Syftet med föreliggande studie är att initiera ett verktyg för granskning av pedagogiskt lärarstöd i digitala läromedel inom de Naturorienterande ämnena. Analysverktyget har utvecklats utifrån tidigare forskning rörande läromedelsdesign, lärarkompetenser och granskning av digitala läromedel. I utformningen av verktyget har vi tagit avstamp i multimodaliteters meningsbärande potential utifrån ett sociosemiotiskt perspektiv på lärande. Vår slutsats är att det är av intresse att ta fram ett verktyg för analys av digitala läromedel som inkluderar multimodaliteters meningsskapande och synliggör lärarpedagogisk potential eftersom granskning av läromedel idag måste genomföras av den enskilde läraren och då torde detta verktyg vara tillämpbart. / The purpose of the present study is to initiate a tool for reviewing pedagogical teacher support in digital teaching materials within science. The analysis tool has been developed based on previous research regarding teaching aid design, teacher competencies and review of digital teaching materials. In designing the tool, our starting point was the potential of multimodality as bearer of meaning from a sociosemiotic perspective on learning. Our conclusion is that it is of interest to develop a tool for analysis of digital teaching materials that includes the creation of meaning in multimodality and makes visible teacher pedagogical potential, as review of teaching materials today must be carried out by the individual teacher hence this tool should be applicable.

Feedback in school is a relevant and important aspect of students' learning and knowledge development. In the school system, the digital opportunities have increased and with this, the digital teaching materials have also taken on a larger and more significant role in the school's operations. Feedback can take place in different ways that contribute to different types of processes in the students in their knowledge acquisition. In this study, we have analyzed three digital teaching materials that all market themselves with relevant concepts that are linked to feedback. The analysis has been based on four feedback levels: task, process, self-regulation and the individual level. We have tried to identify how well these teaching materials provide feedback at these levels for students' individual learning. Results showed that there are large differences between the different levels and how well the teaching aid provides the student with feedback. But the feedback structure between the different teaching aids is relatively similar.

As society becomes increasingly digital, it becomes clear that this is also reflected in school. The school's students become more familiar and have greater knowledge when it comes to digital tools, which leads to the school also being digitized more and more. In order for the school to be a learning organization, it is good if the digital teaching materials are included in the teaching (Håkansson & Sundberg, 2016). The digital tools change the conditions in different ways for learning in school. The changing conditions affect and affect teachers 'and students' views and perceptions of knowledge in general, but also their attitudes and ways of using digital tools in both formal and informal environments. To be able to handle a digital world, competence is needed. It is not enough to not only be technically knowledgeable but also understand what opportunities, challenges and ethical issues this gives rise to. Formal learning changes with how we communicate, acquire knowledge and maintain contacts in different contexts (Skolverket, 2018).Therefore, it is now even more important that teachers have the knowledge required to be able to teach digital teaching materials. Both for streamlining the teacher's ability for assessment and the student's knowledge development. In this work, a digital survey has been conducted in the field of mathematics and digital teaching materials. The purpose of the questionnaire was to see any differences between the traditional teaching aids and digital teaching aids, as well as how feedback is given in the digital teaching aids in mathematics for grades 1 - 3. All questionnaire questions have been analyzed and processed based on a theoretical framework. The theoretical framework contains different levels of feedback based on Hattie and Timperley's (2007) theory. The results have then been compared and set against the different levels to then come to the conclusion that the digital teaching materials have a great opportunity to be able to provide feedback on a personal level. In the end, it could be stated that all the digital teaching aids mentioned in the survey have some form of shortcoming when it comes to feedback.

Digital teaching aids have become increasingly available in Swedish primary education. One subject which, however, is still dominated by analogue teaching aids is English. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how English teachers in grades 4–6 use digital teaching aids in teaching. This is done by investigating to what extent and when the digital teaching aids are used, as well as teachers' perceived pros and cons regarding the use of digital tools. This has been investigated through observations of three classes, and interviews with the three teachers who taught them, working in two municipal and one independent school. The results show that teachers use digital teaching aids less than half the time of the lesson, more precisely in the middle to the end part of lessons. These are mainly used when students work individually to solve tasks related to the lesson’s topic. Furthermore, teachers who have a positive attitude towards digital teaching aids are more likely to use them in the classroom. The advantages of using digital teaching aids in teaching were the possibilities of better facilitating individualization and using it as a tool for motivation while the common disadvantage was the lack of control over what students do on their computers. Lastly an unexpected finding was that the digital teaching aids that the teachers were using were not adapted to newly arrived immigrant students. Finally for teachers to be able to use a digital teaching aid as a mediating tool, more than specific knowledge about the digital teaching aid is required. Knowledge such as technical, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) should be embraced simultaneously and is required to be able to teach effectively with technology.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om och i så fall hur verksamma lärare använder läromedel i samhällskunskapsämnet. Undersökningen utgår från sex lärare och hur deras användande av läromedel ser ut. Samtliga lärare undervisar inom SO-blocket, varav fem av lärarna undervisar i ämnet samhällskunskap för årskurs 4-6. Den återstående läraren har undervisat i ämnet men gjorde det inte under tiden intervjun genomfördes. Undersökningen genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod och intervjuerna var semistrukturerade. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att alla lärare som deltog i undersökningen använder läromedel, dock i olika grad och på olika sätt. Resultatet visar också att lärarna använder olika typer av läromedel, så som läroböcker, eget material, digitala läromedel och filmer. Lärarna är eniga om att olika typer av läromedel innebär olika arbetssätt, vilket ska gynna elever. I resultatet framgår också att lärarna inte var eniga kring vad som ansågs vara fördelar och nackdelar med de olika läromedlen. Nästan alla lärare anser att läromedlet är ett hjälpmedel, för dem själva och för eleverna. / The purpose of this study is to investigate if and how active teachers use teaching aids in the social studies subject. The survey is based on six teachers and what their use of teaching materials is like. All teachers teach within the subjects; social studies, history, geography and religion, of which five of the teachers teach the subject of social studies for grades 4-6. The remaining teacher has recently taught the subject but did not do so during the interview. The survey was conducted using a qualitative method and the interviews were semi-structured. The result of the survey shows that all teachers who took part in the survey use teaching aids, although to varying degrees and in various ways. It also shows that the teachers use different types of teaching aids, such as textbooks, their own material, digital teaching aids and films. The teachers agree that different types of teaching aids involve different ways of working, which should benefit students. The results also show that the teachers did not agree on what were considered to be advantages and disadvantages of the various teaching aids. Almost all teachers consider the teaching material to be an aid, for themselves and for the students.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse how Samí history is portrayed in six digital teaching materials. The six teaching materials are intended for both primary school and secondary school. This comparative study aims to investigate whether Samí history is portrayed, and as well to present differences and similarities between the presentations of what that mainly represent Samí history. Therefore, a qualitative content analysis has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. The information regarding Samí history in the digital teaching materials has been divided into three categories, History, Politics and community, and Identity. Thereafter, the categories have been analysed one by one, through six converted theoretical perspectives of orientalistic stereotypifications. The study shows that the stereotypification of Samí history is mostly portrayed as ‘passive’ and ‘undeveloped/outdated’. That means, for example, that only two publishers of the teaching materials present facts about the minority group, as a resisting group to the colonization. The same number of publishers portray Samí history as ‘undeveloped/outdated’. The result is based on that the Samí perspective is mainly reduced and instead is the Swedish state, colonizers, the normative perspective.  The study also shows that the teaching materials have a similar way of generalizing the content, especially regarding the how Samí people wore affected of the colonization. The difference though is the approach angle, and the unequal variety of supplying the readers with further detailed facts of certain historical decisions or events in Samí history.

Abstract This study is about what happens to text and image content in a printed teaching material when adapted to a digital format. The purpose of my work is to find out if readability is changing in the new medium.  The theoretical focus of the study is readability, text and image in collaboration, as well as multimodality. To find out if the digital format affects readability, i have performed two text analyzes, a readability analysis of the printed material and a comparative analysis of the digital material. I have also conducted interviews with teachers and experts about the teaching methods. A test and a participant observation were conducted with the target group where my improvement proposal was compared with the existing material.  The conclusions i have come to is that there must be clear links between text and image in a digital teaching material. Color markings in body text with word explanations can interfere with the reading rhythm and too many heading levels can confuse the reader. The most important conclusion is, however, that how readable a text is depends on the audience's previous knowledge, objectives and motivation for the subject. A hard-worded factual text does necessarily need to be easier by splitting the text into short paragraphs, but it can however, make it more difficult to understand the content. / Sammanfattning Den här studien handlar om vad som händer med text och bildinnehåll i ett tryckt läromedel när det ska anpassas till ett digitalt format. Syftet med mitt arbete är att ta reda på om läsbarheten förändras i det nya mediet.  Studiens teoretiska fokus ligger på: Läsbarhet, text och bild i samverkan, samt multimodalitet. För att ta reda på om det digitala formatet påverkar läsbarheten har jag utfört två textanalyser, en läsbarhetsanalys av det tryckta materialet och en komparativ analys av det digitala. Jag har även utfört intervjuer med lärare och experter inom läromedelsutgivning. En utprovning samt en deltagarobservation genomfördes med målgruppen där mitt förbättringsförslag jämfördes med det befintliga materialet. De slutsatser jag har kommit fram till är att det behöver finnas tydliga kopplingar mellan text och bild i ett digitalt läromedel. Färgmarkeringar i brödtext med ordförklaringar kan störa läsrytmen och för många rubriknivåer kan förvirra läsaren. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är dock att hur läsbar en text är beror på målgruppens förkunskaper, läsmål och motivation för ämnet. En faktatext med svåra ord behöver nödvändigtvis inte bli lättare för att man delar in texten i korta stycken, det kan snarare bli svårare att förstå innehållet.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur svensklärare i gymnasieskolan arbetar med digitalisering i sin undervisning och vilka verktyg och metoder som används. Därtill redovisas vilka möjligheter respektive nackdelar som de ser med att använda digitala verktyg i undervisningen. Vidare utgår uppsatsen från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att uppfylla sitt syfte utgår studien från hur svensklärare använder digitala verktyg i sin undervisning samt om attityder och erfarenhet påverkar användningen av digitala verktyg i undervisningen. Som metod för datainsamlingen har semistruktruerade kvalitativa intervjuer använts. Fyra stycken svensklärare intervjuades i åldrarna 30 – 60 vilka är aktiva inom samma gymnasieskola. Resultaten visar att digitalmedvetenhet bland informanterna varierar där de yngre generationen i regel är mer medvetna än den äldre generationen. Den äldre informanten säger sig själv vara relativt digitalt omedveten och upplever att detta beror på generationsskillnad, kunskap och intresse. Detta får till följd att digitalisering inte är en faktor läraren planerar sina lektioner utefter. De yngre informanterna i sin tur, särskilt de med mer yrkeserfarenhet, har en hög grad av digital medvetenhet. Detta visar sig genom att de kontinuerligt skaffar sig digital kunskap på egen hand, provar nya metoder och försöker hela tiden att utvecklas och bli bättre. Intressant är dock att den yngsta informanten med minst yrkeserfarenhet har god digitalmedvetenhet men saknar intresse, kunskap och tid för att integrera digitalisering i sin undervisning. Gemensamt för de intervjuade lärarna är att de upplever digitalisering är svårt och utmanande och att ingen av dem har haft mycket, om någon, utbildning inom digitalkunskap när de studerade vid lärarprogrammet. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how teacher in Sweden work with digitization in their teaching and what tools and methods are used. In addition, the opportunities and challenges the teachers perceive to use digital tools in the teaching are reported. The study parts from a sociocultural theory. To fulfill its purpose the study is based on how teachers in the Swedish subject work to achieve a digital education and how attitudes affect to integrate digital tools. For the data collecting process semistructured qualitative interviews have been used as method. Four Swedish teachers were interviewed in the ages between 30 and 60 who are active in the upper secondary school. The results show that digital awareness among the teachers varies. The younger generation is usually more aware than the older generation. The older teacher declares herself as being quite digitally unconscious and finds that it depends on generational difference, knowledge and interest. As a result her teaching is not based on digital awareness. The younger teachers, in particular those with more professional experience, have a high degree of digital awareness. This shows in continually acquiring digital knowledge on their own, trying new methods and constantly trying to develop the digital education. The youngest teacher with least professional experience has good digital awareness but not the interest, knowledge and time to integrate digitalization into her teaching. All the interviewed teachers have in common that they find the work towards a digital teaching challenging and that none of them had much, if any, education in digital studies in their university studies.

Målet med denna studie är att belysa hur läromedelsproducenter och personal vid SPSM:s läromedelsavdelning talar om hur den pågående digitaliseringen av läromedelsmarknaden påverkar tillgång till och tillgänglighet i läromedel för elever med blindhet. En fråga som också fokuseras är ansvaret för att denna elevgrupp får möjlighet till delaktighet genom tillgång till samma läromedel som övriga elever. Studiens resultat är användbara för SPSM, förlag, skolhuvudmän och skolor. Den använda metodansatsen är diskurspsykologi och metoden kvalitativa intervjuer. Totalt har fem enskilda intervjuer gjorts på fem större förlag samt fyra intervjuer med sammanlagt nio personer på Specialpedagogiska skolmyndighetens läromedelsavdelning, varav tre var gruppintervjuer. Genom att analysera det som sägs tydliggörs deltagarnas beskrivning av tillgång till läromedel, ansvar och ansvarsfördelning för tillgången mellan olika aktörer samt konsekvenser för elever med blindhet. Studien visar på förändrade krav som ställs på samhällets stöd och på läromedelsproducenter för att tillgodose tillgången till läromedel för elever med blindhet som läser punktskrift till följd av den digitala utvecklingen. Behov av ändrade arbetsformer och ett ökat samarbete mellan aktörer och inom verksamheter för att möta de nya kraven synliggörs. I studien framkommer dilemman som uppstår mellan kostnader för tillgängliggörande, målgruppsstorlek och olika verksamheters förutsättningar i mötet mellan offentlig verksamhet och kommersiella aktörer. I studien tydliggörs att det är skolan som har ansvar för en likvärdig utbildning vilket inkluderar ansvaret för tillgänglighet i de läromedel som används. En förskjutning hos skola och skolhuvudmän mot centrala upphandlingar av digitala läromedel ses som trolig vilket ställer krav på beställarkompetens samtidigt som oro uttrycks för om den kompetensen finns. Det behövs mer forskning om konsekvenser av den ökade mängden digitala läromedel för elever med blindhet. Exempel på intressanta frågor är hur det pedagogiska arbetet påverkas och vilka effekter digitaliseringen får för eleven. / The aim of this study is to highlight how producers of teaching materials and the department for adapting teaching materials at The National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools (SPSM) regard the impact of the ongoing digitization of the teaching aids market with focus on access to and accessibility of teaching materials for students with blindness. Another issue is the responsibility for this group of students to participate through accessibility to the same teaching materials as their peers. The results of the study can be of use to SPSM, publishers, local education authorities and schools. The methodology approach is discursive psychology and the method used is qualitative interviews. In total five separate interviews were carried out at five larger publishing companies, and four interviews with, in total, nine informants at SPSM, the department for adapting teaching materials, were performed, whereof three were group interviews. By analyzing what has been said the participants’ descriptions of accessibility to teaching aids are clarified, and so is responsibility and division of responsibility between different actors, and furthermore the consequences for students with blindness. The study illuminates changed requirements for support from society and teaching materials producers to satisfy the need of teaching materials for students with blindness reading braille, all due to the digitization of the current area. Demands to meet with new needs for changed work models and for an increased cooperation between actors, and within relevant agencies, are highlighted. In the study appear dilemmas arising between the following factors: expenses for accessibility, size of target group and conditions for different actors at a crossroads of government controlled businesses and commercial actors. The study clarifies the school’s responsibility for equivalence in education, which includes accessibility to teaching materials in use. There is a likelihood of a shift with schools and local educational authorities towards central procurement of digital teaching materials, which calls for client expertise. There is also concern about whether that expertise exists. Further research is needed on the increasing amount of digital teaching materials and its consequences for students with blindness. Interesting questions are, among others, how the pedagogical work is affected and which will be the impact on the student.

Applikationer har blivit en tillgång för att utveckla elevernas kunskaper inom taluppfattning. Men innehåller applikationer didaktiska eller pedagogiska styrkor som andra läromedel inte innehåller? Vilka matematiska kunskaper är möjliga att utveckla genom att spela en applikation inom området? Med dessa frågeställningar tog denna studie avstamp som syftar till att studera applikationers layout och innehåll inom taluppfattning. Studien är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där 39 applikationer har analyserats genom en analysmodell. Alla applikationerna används av elever i förskoleklass eller grundskolans tidigare år 1–3 någonstans bland landets grundskolor inom ramen för matematikundervisningen. Studien visar att applikationerna är utformade med en layout som har en stimulerande och intresseväckande effekt hos eleverna. Applikationernas möjlighet till individuell direkt återkoppling kan dessutom bidra till att elevernas motivation ökar. Vilket matematiskt innehåll som applikationerna erbjuder varierar. De områden inom taluppfattning som minst antal applikationer behandlar är mönster och rimlighetsbedömning. Däremot erbjuder delar av applikationerna möjligheten att utveckla elevernas aritmetiska kunskaper. / Applications have become a resource for developing students' knowledge in number sense. But do applications have didactical or educational strengths that other teaching materials don´t? What mathematical skills are possible to develop by playing an application in the field? With these questions, this study took off with the aim to study applications' layout and content within number sense. The study was conducted thru a qualitative content analysis, where 39 applications were analyzed by a framework. All applications are used by students in pre-school or primary school's somewhere among the country's elementary schools within the framework of mathematics education. The study shows that the applications are designed with a layout, that has a stimulating and interesting effect on the students. What mathematical skills these applications contains varies. Patterns and reasonability are the two most uncommon components of number sense apparent in the applications. However a large part of the applications develop the students' arithmetic skills.