Med dagens krav på att bygga mer energieffektivt, och att bygga mer hållbart, så är behovet stort att bygga med lågt U-värde för att sänka energibehovet. Att försöka göra byggnaden självförsörjande till bästa mån med hjälp av solceller är även viktigt. Syftet med arbetet är att skapa ett parti med integrerade solceller och lägre U-värde jämfört med ett standard elementfasadsparti som byggs i dagsläget, vilket i detta arbete jämförs mot ett parti från Bas Barkarby i Järfälla. Dagsljuskraven skall dock fortfarande uppnås för att partiet i verkligheten skall vara möjlig att bygga. Partiet är framtaget med hjälp av programvaran SchüCal vilket även ger data för U-värde. Detta nya parti ritas i Schücos system AF UDC 80. Programmet Calumen användes för att redovisa data för fönsterglaset. Energisimuleringarna för partiet utfördes genom IDA ICE baserade programmet ESBO där byggnaden placerades i Västerås och utfördes som ett typiskt kontorsrum. Uppskattningen av hur mycket energi solcellerna producerar togs fram genom EU:s program PVGIS.  U-värdet på det framtagna partiet blev 0,254 W/m2K vilket är lägre än Barkarbys 0,522 W/m2K, med hjälp av ett extra invändigt isoleringsskikt på 70 mm. De integrerade solcellerna producerar 430,6 kWh per år och väderstreck. Detta resulterar i ett behov att köpa 133 kWh per år vid användning av det nya partiet vilket är lägre än Barkarbys behov på 733 kWh per år. / With today's demands to build in a more energy efficient and sustainable manner, there is a great need to build with a low U-value to reduce energy needs, and to try to make the building self-sufficient to the best extent possible with the help of solar cells. The purpose of the investigation is to create a lot with integrated solar cells and a lower U-value than a standard element facade that is being built today, which in this investigation is compared to a facade from Bas Barkarby in Järfälla. However, daylight requirements must still be met for the facade to be able to build it in practice.  The facade is developed using the software SchüCal, which also provides data for U-value. This new facade is drawn in Schüco's system AF UDC 80. The program Calumen was used to report data for the window glass. The energy simulations for the facade were performed through the IDA ICE based program ESBO where the building was placed in Västerås and performed as a typical office room. The estimate of how much energy the solar cells produce was determined through the EU's PVGIS program. The U-value of the developed facade was 0,254 W/m2K which is lower than Barkarby's 0,522 W/m2K, with the help of an extra internal insulation layer of 70 mm. The integrated solar cells produce 430.6 kWh per year and facade direction. This results in a need to buy 133 kWh per year when using the new facade, which is lower than Barkarby's need of 733 kWh per year.

One purpose of this work was to examine if a modification of the exterior insulation finishing system can lower the number of outer walls damaged by damp. The modification is the cut of the cellular plastic which is 45 degrees instead of a horizontal cut. One other purpose was; is cellular plastic or mineral wool better as insulation to minimize the dampness in this type of outer walls? A third purpose was to examine if there is any difference of dampness in the outer walls if using a gravel bed or concrete stones next to the outer wall. To examine these three purposes a laboratory experiment with three test walls with an exterior insulation finishing system was built. The difference between the three walls was the insulation. One wall was built with mineral wool with a horizontal cut, one with cellular plastic with a horizontal cut and the third with cellular plastic with a cut of 45 degrees. Simulations of pelting rain and measurements of dampness were carried out for 21 days. The measurements were taken at the same time every evening. After 21 days small samples of tree from the walls was weight, dried in an oven and then weight again to get the quantity of moisture in the samples before they were dried. A diffusion calculation of two outer walls, one with cellular plastic and one with mineral wool, was completed to examine the difference between the relative humidity in the walls. An identical calculation without a plastic film was executed too. The result of the calculations showed a minimal difference in the walls built with a plastic film. When the film was removed the result presented critical values. The result of the laboratory experiment indicates that the test wall with the cut of 45 degrees is better than the walls with a horizontal cut of the insulation. The differences were minimal but possible to read. Some critical, too high, values regarding the moisture content in wood were found and they came from the sills in the walls that had insulation with horizontal cuts. Of the two insulation types the result of calculations and laboratory experiment shows a minimal difference but they both indicates a better result for the mineral wool. The conclusion of this work indicates that cellular plastic with a 45 degree cut is slightly better than the horizontal cut. The comparison of cellular plastic and mineral wool indicates that the mineral wool is better. Another conclusion of this work is that the material on the ground next to the outer wall did not alter the dampness in the wall.

Due to an increase in the number of large-scale façade fires around the world the interest in the fire hazards of façades has also increased. The hazards of such fires have been acknowledged since earlier and many different test methods have therefore been developed to enable evaluation of the fire properties of wall assemblies. The purpose of this study is to map differences and similarities between existing full-scale test methods that are currently used to evaluate façade systems based on their performance when influenced by fire. The study also includes a review of previous research into parameters and conditions that influence a façade fire. Some past incidents will be used to enable comparison between the tests and a real fire scenario. The review of previous research has been focused in the areas fire spread, fire properties influencing the heat flux from a fire, and comparative studies evaluating differences between existing test methods. For the study of parameters in existing test methods 21 test methods have been identified and included in the study. A detailed compilation of information on each of the included test methods can be found in the tables included in appendix A. The mapping of the differences and similarities of the included methods has resulted in comparisons of wall and specimen specifications, ignition source parameters, measuring points and approval criteria. The increase in interest for façade fire hazards has also led to some new methods being developed and old methods being revised. New methods and unfinished revisions have not been included in the comparison study but are mentioned.  The conclusion of this study is that although the variation between the tests on the detailed methodology level are very high, if you consider the conditions used for approval and evaluation, they can all be linked to identified hazards of façade fires. However, there are some parameters that need to be re-examined. Previous research indicates that the fire load may be the parameter with most influence on the fire scenario. This is one of the parameters that vary the most and at same time it is likely to contribute to different results between the test methods. Another parameter is the influence of wall openings representing windows to overlaying compartments. This is a parameter that could have a significant effect on the outcome of a test.

Along with the technical and technological evolution of today’s modern society, comes a new range of threats on critical infrastructure such as the malicious use of explosives, fire arms, ramming with vehicles, arson, electromagnetic threats, chemical and biological weapons, and espionage. To maintain social security, a need of enforcing critical infrastructure to withstand the damage on withheld values caused by antagonist strikes is developed. The need of establishing enforcing measures is utterly important regarding the critical infrastructures pursuing democratic activities such as government agencies, embassies and residences of the head of states, amongst others. Establishing an adequate protection to the intended critical infrastructure brings up an issue with managing to enforce the existing façade and its framework, cornices, doors, windows and vents to make them resistant to the current threats. This master degree project aims to compile existing knowledge and suggest enforcing solutions based on building technology that take the current design in consideration and provides a structural protection to withstand stated threats. The aim of the work is fulfilled through a literature study, several interviews, the compilation of a risk index analysis and three representative types of artificial buildings with democratic purposes. The work results in several enforcing façade solutions that confirm existing researches discussing fortification and structural protection, and which creates an adequate protection against antagonist strikes ability to cause damage on withheld values in the building. In general, a façade construction is to be enforced with major thickness, density, elastic strength and air tightness. The work also leads to the discovery of several, never before officially compiled and scientifically researched enforcing façade solutions. When establishing enforcing measures to the façade of critical, democratic infrastructure it’s essential to create a structural protection that withstands the current threats while also being reasonable on possible actions, the effects on the building activity and financial maintainability. The structural protection created needs to work as a unity of façade, joists and attachments to ensure the building doesn’t collapse due to local damage. Regardless of the enforcing measures taken, there’s always going to be a risk on new kinds of threats evolving or antagonist strikes summoning up major resources than expected when designing the protection. With public buildings in urban areas it’s not practically or financially reasonable to establish a structural protection to resist every possible threat since the building also needs to be appealing, retain conservational values and ensure accessibility.

I dagsläget finns en stor mängd byggnader i Sverige där fasaden består av puts direkt anliggande mot antingen lättbetong eller tegel. Dessa fasader kan skapa problem för brukaren p.g.a. fukttransport via putsen direkt in i konstruktionen. Problemen som kan uppstå som följd av dessa konstruktioner är inte bara estetiska utan kan även påverka inomhusmiljön. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka om det gick att med ny teknik visa de resultat som framkommit från erfarenheter från praktiskt arbete samt undersöka hur en renovering påverkar de fasader som består av puts direkt mot lättbetong eller tegel. Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av simuleringsprogrammet Wufi Pro för att sedan analyserats med hänsyn till fukttransporter och vatteninnehåll. Resultaten som framkommit påvisar en förhöjd risk för problem med de ursprungliga fasaderna samt slutsatsen att en renovering enligt ett av de två förslagen är att föredra. / Today there’s a great deal of buildings in Sweden where the facade is constructed by plaster directly connected to either aerated concrete or masonry brick. These facades could create problems for the user on accord of the moisture transport via the plaster directly into the construction. The problems that could follow these types of facades aren’t just esthetical but could also affect the indoor environment. The purpose with this study was to examine if it would be possible using today’s technology to show the results coming from past experiences by practical work, and at the same time examine how a remodel affects the facades that consists of plaster directly on aerated concrete or masonry brick. The work has been conducted with the simulation program Wufi Pro, later to be analyzed  according to moisture transport and water content. The results that came from this has shown an increased risk for problems with the original facades and at the same time that a remodel according to one of the two proposed remodel ways to prefer.

Introduction: There is a housing shortage in Sweden and the green space factor must be taken into account when building. The green space factor includes living façades that have a positive effect on people and society. The company Butong, in which the work has been done in collaboration, has patented solutions within living façades. The company currently mounts the façade solutions on a prefabricated concrete sandwich wall, but lacks a solution for mounting on a half sandwich wall. The purpose of a solution with a half sandwich wall was to avoid unnecessary material consumption, reduce environmental impact, and reduce the thickness of the wall. The work examined a half sandwich wall with three insulation materials: cellular plastic, PIR and Kooltherm. Method: The chosen method for the study was design research methodology, which contains a total of seven steps. The first two steps were used in this study. The first step consisted of a literature study. The second step was supplemented with empirical data in form of interviews and further literature studies. Calculations for carbon dioxide equivalents were performed by calculating the footprint of each material. The calculations were based on the material thickness of 1 m2 wall area. Data were obtained from environmental product declarations for construction products (EPDs) based on factors A1-A3.   Results and Analysis: For all half sandwich walls, a roofboard in stone wool was chosen as the utmost layer. This was based on conditions for fire safety for the materials cellular plastic and PIR, and based on attachment for the material Kooltherm. The use of a polypropylene plastic mat to obtain an air gap was decided for all materials based on moisture safety. Furthermore, the results showed three possible fastening methods for mounting Butong's façade solution on a half-sandwich walls: cast plastic profiles (SFS-profiles), vertically cast L-profiles and horizontally cast L-profiles. The result also reported that replacing a full sandwich wall with a half sandwich wall reduces material consumption, and reduces emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents by up to 31%. This is based on the EPD factors A1-A3 where a comparison of the half sandwich wall was made with a full sandwich wall.  Discussion: The thickness of the walls could be reduced by 60-80 mm when a full sandwich wall was replaced with a half sandwich wall. The variation depended on insulation material. The insulation material Kooltherm resulted in the thinnest wall. The material PIR varied in fire classification. The reason was discussed to be the difference in supply of products in different countries. The choice of attachment method was reported to be dependent on the situation. Cellulose showed the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Both with regard to the production phase, and with regard to the percentage reduction when comparing full sandwich walls and half sandwich walls. In conclusion, the choice of insulation material depends on individual preferences. Cellular plastic should be used when prioritizing at least emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Kooltherm is suitable when prioritizing the degree of utilization, considering that the wall is thinnest. / Introduktion och syfte: Det är bostadsbrist i Sverige och det måste tas hänsyn till grönytefaktorn vid bebyggelse. I grönytefaktorn ingår levande fasader som påverkar människor samt samhälle positivt. Företaget Butong, som arbetet har skett i samarbete med, har patenterade lösningar för levande fasader. Företaget monterar idag fasadlösningarna på ett helsandwichelement, men saknar lösning för att montera på ett halvsandwichelement. Syftet med halvsandwichelement var att undvika onödig materialåtgång, minska miljöpåverkan, samt erhålla en tunnare tjocklek på elementet. Arbetet undersökte ett halvsandwichelement utifrån tre ingående isoleringsmaterial: cellplast, PIR och Kooltherm. Metod: Vald metod för arbetet var design research methodology som totalt innehåller sju steg. De två första stegen användes i studien. Första steget bestod av en litteraturstudie. Det andra steget kompletterades med hjälp av empiri i form av intervjuer och fortsatta litteraturstudier. Beräkningar för koldioxidekvivalenter utfördes genom att beräkna respektive materials avtryck. Beräkningarna utgick från materialets tjocklek på 1 m2 väggyta. Data hämtades från miljövarudeklarationer för byggprodukter (EPD:er) utifrån faktorerna A1-A3. Resultat och Analys: För samtliga halvsandwichelement valdes en takboard av stenull som yttersta skikt. Detta utifrån brandsäkerhet för materialen cellplast och PIR respektive utifrån infästning för materialet Kooltherm. Användning av platonmatta för att erhålla en luftspalt bestämdes för samtliga material utifrån fuktsäkerhet. Vidare visade resultatet tre möjliga infästningsmetoder för att montera Butongs fasadlösning på ett halvsandwichelement: ingjutna plastprofiler (SFS-fästen), vertikalt ingjutna L-profiler samt horisontellt ingjutna L-profiler. Resultatet redovisade även att ersätta helsandwichelement med halvsandwichelementet minskar materialåtgång, samt minskar utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter med upp till 31%. Detta utifrån EPD-faktorerna A1-A3 där en jämförelse av halvsandwichelementet gjordes med ett helsandwichelement utifrån samma funktionsvärde.  Diskussion: Tjockleken på elementen kunde minskas med 60-80 mm med den nya lösningen. Variationen var beroende av isoleringsmaterial. Isoleringsmaterialet Kooltherm resulterade i tunnast element. Materialet PIR varierade i brandklassning. Anledningen diskuterades vara skillnaden i utbud av produkter i olika länder. Val av infästningsmetod redovisades vara beroende av situation. Cellplast visade lägst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Både avseende produktionsfasen, samt med hänsyn till procentuell minskning vid jämförelse av helsandwichelement och halvsandwichelement. Avslutningsvis kunde slutsatsen konstateras att val av isoleringsmaterial beror på individuella preferenser. Cellplast bör användas vid prioritering inom minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Respektive Kooltherm är lämpligt vid prioritering av utnyttjandegrad, då elementet är tunnast.

This study describes and compares the three different types of building methods which are hybrid, prefabrication, and on-site manufacturing on a project in Lund called Tingvallen. The comparison is made based on five parameters which are cost, time, environment, quality, and flexibility. This study does also describe the advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the hybrid building system and what it eventually can learn from other methods such as prefabrication and on-site manufacturing. The result in this study builds on previous studies and self-studies in terms of calculations, interviews with actors in the project and workplace visits. The self-studies have been essential for this work since there is not many studies that have been made about the hybrid building system in facade renovation projects.This study indicates that the hybrid building system is a more time, cost, and environmentally effective building system. The results also show that it does not lack quality and flexibility in comparison to the other methods.The decrease in cost, time and CO₂-emissions are expressed in percentage and shows that there are significant differences between the hybrid building system and the prefabrication and on-site manufacturing. / I denna rapport granskas och analyseras tre olika arbetsmetoder som kan appliceras på projektet “Tingvallen”: den hybrida arbetsmetoden, den platsbyggda arbetsmetoden och den prefabricerade arbetsmetoden. Genom en utförlig diskussion presenteras både fördelar och nackdelar med var och en av dessa metoder. Dessutom belyses konkreta kalkylmässiga exempel som tar upp hur de olika arbetsmetoderna kan påverka tidsåtgång, kostnader och utsläpp vid en renovering av fasad.Resultaten som rapporten frambringar baseras på en egen studie som kombinerar tidigare forskning med egna kalkyler för varje arbetsmetod. För att komplettera denna data har flertalet intervjuer genomförts för att erhålla en djupare förståelse för parametrar som svårligen kan kvantifieras, såsom flexibilitet och kvalitet. Enligt tidigare forskning framstår prefabricering som den mest fördelaktiga metoden för att minska kostnader, tidsåtgång och spill på arbetsplatsen, i jämförelse med platsbyggt. Egna kalkyler för Tingvallen-projektet visade att den hybrida arbetsmetoden var 9,4% billigare, 29,4% snabbare och genererade 20,6% mindre utsläpp än prefabricering. Dessutom var den 43,1% billigare, 55,5% snabbare och resulterade i 30,4% mindre utsläpp än platsbygge. Skillnaderna i procent kan härledas till flera faktorer såsom antal undersökta hus, projektets omfattning och metoders applicerbarhet.I rapporten framhålls att den hybrida arbetsmetoden har en positiv utvecklingspotential, särskilt med tanke på den pågående globala situationen inom byggsektorn i Sverige, som kommer öka behovet av renoveringar av befintliga bostäder. Trots detta förväntas de andra produktionsmetoderna inte avskrivas, särskilt med tanke på osäkerheten kring appliceringen av den hybrida metoden på större projekt involverande flera våningar, jämfört med exempelvis Tingvallen där husen är trevåningshus.Slutligen konstateras det att den platsbyggda arbetsmetoden ger jämförbar kvalitet, medan den hybrida metoden erbjuder överlägsen flexibilitet. Jämfört med den prefabricerade metoden bedöms den hybrida metoden vara överlägsen både i fråga om kvalitet och flexibilitet. / <p>    </p>

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also called drones, have experienced a rapid increase, which leads to the concern of illegal use of them. Passive RF is one of the effective ways to detect drones by receiving drones’ communication signals. After receiving the signal from drones, one can utilize the prior knowledge of signal characteristics for identifying and locating the drones. The angle of arrival (AoA) measured by multiple passive RF sensors can be used for localization by triangulation. However, the accuracy of the AoA measured by the passive RF sensors is strongly affected by the environment. In particular in urban areas, the multipath effect is prominent due to the building blockage and complicated terrestrial conditions that introduce certain errors to the result. So the service provider of the sensors needs a tool to perform the environment analysis to understand the quality of the service. A fast tool that can simulate the sensor network and surrounding environment can offer a flexible solution to optimize the sensor coverage and indicate the blind zone of detection. Especially when the sensors are deployed on the mobile platform, such tool can significantly improve the defensive quality of the drone detection system by optimizing real-time deployment and indicating low observable areas. In order to plan the sensor locations and assess the performance after the deployment of the sensor at a fast speed, We propose a multipath-based model to calculate the AoA error. The model is able to utilize the input of geometrical information for simulating the AoA error within a region. In this thesis, we investigate the outdoor channel at 2.4GHz using the ray-tracing method as it is the most used channel for UAVs. Massive simulations have been carried out and real test flights have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the modeling. Both simulations and test flights are carried out in Kista center where buildings are from high-rises to one-floor houses with various heights. In the simulation, the AoA is obtained by MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Test flights are conducted using an existing Software-defined radio (SDR) based RF sensor. We tried our best to carry out the same trajectories in both simulations and test flights to provide fair comparisons. The simulation results show that the multipath model can predict the trend of AoA error when the height changes, while not sufficient to predict the error when the 2D position changes. Thus, to more accurately characterize the signal transmission, it is essential to extend this thesis to include more detailed environmental information and adaption based on measurement. / Under de senaste åren har obemannade flygfarkoster (UAV), även kallade drönare, ökat snabbt, vilket leder till oro för olaglig användning av dem. Passiv RF är ett av de effektiva sätten att upptäcka drönare genom att ta emot drönarnas kommunikationssignaler. Efter att ha tagit emot signalen från drönare kan man använda den tidigare kunskapen om signalegenskaperna för att identifiera och lokalisera drönarna. AoA som mäts av flera passiva RF-sensorer kan användas för lokalisering genom triangulering. Noggrannheten hos AoA som mäts av de passiva RF-sensorerna påverkas dock starkt av miljön. Särskilt i stadsområden är multipath-effekten framträdande på grund av byggnadsblockering och komplicerade markförhållanden som medför vissa fel i resultatet. Därför behöver leverantören av sensorer ett verktyg för att utföra miljöanalysen för att förstå tjänstens kvalitet. Ett snabbt verktyg som kan simulera sensornätverket och den omgivande miljön kan erbjuda en flexibel lösning för att optimera sensortäckningen och ange den blinda zonen för upptäckt. Särskilt när sensorerna placeras på en mobil plattformkan ett sådant verktyg avsevärt förbättra drönardetektionssystemets försvarskvalitet genom att optimera utplaceringen i realtid och ange områden med låg observationsgrad. För att planera sensorernas placering och bedöma prestandan efter att sensorn har placerats ut i snabb takt föreslår vi en multipath-baserad modell för att beräkna AoAfelet. Modellen kan utnyttja inmatningen av geometrisk information för att simulera AoA-felet inom ett område. I denna avhandling undersöker vi utomhuskanalen vid 2:4 GHz med hjälp av raytracing- metoden eftersom det är den mest använda kanalen för UAV:er. Massiva simuleringar har utförts och verkliga testflygningar har genomförts för att utvärdera modelleringens noggrannhet. Både simuleringar och testflygningar har utförts i Kista centrum där byggnaderna är allt från höghus till envåningshus med olika höjd. I simuleringen erhålls AoA med hjälp av MUSIC-algoritmen. Testflygningar genomförs med hjälp av en befintlig SDR-baserad RF-sensor. Vi gjorde vårt bästa för att utföra samma banor i både simuleringar och testflygningar för att ge rättvisa jämförelser. Simuleringsresultaten visar att multipathmodellen kan förutsäga trenden för AoA-felet när höjden ändras, medan den inte är tillräcklig för att förutsäga felet när 2D-positionen ändras. För att mer exakt karakterisera signalöverföringen är det därför viktigt att utöka denna avhandling till att omfatta mer detaljerad miljöinformation och anpassning baserad på mätning.

<p>This report is written on commission by WSP Acoustics. The report studies the outdoor sound levels on school yards in Stockholm. The questions given by the company to be answered was what are the actual sound levels at diffrent school yards with low traffic noise and how can you construct a facade element that reduces the sound level from the outside and meet the indoor requirements. Mesurements for four hours was done at eight schools set north and south of the city centre. The measurement period included one school break and one lunch break. The results of the measurements were that the equivalent and maximum sound level had small variations between the schools with some exceptions.The equivalent sound level was Leq 58-62 dB(A) and this shows a small variation. The school with the highest equivalent sound level of 67 dB was Maria skolan. This high level can be explained by more children on the school yard together at the same time etc. The maximum sound level was 85-89 dB(A), this if the level for Sofia skolan 82 dB was ignored. The level 85-89 dB(A) also shows a small variation. Calculations of the sound reduction index (R'w) for facade elements were also carried out for all the schools. The resulting sound reduction index for the whole facade was 34-41 dB. After assuming a 200 mm thick concrete facade for Sjöstadsskolan another calculation of building elements gives that the window have to reduce R'w 32 dB to meet the indoor requirements. In the future WSP Acoustics will use this report to choose building elements such as windows when building or rebuilding schools. It can also be used if any of the eight schools in this report needs a window changed to improve the acoustics.</p>

This report is written on commission by WSP Acoustics. The report studies the outdoor sound levels on school yards in Stockholm. The questions given by the company to be answered was what are the actual sound levels at diffrent school yards with low traffic noise and how can you construct a facade element that reduces the sound level from the outside and meet the indoor requirements. Mesurements for four hours was done at eight schools set north and south of the city centre. The measurement period included one school break and one lunch break. The results of the measurements were that the equivalent and maximum sound level had small variations between the schools with some exceptions.The equivalent sound level was Leq 58-62 dB(A) and this shows a small variation. The school with the highest equivalent sound level of 67 dB was Maria skolan. This high level can be explained by more children on the school yard together at the same time etc. The maximum sound level was 85-89 dB(A), this if the level for Sofia skolan 82 dB was ignored. The level 85-89 dB(A) also shows a small variation. Calculations of the sound reduction index (R'w) for facade elements were also carried out for all the schools. The resulting sound reduction index for the whole facade was 34-41 dB. After assuming a 200 mm thick concrete facade for Sjöstadsskolan another calculation of building elements gives that the window have to reduce R'w 32 dB to meet the indoor requirements. In the future WSP Acoustics will use this report to choose building elements such as windows when building or rebuilding schools. It can also be used if any of the eight schools in this report needs a window changed to improve the acoustics.