Detta är en stickprovsstudie med målsättningen att jämföra hur fyra lärare från en gymnasieskola bedömde en elevtext och diskutera detta med hänsyn till validitet vid bedömning av elevtexter. Resultaten av denna undersökning visar att lärarnas bedömning av elevtexten var liknande både i tillvägagångssätt, värdering av innehållet och betyget de gav texten. Dock visar denna undersökning att validiteten i dessa bedömningar var låg då skillnaderna i de slutgiltiga bedömningarna var så pass stora att de inte kunde förbises. Resultaten visar också på vissa allmänna faktorer vid bedömning som är problematiska med hänsyn till bedömningarnas validitet och att vidare forskning bör bedrivas så att validiteten av lärares bedömningar och därmed betygens validitet kan fastställas

Formativ återkoppling är kommentarer som läraren ger till eleven under pågående skrivprocess som ska stötta eleverna till vidare utveckling. Denna studie syftar ta reda på hur svensklärare arbetar med formativ återkoppling på elevtexter i åk 4- 6, vilka för- och nackdelar de anser finns samt hur de anser att man bör arbeta kring detta för att eleverna ska utvecklas. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod där fem lärarintervjuer är gjorda och analyserade. I studien framkommer att lärare arbetar olika kring formativ återkoppling men att det är en del av undervisningen och något som lärarna ansåg vara viktigt för att eleverna ska nå ett större lärande. Enligt resultat i denna studie kan återkopplingen ge både positiva och negativa effekter beroende på hur läraren arbetar kring återkopplingen och hur lyhörd läraren är för elevernas personligheter. För att arbeta med återkoppling i åk 4- 6 är det enligt studiens resultat viktigt att ha en progression i sitt arbete samt att man lär eleverna att både ta emot och använda den återkoppling de får av sin lärare. / <p>Godkännande datum: 2022-01-16</p>

Elevspråksforskning i skrivande har sedan länge kunnat konstatera påfallande språkklyftor mellan gymnasister, t.ex. avseende betygsgrader och kön. Syftet med studien är att med en didaktisk ansats undersöka skriftspråkliga skillnader mellan elevtexter skrivna inom ramen för Svenska 3. Närmare bestämt syftar studien till att med automatisk textanalys undersöka skillnader i språkvariablerna ordmängd, ordlängd, ordvariation, nominalgrad och finithet i verbanvändning, dels mellan texter betygsatta med A, C och E, dels mellan texter skrivna av pojkar och flickor. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ-komparativ textanalysmetod och tillämpar fem olika textmått för att undersöka variablerna: textlängd, ordlängd, ovix, nominalkvot och verbfinithet. Materialet utgörs av en jämnt fördelad elevtextkorpus med 150 texter som tillkommit i samband med nationella prov i Svenska 3 åren 2014 och 2015. Resultatet bekräftar delvis tidigare forskning när det gäller språkklyftor mellan gymnasister utifrån betyg och kön, men visar också på vissa skillnader. Slutsatsen är att kvantitativ textlingvistik dels ger upphov till betydande kunskap om skrivförmåga i olika elevgrupper, dels kan utgöra utgångspunkt för didaktiska diskussioner.

The aim of the study was to investigate how four pupils in sixth grade use language when writing narrative texts, examined in relation to the typical structure and linguistic features of a narrative text. Another aim was to explore the similarities and differences between texts which received an A or B grade and texts with a D or E grade. The pupils’ texts are analysed from a systemic-functional perspective on language and on the basis of the typical structure and language of a narrative text, with the focus on expressions of time, processes, descriptions and nominal groups (cf. Johansson &amp; Sandell Ring 2012). The main finding is that the four pupils in their texts master the normal structure of a narrative text and that their texts have expressions of time, processes, descriptions and nominal groups, but they differ in extent and scope. The greatest differences between the narratives in the different grading categories are found in the introductions to the texts, the way of marking dialogue in the structure, and how the pupils use processes, circumstances and nominal groups to achieve descriptions. The text that received an E grade differs from the other texts that were graded as A, B and D, in that the writer has the shortest introduction to the text; the introductions to the other texts are relatively long. The E-graded text also differs from the other texts in the way it marks dialogue. That pupil uses quotation marks to indicate where dialogues occur, whereas the texts with A, B and D grades use a quotation dash to mark speech. All the pupils’ texts contain expressions of time. The texts also include several kinds of processes, except for the text that received a B grade, where there were no mental processes. The texts graded as A, B and D use expanded nominal groups and also various processes and circumstances to create descriptions. The text that received an E grade is the one that uses most expanded nominal groups for descriptive purposes.

Syftet med denna studie är dels att undersöka textfunktioner och argumentationsstrukturer i elevers debattartiklar, dels att synliggöra styrkor och utvecklingsmöjligheter i debattartiklarna. Materialet består av fyra argumenterande elevtexter med rubriken ”Rädda vår jord!” från det nationella provet i svenska 2008. Teori och metod utgår från Tirkkonen-Condits (1985) problem- och lösningsmodell för textfunktioner i argumenterande text. Analysen är kvalitativ och bygger på frågor som ställs till texterna. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att debattartiklarna har olika kvalitéer och utvecklingsmöjligheter, men gemensamt gäller att eleverna uppvisar en medvetenhet om fungerande struktur och disposition i argumenterande text. Eleverna argumenterar utifrån tesen och använder ofta konkretiserande exempel. Samtliga elever formulerar textfunktionen lösning och evaluering där de förklarar vad som bör göras för att rädda vår jord, och de redogör för konsekvenser om tesen inte följs. Den gemensamma utvecklingsmöjligheten hos samtliga elever är att de bör formulera textfunktionen problem mer explicit samt ha med textfunktionen orsaker vilken de inte alls använder.

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of pupils’ narrative texts written either by hand or on a tablet. The questions concern which structures are characteristic of the texts as a whole and what is distinctive about hand-written texts and those written on a tablet. To investigate this, 46 pupil texts from grade 2 were analysed. Each pupil in the class wrote two texts, one with each writing tool. The overall theoretical approach in the study is dialogism, which views all utterances as being related to each other. In this study that means that the pupils received teaching about how to write a story, and then wrote stories of their own. Relief theory, which has its foundation in dialogism, was used as analytical framework. With this model, analyses are made of the text as a whole. The overall structure and focus of the text are regarded as the foreground and the additions and expanded details supporting these are viewed as the background text. This interaction between foreground and background gives the relief perspective. Proceeding from relief theory, the structures of the texts in their entirety were analysed. At the intermediate and local level of the texts, dialogues and connectives were analysed, along with the number of unique words and the total number of words. The relief of the texts was analysed in terms of quality at global, intermediate and local text level. The relief analysis revealed that three different categories of relief could be identified in these texts. The result shows that the difference in quality concerns how the backgrounds are expanded. The results of the study show that there are differences between the pupils’ handwritten texts and texts written on a tablet, but the differences are small. The biggest differences concern the number of unique words and the total number of words. The texts written on a tablet contain both more unique words and more words in total than texts written by hand.   Keywords relief theory, tablet, writing tools, early school years, student text, narrative text

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate how a group of pupils developed in their written language in grade 5. The study proceeds from my hypothesis that a number of textual variables, such as average text length, average sentence length, the average length of the initial clause constituent, and the proportion of long words, ought to rise during a term. The material consists of over 600 texts written by 14 pupils. All the texts are analysed with the LIX tool available on the Internet. The texts are entered into the LIX counter which then returns a value for the studied variables. This procedure was performed for all the variables except initial clause constituent length. That is instead calculated manually by counting the number of words per initial clause constituent. The result shows that all the variables except the proportion of long words increase during the term. The average text length is the variable with the most noticeable increase during the whole term. The proportion of long words, however, did decrease during the same period. The results also show a great correspondence with earlier research on upper secondary pupils’ writings. This means that the group of 11 years old multilingual pupils in this study write with the same proficiency as 16–19 years old pupils, as regards the variables average text length, average sentence length and the average length of the initial clause constituent.

Syftet med denna studie är att prova en hypotes om att textlängd, meningslängd och fundamentslängd ökar i takt med att yngre andraspråkselever blir mer erfarna skribenter. I studien belyser vi elevers skrivutveckling genom dessa tre aspekter. Vårt material består av 32 elevtexter skrivna av andraspråkselever under årskurs 1 och 2. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ metod och är därför baserad på positivism som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Materialet analyseras med ett digitalt textverktyg som används för att beräkna text- och meningslängden.

This thesis deals with the assessment of school texts by students in Swedish upper-secondary school or in the corresponding adult education and concentrates on what differs between the grades Pass and Fail. The 60 texts used in the survey come from the 1997 archives of the national test construction group. A questionnaire to teachers asks what criteria are most important when distinguishing between Pass and Fail. The five criteria pointed out are Holistic scoring, Relevant content, The connecting thought, Sentence structure and How the student has followed the instructions. The most salient result regarding grades is the difference between grades from the students’ own teachers and from the independent assessors. Ten texts have received a Fail from the student’s own teacher, but as many as 35 get an average Fail from three assessors. There is variation in assessment, but 18 Fail texts and 18 Pass texts get a unanimous grade. Quantitative analyses of the 60 texts show a definite correlation between grade and number of words. However, the Fail-groups among narrative, expository and argumentative texts contain both the shortest and the longest texts. School texts are longer now than thirty years ago, especially texts with low grades. Sentences and words have become shorter. Coherence is investigated by a method of reference cohesion. No clear difference between Pass and Fail texts can be found, but between types of essay topics. Also important is the organization of the text and its paragraphs, a factor which separates Fail and Pass texts. Various aspects of sentence structure show better results in the Pass texts. The thesis is concluded with a commentary on the demands of the last compulsory course in Swedish. The needed level is argued to be the ability to write for an unknown reader.

The aim of this study is to investigate how five boys in grade 3 of compulsory school structure and use language when they write narrative texts retelling and assessing personally experienced events. This is studied by interpreting how the boys use genre steps that are typical of the structure of personal narrative texts and by detecting and naming different linguistic features in the texts. The material in the study consists of five boys’personal reports and the method, which is based on the theories of genre pedagogy (see Johansson &amp; Sandell Ring 2012:28ff, 223f), comes from systemic functional linguistics. A central finding of the study is that the boys structure their texts in varying combinations of genre steps which commonly occur in texts of a narrative kind. Another central finding is that the language in the boys’ texts consists of many verbs and verb groups which explain that someone is acting or doing something, different discourse connectives to indicate time, along with expressions for emotions and descriptions of experiences or objects.