The aim of this study is to compare the subject syllabuses for history education in uppersecondary school of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Three syllabuses from Norway, two from Finland and one from Sweden for courses that are compulsory for higher education preparatory programmes in the three countries have been analysed and compared. Qualitative content analysis has been used to find similarities and differences for what the countries find important with and in the history subject. A deductive analysis has been used for the part of the syllabus where the aim and the goals are written. An inductive analysis has been used for the part of the course content. By using a deductive content analysis with a coding scheme based on common historical didactic terms, the result of this study shows that every country finds that historical consciousness, narration, historical empathy, historical method and the uses of history are important parts of the history subject and education. However, the countries differ when it comes to if they see these parts as the aim or as a goal with the subject or the education. The inductive content analysis shows that all countries find sources and work with sources, uses of history, time periods, global historical events and processes and development of state and societies as important parts of the education. A difference between the countries is that Finland and Norway have more specific national history content in the syllabuses than Sweden has. Therewith does this result show that both Norway and Sweden find it important to problematize the time periods and to have different historical questions, aspects and explanations in the content of history education.

The present study explores the reception of historical feature films in history education. It is concerned with how pupils experience the films as well as the significance of the feature film for their understanding and interpretation of history. The study incorporates empirical data from classroom projects in two different Swedish upper secondary schools where film was used as an educational tool. Observations of classroom activities were made and interviews with twelve pupils and their history teachers were conducted. The study applies a phenomenological approach. The lifeworld of the pupils is in focus, specifically the aspect of the lifeworld they live and experience in history class when film is used as a means of understanding the past. The phenomenon studied is thus how the pupils experience the film, and through the film, history itself. Theoretical notions from film reception studies and history didactics are used as analytic tools. The study shows how emotional and cognitive processes converge in the pupils’ meaning making of the films. The embodiment of the films’ narrative is an important factor that contributes to both the understanding of the film as well as of history. The pupils experience the films emotionally, feeling both empathy and antipathy for the various characters, physically through sight and sound as well as embodied reactions, and cognitively through an understanding of the film’s narrative. Embodied experience is fundamental for history to become materialized. The audiovisual portrayal and materialization of the past becomes embodied in the pupils so that the experience of the film and of the historical lifeworld presented therein becomes part of their lifeworld. Generally, pupils consider the films to be trustworthy, though this perceived accuracy depends on how authentically the narrative is performed and the pupils’ previous store of historical knowledge.  A didactic dilemma to consider when using historical feature film in the classroom is the contradiction between the aesthetic experience of a feature film and its use as a tool for understanding the past. The captivating character of feature film evokes empathy and engagement with the films’ characters regardless of the degree of historical accuracy. This is a critical issue for teachers; there needs to be balance between respect for the pupils’ aesthetic experience of the film and the need to guide them to develop for example the skills of historical empathy, where distance is necessary for the pupils to be able to consider different perspectives.

The Gift 2.0 - A Museological Study of donations of Objects and its Underlying Motives, is a study in order to explain why people choose to donate items for museums, rather than any other alternative.The empirical study consists of qualitative, semi-structured research-interviews conducted with seven selected curators from various museums, with extensive experience of the subject acquisition. I have chosen to only examine Swedish cultural-historical museums. The hypothesis that I assumed was first and foremost that the heritage sphere is what Pierre Bourdieu calls a field. The reason that people would donate objects to museums, is that the donation itself brings cultural capital to the donor, from people with the same habitus. Since I felt that Bourdieus theory of field, capital and habitus could not explain all the reason why people donate items to museum, my second hypotheses was that certain objects are what Annette Weiner called inalienable possessions, objects that at any cost may not be sold or bartered away. It is precisely the ability to keep the object outside of the commercial sphere that is the essential for an inalienable possession. Linked to this hypothesis I argued that museums act like a bastion of inalienable possessions, in which the donor can continue to keep the object while it has been given. My source material consists of the research interviews and secondary material that I have acquired during the study, consisting of literature, deed of gift and e-mail correspondence. I have analyzed both primary and secondary source material using my hypotheses. The results of this study verify that my hypothesis is valid to use as a musicological theory of gifts. The study is a two year master´s thesis in Museum and Heritage Studies.

Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att undersöka utvecklingen av kvalitetssystem i hälso- och sjukvården ur ett historiskt-institutionellt perspektiv utifrån fallstudier och konceptuella analyser. Särskilt analyseras implikationer av utvecklingen med avseende på relationen mellan den medicinska professionen och det politiskt administrativa systemet samt konsekvenser för den politiska styrningen av sjukvården. Studien visar att medicinska kvalitetssystem och därmed även den medicinska professionen bäddats in i den politiska styrningen i takt med att ambitionerna mot en offentlig kunskapsstyrning tilltagit. Den visar även att hälso- och sjukvårdens kvalitetsregister i olika faser av sin utveckling har påverkats av politiska ideologier, managementidéer och idéer om transparens. Öppna jämförelser som en oavsiktlig konsekvens av kvalitetsregisteranvändningen förstärker dessutom tendensen mot en offentlig kunskapsstyrning. Av studien framgår också att den offentliga kunskapsstyrningen utmanar föreställningen om demokratiidealet om upplyst förståelse. Den ökade fokuseringen på kunskapsstyrning inom hälso- och sjukvården gör det relevant att ställa frågan vem som styr vem i svensk hälso- och sjukvård, vilket i sig är en fråga om demokrati och legitimitet. / The aim with this thesis is to describe the quality development in Swedish healthcare from an institutional perspective, analyse implications of the development concerning the relationship between the medical profession and the public administrative system and discuss consequences for political direction and welfare organization. The study is based on four case studies and one conceptual analysis. The main conclusion is that the medical quality systems have been imbedded in the political management alongside the development towards a public knowledge management. The analysis has more specifically uncovered that quality registries in healthcare have been influenced by political ideologies, management ideas and ideas of transparency. It is also clear that open comparisons were an ‘unintended consequence’ of the quality registry development that has enhanced the development towards a public knowledge management. The analysis also shows that public knowledge management challenges the ideal of democratic enlightened understanding. The development of public knowledge management in the healthcare sector raises the question of who is governing whom in Swedish healthcare.

Selaginellaceae, spikemosses, is a heterosporous plant family belonging to the lycophytes. With an estimated age of some 350 million years, the family is historically important as one of the oldest known groups of vascular plants. Selaginellaceae is herbaceous with a worldwide distribution. However, the majority of the ca. 750 species in the single genus Selaginella are found in the tropics and subtropics. This thesis aims at elucidating the systematics and historical biogeography of Selaginellaceae. The evolutionary relationships of the family were inferred from DNA sequence data (plastid and single-copy nuclear) of one-third of the species richness in the group. Attention was paid to cover the previously undersampled taxonomic, morphological, and geographical diversity. Morphological features were studied and mapped onto the phylogeny. The results show an overall well-supported phylogeny and even more complex morphological patterns than previously reported. Despite this, many clades can be distinguished by unique suites of morphological features. With the phylogeny as a basis, together with the thorough morphological studies, a new subgeneric classification with seven subgenera, representing strongly supported monophyletic groups, is presented for Selaginella. By mainly using gross morphological features, easily studied by the naked eye or with a hand lens, the intention is that the classification should be useful to a broader audience. During the work with species determinations, it was revealed that the correct name for an endemic Madagascan Selaginella species is S. pectinata Spring, not S. polymorpha Badré as previously proposed. The robust phylogeny of Selaginellaceae allowed for a historical biogeographical analysis of the group. A time-calibrated phylogeny, together with extant species distribution data, formed the basis. The results show pre-Pangean diversification patterns, Gondwanan vicariance, and more recent Cenozoic long-distance dispersals. The many inferred transoceanic dispersals during the last 50 million years are surprising considering Selaginella’s large megaspores that are thought to have a negative effect on dispersal. In conclusion, this thesis presents a well-founded hypothesis of the evolutionary history of Selaginellaceae including its phylogeny, morphology, and historical biogeography. The thesis forms a firm basis for further studies on Selaginellaceae in particular, and gives us a better understanding of early land plant evolution in general.

The following essay is a thesis in Information Design with orientation in Informative illustration. The collaboration with the TT News Agency, which forms the basis of the work, presupposes that an information graphic about the history of smoking is produced, which occurs in connection with the new tobacco law coming into force on July 1, 2019. The purpose of the thesis is to examine how the formation of image manners can affect the historical connection to an illustration, and examine whether this can contribute to a perceived development of time. The aim of the enquiry is to explore whether it is possible to create a "timeline" without a line, using manners.   Through data collection and theories in semiotics, visual rhetoric, cognitive visualization and perception, as well as previous experiences throughout the education in Informative illustration, concept and design proposals were created. Methods used in the thesis are image analysis and testing, which took the form of an internet survey. The former was implemented to understand how the manners of the illustration should look like to create an affiliation to the stated time periods. The latter was carried out to investigate whether the target group experiences the connection between the illustrations and the time periods, and to investigate whether the illustrations together contribute to a historical development. The result of the study shows that manners can contribute with a historical connection, but the illustrations with a more distinctive appearance are considered easier to interpret. The result also concluded that object´s, such as clothes and jewelry, contributes to the understanding of the illustrations historical affiliation. Manners can also contribute to a perceived historical development, whereupon 96 percent of the survey participants perceived this. / Följande undersökning är ett examensarbete i Informationsdesign med inriktningen Informativ illustration. Samarbetet med TT Nyhetsbyrån, som ligger till grund för arbetet, förutsätter att en informationsgrafik om rökningens historia gestaltas, vilket sker i samband med att den nya tobakslagen träder i kraft 1 juli 2019. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur utformning av bildmanér kan påverka den historiska kopplingen till en illustration, samt undersöka om detta kan bidra till en upplevd utveckling av tid. Målet med undersökningen är att utforska om det är möjligt att skapa en ”tidslinje” utan linje, med hjälp av manér.Genom datainsamling och teorier inom semiotik, visuell retorik, kognitiv visualisering och perception, samt tidigare erfarenheter inom utbildningen Informativ illustration, utformades koncept- och gestaltningsförslag. Metoder som brukats i arbetet är bildanalys och utprovning, vilket tog form utav en surveyundersökning. Den förstnämnda genomfördes för att få en inblick i hur gestaltningarnas manér bör se ut för att skapa en tillhörighet till dess specifika tidsperiod. Den nästnämnda genomfördes för att undersöka om målgruppen upplever illustrationernas koppling till de tänka tidsperioderna , samt undersöka om målgruppen anser att illustrationerna i samverkan bidrar till en historisk utveckling.Resultatet av undersökningen påvisar att manér kan bidra med en historisk koppling, däremot anses de illustrationer med ett mer utmärkande manér enklare att avläsa. Det framkom även att bildobjekt och föremål, likt kläder och smycken, är bidragande vid förståelse för illustrationens historiska tillhörighet. Likaså kan manér bidra med en upplevd historisk utveckling, varpå 96 procent av enkätens deltagare anses uppfatta detta.

<p>Bakgrund: Kunskapen om sjuksköterskans roll i psykiatrisk vård ur ett historiskt perspektiv, är begränsad. Beskrivningen av den psykiatriska omvårdnaden är sparsam, det är därför viktigt att belysa sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsroll i den psykiatrihistoriska utvecklingen i Sverige.</p><p>Syfte: Att ur ett historiskt perspektiv beskriva psykiatrisk omvårdnad och sjuksköterskans roll i psykiatrisk vård.</p><p>Design: Deskriptiv litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats</p><p>Metod: Litteratur i form av akademiska avhandlingar, antologier och läroböcker som identifierats via universitetsbiblioteks katalogen Disa. Insamlad data har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.</p><p>Resultat: På medeltiden ansågs sjukdomen som en förtrollning. Fram till 1800- talet var det prästen som behandlade de psykiskt sjuka. På 1800- talet kom de första centralhospitalen och det var diakonnisor som tog hand om patienterna.1900- talet första hälft arbetade sjuksköterskorna i en ledande befattningar. I mitten av 1900- talet inleddes en ny era i den psykiatriska vården genom inträdandet av psykofarmakan. Sjuksköterskor beskriver sitt arbete att vårda patienterna  som en moder och känslor av hjälplöshet.</p><p>Slutsats: Omvårdnad av personer med psykisk ohälsa har under århundraden till stor del bedrivits isolerad från övriga samhället. Målet med vården har främst varit att få patienter lugna. Sjuksköterskerollen har befunnit sig i en underordnad ställning gentemot läkare men sjuksköterskorna har varit starka företrädare för vårdavdelningar, ibland i strid med manliga föreståndare utan sjuksköterskeutbildning. Sjuksköterskans roll har upplevts med inslag av att vara värdinna/moder till hjälplöshet av inte kunna hjälp personer med psykisk ohälsa. </p> / <p>Background: The knowledge of psychiatric nurses’ role in psychiatric care is from a historical perspective is limited. The description of the psychiatric nursing is modestly described, and therefore it is important to elucidate the caring role of the psychiatric nurse through the psychiatric history development in Sweden.</p><p>Aim: From a historical perspective, describe psychiatric nursing and the psychiatric nurses’ role in psychiatric care.</p><p>Design: A descriptive literature study with a qualitative approach.</p><p>Method: Literature like thesis, anthologies, text-books have been identified via the university library catalogue Disa. Collected data have been analyzed with a qualitative content analysis.</p><p>Results: During the middle Ages, mental illnesses were seen as an enchantment. Up to the 18^th century it was the priest who treated the mentally ill. In the 18^th hundred century the first central hospitals arrived and deaconess worked at these hospitals. The first half of the 19^th century the nurses worked in leading positions. During the middle of 19^th century a new era began in the psychiatric care when the new antipsychotic medicines arrived. Nurses describe their work, as being like a mother to their patients and the sensations of insecurity.</p><p>Conclusion: The caring of persons with mental diseases has during centuries been isolated from the rest of society. The purpose of caring has been to calm the patients. The nursing role has been in a subordinated position towards the doctors. In addition, the nurses have been strong upholders for the wards, sometimes in conflict with male staff managers without nursing education. The nursing role has been experienced with elements of to be hostess/mother and experiences of to be helpless when not being able to help persons with mental illness.</p>

<p>What traces of their actions are the Building Corporations in Sweden leaving in their archives and are they followingsome archival policies? This thesis is trying to answer that question. For that reason 25 archives fromSwedish Building Corporations have been investigated concerning their size, contents and age. Furthermore apoll performed by the Swedish National Archives in cooperation with the Swedish Employers’ Confederationhas been analyzed. As a complement to these investigations some people responsible for the archives at SwedishBuilding corporations have been interviewed about their companies’ archival policies.The result of this study is, sadly enough, that the Swedish Building Corporations are neglecting their archives.Most of the archives that were studied are very small, less than half a running metre. A few builders of thegeneration born in the late nineteenth century have left more or less extensive archives, but they were very poorlyorganized. But generally the will to build up archives for the need of the future researchers and for the culturalheritage seems to be very poor in the Building Corporations, even poorer than in the Swedish companies in general.Almost no archival strategies could be discerned, other than that most companies preserve their record onlyfor that time the law and their own immediate needs prescribe. That is a shame, concerning the Building Corporations’importance for the cultural heritage in that that the buildings they are making are forming our culturalenvironment.This is a two years master’s thesis in Archival Science.</p>

<p>This paper deals with an object donated by a group of members of the public to the Royal Armoury in Stockholm, Sweden. The donators claimed to own a horse bit that had been used by King Gustav II Adolf's mount in the battle of Lützen, where the King was killed. The bit was a gift to the donators' ancestor, the farmer and politician Petter Jönsson, from the King of Sweden, Oscar I, in the 1850's. In this paper, the donated bit is examined and found unlikely to be the bit used at Lützen. The examination also revealed that the bit now worn by the horse in its display is a prop, included in the group of objects in the 19^th century, and that the original bit probably was lost in a fire in 1648. The examination also raises questions on why this bit was considered a valuable gift, what consequences the gift transaction of the bit had for giver and reviever. It ends with a discussion about the donated bit and the bit in the display, and their roles at the museum in the future.</p>

<p>The electronic music studio ”Elektronmusikstudion” (EMS) inStockholm was initiated in 1963. It has had several different managers throughout the years. EMS soon became a rather costly project. Furthermore there have been several conflicts among staff and users wich has contributed to EMS fairly turbulent history. One main conflict concerns the issue wether EMS should be a research facility or a studio for composers. The many different managers of EMS have contributed to a rather unstructured filing of records. To facilitate the understanding of the documents in this archive, and because there is very little written about EMS history, I’ve included a rather comprehensive description of EMS organizational history.</p><p>The subject of this one year master’s thesis is to describe and examine difficulties I’ve encountered in the archival process. My main issues comprise the organization and separation of some of the documents, especially those concerning the conception and organization of EMS and also the abundant technical documentation. Also the question of office of origin has been a concern.</p>