorance" from which the rational and unanimous choice of the principles of justice should result, Ricœur proposes to re-establish the primacy of the sense of justice for those subjected to law/contractors. Without refuting the deontological priority of principles of justice for institutions, Ricœur aspires to restore the ethical value of justice for individuals from a hermeneutic of the self and a philosophical anthropology that posits the need for the institution within the very constitution of the subject to "live a good life, with and for others, in just institutions”.

Cette recherche explore un sujet encore très peu étudié empiriquement: où en sont “l’éthique professionnelle” et la “déontologie” chez les journalistes en France? Qu’ont-ils à dire? À quelles embûches sont-ils confrontés ? Quel est le rôle des rédacteurs en chef ? En raison de la concurrence accrue, de la concentration de la propriété des médias, des changements technologiques et de plusieurs autres facteurs, « l’éthique » se situe à l’épicentre du journalisme contemporain. La thèse repose d’abord sur une analyse de contenu des points de vue d’une centaine de journalistes professionnels qui furent interviewés en face à face, dans la presse nationale, écrite et audiovisuelle, privée et publique. Elle repose également sur une observation participante : une dizaine de stages dans divers média. Elle analyse de surcroît une vingtaine de chartes ou codes de déontologie, de même qu’elle se fonde sur une brève enquête de certains directeurs d’école de journalisme. La thèse révèle la montée récente des enjeux déontologiques et la bonne volonté des journalistes et de leurs médiateurs pour faire face à cette situation. Elle montre aussi les différences entre les pratiques éthiques concrètes des différents médias, l’impuissance des écoles de journalisme à enseigner l’éthique, l’importance névralgique de l’attitude des patrons de presse envers l’éthique journalistique et parfois les difficultés des journalistes devant certains dilemmes et certaines pressions. Un des enjeux majeurs pour l’avenir est de rendre plus cohérentes les chartes ou codes écrits, les différentes formes de gouvernance de la presse et les pratiques journalistiques. / This study is an exploratory research on a topic that has been slightly studied empirically. What are the issues of “professional ethics” and “deontology” amongst French journalists? What do they have to say? What problems are they confronted with? What is the role of chief editors? Because of increased competition, the concentration of press ownership, new technologies and other factors, “ethics” has now become a central issue in journalism. The thesis is, above all, a content analysis of journalists’ points of view, as recorded in some 100 face to face interviews of journalists in the generalist, private and public French press, newspapers and broadcasters. Participant observation was also a key methodology: some 10 quite lengthy internships in several media were done. Furthermore, the thesis analyses some 20 charters and codes of ethics and conducted a brief enquiry within schools of journalism. The thesis shows that ethics is now an absolutely central issue and that journalists (and their ombudsmen) have a very good will to cope with this new situation. Yet more, the thesis also shows the difference in the concrete practices of various medias, the incapacity of journalism schools to teach ethics, the extreme importance of the attitudes of the main editors, as well as sometimes the difficulties of journalists to cope with some pressures and dilemmas. One major issue for the future is to make the written charters and codes, press governance and journalistic practices more coherent.

Comment devrait être assurée, de façon efficiente, la protection des données à caractère personnel dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique ? Telle est la problématique de cette thèse. Question cruciale à l'heure où les traitements de données sont appelés à multiplier à l'avenir dans tous les domaines de recherche, et dont les finalités ne sont pas toujours clairement définies ni perçues. A cette question, l'application de la loi Informatique et Libertés, loi à vocation généraliste pour l'encadrement des traitements de données à caractère personnel, a laissé apparaître, dès son adoption, de nombreuses difficultés dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique. Diverses modifications et adaptations sont intervenues – 1986, 1994, 2004 – à l'aune desquelles, il fallait déterminer l'encadrement des traitements de données personnelles à des fins de recherche scientifique. De cette investigation, il résulte que la loi Informatique et Libertés pose les principes de base de la protection des données traitées dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique en prévoyant un encadrement a priori de la collecte des données et un suivi et un contrôle a posteriori de la mise en œuvre du traitement. L'encadrement a priori vise principalement à la garantie de la qualité scientifique des projets de recherches. Inhérent à la finalité scientifique du traitement des données, le suivi a posteriori tend, quant à lui, à garantir le respect de certaines règles comme la compatibilité des réutilisations des données, la présentation et l'utilisation des résultats de la recherche dans des conditions ne devant pas porter atteinte aux personnes. Parce que ne pouvant pas relever de la seule intervention du responsable du traitement, le suivi a posteriori se complète d'un contrôle a posteriori opéré autant par la personne concernée, la CNIL, les juridictions. Dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique, ces différents contrôles pourraient opportunément se compléter par une intervention de la communauté des chercheurs en question. Il s'agit de l'autorégulation. En définitive, une protection efficiente des données à caractère personnel résultera d'un système de régulation à plusieurs niveaux et acteurs dont chacun doit effectivement utiliser les moyens d'action qui lui sont reconnus. / How should the protection of personal data in scientific research be efficiently ensured ? This is the main question of this dissertation. Important issue at a time personal data processing are to be increased in the future in all scientific research fields, but whose aims are neither clearly defined nor always clearly perceived. To this question, the enforcement of data protection act which is a general law for the management of personal data processing has shown, since its adoption, many problems in scientific research. Many changes and adaptations have been made in 1986, 1994 and 2004, on the basis of which it was necessary to determine the management of personal data processing to scientific research purposes. This investigation reveals that data protection act lays the basic principles of the protection of personal data processed in scientific research by forecasting an a priori data gathering, a follow-up and an a posteriori control of the data processing implementation. The a priori management mainly aims at guaranteeing the scientific quality of research projects. As for the a posteriori follow-up which is inherent in scientific aim of data processing, its objective is to guarantee the enforcement of some rules such as the accountancy of data reuse, the presentation and the use of the research results in conditions that should not be harmful to people. As it cannot depend on the sole intervention of the responsible for the processing, the a posteriori follow-up is completed by an a posteriori control carried out by the affected person as well as the CNIL and the courts. In scientific research, these different controls could opportunely complement one another by an intervention of the community of researchers in question. This is self regulation. At the end, an efficient protection of personal data will result from a multiple step regulation system in which participants and everyone must actually use the means of actions which are acknowledged to them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Fernando de Britto Feitoza.pdf: 3595676 bytes, checksum: b425e7815991725399fdde160a22dc8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Procedure in itself is a technical instrument, re-enforced by an ethical component. It guides the procedure with elements which prove the reasonableness of each part as necessary, but linked to the truthfulness of the individual allegations. Truth is a theme which concerns not only morality but also the value of presumed good-faith, an indispensable element throughout the proceedings. The thesis treats of the procedural responsibility of the lawyer in litigation concerning bad-faith. First of all, it presents a history regarding truthfulness, beginning with the Bible, passes on to ancient Greece, proceeds to the Romans, hears the Iberians and considers the Codes of 1939 and 1973 - all this to bring from the past to the present the importance of the truth in any procedure. It is also understood that there exists a procedural deontology in which it is indispensable to include morality, ethics and good-faith as well as the meaning of such words as power, onus, duty, rights and obligation, since all of them occur in the evolution of the proceedings. The same is confirmed as regards the principles. With this basic idea, an attempt is made to theorize the presuppositions of litigation regarding bad-faith, beginning with the intervening party, the litigation and the bad-faith itself. Next, concerning the elements of bad-faith, an evaluation is made of the abuse of the law and its difference from a procedure for bad-faith, followed by the typology which identifies the malevolent litigation. Along with these considerations, the role of the lawyer will be discussed, vis-a-vis his client and before the law, as a way to hold him responsible for the proceedings in bad-faith both directly and in the files of the proceedings which gave rise to the fact. The intention is to put an end to the myth that having made a poor choice of the professional should fall on the proceedings, since this would have occurred as blameworthy in eligendo . To summarize, this thesis proposes to make lawyers responsible for any bad-faith in the proceedings, presuming that, in the majority of cases, the professional responsibility of the lawyer occurs / O processo atual é um instrumento técnico, guarnecido por um componente ético. Trata-se de instruí-lo, doravante, com elementos probatórios das razões de cada demandante, mas vinculados à veracidade das alegações individuais. A verdade não é apenas um tema do qual se ocupa a moral, mas um valor presumível pela boa-fé e indispensável ao fim do processo. Na tese, que tratará da sanção processual ao advogado pela litigância de má-fé, faz-se, primeiramente, um histórico da veracidade com início na Bíblia, transita-se pela Grécia antiga, incluem-se os romanos, ouvemse os ibéricos, passeia-se pelos códigos de 1939 e 1973 para trazer do passado ao presente a importância da verdade no processo. Também, se entende que há uma deontologia processual, sendo indispensável pensar a respeito da moral, ética, boa-fé, bem como o sentido das palavras: poder, ônus, dever, direitos e obrigações, pois todos estarão presentes na tramitação do processo. O mesmo sendo confirmado quanto aos princípios. Com esta ideia básica, tenciona-se teorizar os pressupostos da litigância de má-fé, começando pela parte, interveniente, a litigância e a má-fé. Seguindo-se com os elementos da má-fé, quando se fará avaliação do abuso do direito e sua diferença da má-fé processual, mostrando-se, sucessivamente a tipologia, que identifica a litigância malévola. Com todos estes conceitos, vai-se discutir o papel do advogado privado frente ao constituinte dele e diante da Justiça, como forma de torná-lo responsável pela má-fé processual diretamente e nos próprios autos do processo, que se deu o fato. Pretende-se romper o mito de que, a falta pela má escolha do profissional, deve responsabilizar a parte processual, porque esta teria incorrido na culpa in eligendo . Enfim, a pretensão da tese é tornar o advogado privado responsável pela má-fé processual , pois, na maioria das vezes, ocorre responsabilidade profissional dele, dando ensejo à sanção processual do advogado

The topic of the present thesis is professional ethics in interpreting. The thesis consists of two main parts - a theoretical part and empirical research. The theoretical part first defines ethics in terms of philosophy and introduces some key subject- related concepts. Subsequently, it focuses on professional ethics and characterizes the main documents that set out desirable standards of conduct within a certain profession - codes of ethics and codes of conduct. This general introduction is then followed by an overview of research into ethics in interpreting studies, and a brief outline of the history of codes of ethics for interpreters. The following chapters discuss ethical challenges in different interpreting settings and briefly introduce major Czech and foreign professional organizations of interpreters. The core of the theoretical part compares ten selected codes of ethics of different Czech and international professional interpreters organizations; based on this comparison, basic rights and obligations of interpreters are identified and further analysed in the empirical part. The empirical part of the thesis presents and discusses the results of a questionnaire survey focusing on selected topics of interpreting ethics discussed in the theoretical part. The aim of the survey, which was...

Essa tese trata sobre a formação de hábitos de distanciamento e de exclusão sob um viés psico-físico e teórico-prático, refletindo sobre as implicações destes no fenômeno jurídico. O Direito constitui e é constituído por hábitos não-conscientes, os quais precisam ser revisitados de forma crítica e receptiva em uma perspectiva não-dual, o que envolve uma escuta e abertura não somente mental, mas corporal. Entender o Direito enquanto moralidade política indissociável das escolhas existenciais diárias é realizar uma constante auto-crítica compartilhada, a qual perpassa por um cuidado de Si, que implica em um cuidado do Outro e vice-versa. O fenômeno jurídico ocorre linguisticamente e institucionalmente em um grande âmbito de organização do poder, sendo fulcral sua importância para mudanças sociais, reconhecimento de direitos e estímulo de autonomia não somente para sujeitos em situações de desigualdades e agressões diversas, mas também para o empoderamento e a receptividade de comportamentos considerados inusuais e desviantes. Em vista disso, pesquisou-se o Shivaísmo da Caxemira, uma corrente do tantrismo indiano, que contrapôs posturas heterodoxas à ortodoxia brâmane por meio de uma intenção de releitura unificadora das práticas e teorias tântricas anteriores. Essa corrente ainda pouco explorada na filosofia e, portanto, também na filosofia e teoria do direito pode contribuir muito para a epistemologia, hermenêutica e deontologia. Ela possui um método não-dual integral. Isso é particularmente importante para temas centrais desta tese como o desencantamento do mundo a partir da intensificação de dualidades, em específico eu-outro, corpo-consciência e habitual-criativo, as quais permeiam o processo de objetificação do mundo e do próprio sujeito ao longo da história. Os seus conceitos de autonomia (svatantrya) e reconhecimento (pratyabhijña), pensados juntamente com abordagens contemporâneas vindas da psicologia, fornecem instrumentos para a compreensão de uma consciência limitada e de determinadas estruturas psico-físicas geradoras e mantenedoras de abusos, preconceitos e distanciamentos, bem como ferramentas para a expansão de tal consciência e superação de certos mecanismos de defesa mentais sustentadores de ideologias de dominação. Além disso, o método não-dual integral do Shivaísmo da Caxemira e seus conceitos inter-ligados de consciência, vontade, conhecimento e ação fornecem uma, por assim dizer, possibilidade de um re-encantamento do mundo por meio da expansão do Si ao se preencher com os Outros. São necessárias metodologias cada vez mais interdisciplinares e teórico-práticas que reconheçam a importância de elementos psico-físicos não somente no estudo, mas também na prática jurídica, se se quiser captar de forma mais integral um fenômeno tão complexo e arisco quanto o Direito. Em um âmbito mais prático de experimentação e de concretização desta tese, foi criada a disciplina de cultura e extensão na Faculdade de Direito/USP intitulada Corpo e Consciência Jurídica, na qual dinâmicas corporais foram conduzidas juntamente com rodas de discussão. A boa receptividade e sucesso da oferta contínua desta disciplina desde 2ºsem/2014 é uma mostra da relevância e pertinência desta pesquisa justamente em uma Faculdade de Direito, possuindo implicações não somente no bem-estar dos envolvidos, mas também na formação teórico-argumentativa deontológica deles. / This thesis deals with the formation of detachment and exclusion habits under a psycho-physical and theoretical-practical bias, reflection on its implications on the legal phenomenon. Law constitutes and is constituted by non-conscious habits, which need to be revisited in a critical and receptive way from a non-dual perspective, which involves not only a mental listening and opening, but also a bodily one. Understanding Law as a political morality inseparable of daily existential choices is to perform a constant shared self-criticism, which permeates a care of the Self, which entails a care of the Other and vice versa. The legal phenomenon occurs linguistically and institutionally in a large reach of power organization, therefore having a central importance in social change, recognition of rights and encouragements of autonomy not only for individuals in situations of inequality and different aggressions, but also for the empowerment and receptivity of behaviours considered unusual and deviant. In view of this, the Kashmir Shaivism was researched, a branch of Indian tantrism, which opposed heterodox positions against Brahmin orthodoxy through an intention of unifying reinterpretation of previous tantric and non-tantric practices and theories. This school still little explored in philosophy and therefore also in the philosophy and theory of law can greatly contribute to epistemology, hermeneutics and deontology. It has an integral non-dual method. This is particularly important to central themes of this thesis such as the disenchantment of the world coming from the intensification of dualities, in particular i-other, body-consciousness and habitual-creative, which permeate the process of objectification of the world and of the subject itself along the history. Its concepts of autonomy (svatantrya) and recognition (pratyabhijña), considered together with contemporary approaches from psychology, provide tools for the understanding of a limited consciousness and of certain psycho-physical structures that generate and maintain abuses, prejudices and detachments, as well as tools for the expansion of such consciousness and the overcoming of certain mental defence mechanisms that supports ideologies of domination. Moreover, the integral non-dual method from Kashmir Shaivism and its inter-related concepts of consciousness, will, knowledge and action provide a, so to speak, possibility to a re-enchantment of the world through the expansion of the Self being filled with Others. There is an increasingly need for interdisciplinary and theoretical-practical methodologies, which recognize the importance of psycho-physical elements not only in the study, but also in legal practice, if one want to capture in a more integral way a phenomenon as complex and elusive as Law. On a more practical level of experimentation and realization of this thesis it was created a cultural and extension Course in the Faculty of Law/USP entitled \"Body and Legal Consciousness\", in which body exercises were conducted along with circles of discussion. The good receptivity and success of the continuous offering of this Course since the 2ndsemester/2014 is an example of the relevance and importance of this research precisely at a Faculty of Law, having implications not only in the well-being of those involved, but also in their deontological theoretical-argumentative education.

L'aportació principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral consisteix en un instrument polièdric per a l'avaluació de la funció docent del professorat de secundària basada en indicadors agrupats en quinze àmbits diferents, que poden ser relacionats amb unes determinades competències professionals de la docència. D'acord amb l'objectiu de la recerca, l'instrument ha estat validat pel sistema de judici d'experts i se n'ha dut a terme diverses proves pilot. Es tracta d'una investigació avaluativa aplicada que permet obtenir informació rellevant per facilitar la presa de decisions, tant de tipus formatiu (reflexió crítica de la pròpia pràctica docent) com de tipus sumatiu (rendició de comptes). L'instrument es pot aplicar en la modalitat d'avaluació interna i contempla l'autoavaluació (el propi professor): portafolis i autoinforme; i l'heteroavaluació (parell acadèmic i directiu): observació de classes i entrevista. Aquests instruments poden ser útils per a la gestió de la millora de la qualitat educativa, considerada en el context del projecte educatiu de cadascun dels centres que l'apliquin. / The main contribution of this thesis is a multifaceted instrument for the assessment of teaching for secondary school teachers based on indicators, grouped into fifteen different fields, which may be associated with certain professional teaching skills. According to the purpose of research, the instrument has been validated by experts and several pilot tests have been carried out. It consists on an evaluative research applied to obtain relevant information to facilitate decision making, either formative (critical reflection of their own teaching practice) or summative (assessment results). The instrument can be applied in the form of internal evaluation and includes self-evaluation (teacher's own): self-report and portfolio; and peer evaluation (academic peer and a member of the board) class observation and interview. These instruments can be useful for the management of education quality improvement, considered in the context of the educational project of each of the schools that apply it.

This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.