Den projektbaserade arbetsformen blir allt mer vanligt förekommande inom alla nivåer i samhället. Projekt kräver planering, bland annat tid- och resursplanering. Tid är en av de viktigaste beståndsdelarna i projekt, och tidsaspekten är av avgörande betydelse om projektet kommer att lyckas i sin helhet. Resurser är en annan viktig beståndsdel som också har en avgörande betydelse om projekt kommer att nå målen. Samtidigt som projektet som arbetssätt tilltar, tenderar projekten att växa i storlek. Statistiken gör gällande att stora projekt ofta misslyckas ett problem som inte har minskat, trots mångåriga erfarenheter från projekt. Även om utbudet av metoder, tekniker och programverktyg är tämligen omfattande idag, kvarstår problemet med misslyckade projekt, trots mer erfarenhet och fler verktyg. Det råder ett generellt problem med att projekttiden minskar, i kombination av att komplexiteten ökar i alla former av projekt. Omständigheter som medfört större krav på projektplanering, särskilt tid- och resursplanering. Det kan antas att det finns ett behov av datoriserade projektplaneringsprogram, och antagandet att det är svårt att tid- och resursplanera utan stöd av olika metoder, tekniker och datorverktyg.Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur projektplanering i allmänhet och tid- och resursplanering i synnerhet bedrivs idag, och hur de olika metoderna, teknikerna och programverktygen kan förbättra, och underlätta projektplaneringen.

<p>This thesis presents methods for air sampling and determination of isocyanates, amines, aminoisocyanates and anhydrides. These organic compounds are generated during thermal degradation of polymers such as polyurethane (PUR) or epoxy.</p><p>Isocyanates, amines and anhydrides are airway irritants known to cause occupational asthma. Some of the compounds are listed as human carcinogens. Many workers are exposed.</p><p>Isocyanates and anhydrides are reactive and needs to be immediately derivatized during sampling. Methods have been developed for determination of airborne isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and anhydrides using di-n-butylamine (DBA) as reagent to form stabile urea derivatives or amide derivatives. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enabled detection limits as low as 10 attomoles. A nitrogen-selective LC-detector enabled quantification of DBA-derivatives in reference solutions. </p><p>A novel sampler is presented. The sampler consists of a denuder in series with a three-stage cascade impactor and an end filter. The sampler made it possible to reveal the distribution of isocyanates between gas and different particle size fractions. During thermal degradation of PUR, isocyanates were associated to particle size fractions (<1 µm) that may penetrate to the lower airways. The distribution during 8 minutes changes noticeably. Aromatic isocyanates become associated to small particles (<1 µm). As a reference method, air-sampling was performed using an impinger filled with di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene, connected in series with a glass fiber filter. There was a good agreement between the denuder-impactor sampler and the reference method.</p>

This thesis presents methods for air sampling and determination of isocyanates, amines, aminoisocyanates and anhydrides. These organic compounds are generated during thermal degradation of polymers such as polyurethane (PUR) or epoxy. Isocyanates, amines and anhydrides are airway irritants known to cause occupational asthma. Some of the compounds are listed as human carcinogens. Many workers are exposed. Isocyanates and anhydrides are reactive and needs to be immediately derivatized during sampling. Methods have been developed for determination of airborne isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and anhydrides using di-n-butylamine (DBA) as reagent to form stabile urea derivatives or amide derivatives. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enabled detection limits as low as 10 attomoles. A nitrogen-selective LC-detector enabled quantification of DBA-derivatives in reference solutions. A novel sampler is presented. The sampler consists of a denuder in series with a three-stage cascade impactor and an end filter. The sampler made it possible to reveal the distribution of isocyanates between gas and different particle size fractions. During thermal degradation of PUR, isocyanates were associated to particle size fractions (&lt;1 µm) that may penetrate to the lower airways. The distribution during 8 minutes changes noticeably. Aromatic isocyanates become associated to small particles (&lt;1 µm). As a reference method, air-sampling was performed using an impinger filled with di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene, connected in series with a glass fiber filter. There was a good agreement between the denuder-impactor sampler and the reference method.

<p>Abstract</p><p>In this thesis we aim to extend the current theories about a concept called persona. A persona is a model of a user, mostly based on qualitative research and made with such accuracy that it to some extent can be used as a replacement of a real user in a development process and as a communicative tool. We will present a way of constructing this persona without meeting the actual users and follow up with interviews from the organization using them. This will lead to a model over the process of introducing personas as a concept in an organization,previously not familiar with the concept. The model is adapted to also work for projects and organizations where the concept is already known.</p> / <p>Executive summary</p><p>When developing and designing systems or products to be used directly by end users,it is important that these are developed with people in mind. One way to do this is to have close contact between the end user and the developer as can be seen in for example agile development methods. This is however not applicable at all times and therefore the developer need to get the information about the end user some other way.</p><p>Often this is done by a spokesman or project manager for the ordering company who delivers the information to a project manager or spokesman for the systems development company who in turn make sure the developer get the relevant information. Of course this means that sometimes information that could be relevant is missed and sometimes even altered due to misunderstandings or even personal interest.</p><p>One way to deal with this is to have a written description or model of the primary end user that is so correct and accurate that it to some extent could be used as a replacement of the real user. Especially effective is this when making design decisions and as a communicative tool to ensure a common and shared picture of the different needs of the users. Even if a description of the end user has been made, the view of the user is not always shared.</p><p>This thesis will address the problem of creating this description of a user by using the concept of persona, first presented by Alan Cooper 1999 in his book “The Inmates are running the Asylum – Why High-Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity”. In our research we show that under certain circumstances, this can be done without actually meeting the real end users by interviewing and observing other people with very similar roles.</p><p>Using this persona as a development tool requires introduction of the concept in the organization as well as introduction of the personas for the actual project. This research is summarized in a model that includes the different steps of creating a persona using several methods and also how to implement this tool in an organization</p><p>or project. For each general step in the model there is a short description which includes the construction of personas and which activities to include in the introduction, either if personas is previously known or not.</p><p>Appendix 10 in this thesis consists of a brief and more hands on guide of the process of creating personas and introducing the concept in an organization. This guide could serve as a quick introduction to the subject and could also be used at a later time to refresh some of the highlights in the process.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Denna uppsats avser utöka befintliga teorier runt konceptet persona. En persona är en modell av en användare, baserad främst på kvalitativa studier, och utvecklad med sådan precision att den till vissa delar kan ersätta en riktig slutanvändare i en utvecklingsprocess samt som ett kommunikationsverktyg. Vi kommer att presentera ett sätt att utveckla denna persona utan att träffa den riktiga slutanvändaren och följa upp med intervjuer från organisationen som använder dem. Detta leder fram till en modell över processen med att utveckla personas samt införandet i en utvecklingsorganisation som tidigare inte har använt sig av konceptet. Modellen är anpassad för att fungera vid införande av persona även i projekt och organisationer där konceptet är känt sedan tidigare.</p>

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-08-08T11:12:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 15717745 bytes, checksum: 0fcd3fd6ffd19c3eacbec24acf76d0cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T11:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 15717745 bytes, checksum: 0fcd3fd6ffd19c3eacbec24acf76d0cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / The distance learning in Brazil is an increasing reality at the higher education, especially in the licentiate undergraduate courses. In this kind of teaching, the printed teaching material acquires a more relevant space since it may be the most effective source of knowledge, information and interface between the student and the teacher, even being inserted in other possibilities of virtual interaction. In this way, this research consists of the analysis in which the production and circulation process is possible, as the comprehension of the printed teaching material, approaching issues related to the categorization of the printed teaching material as a text genre, as well as the language and the verbal and non-verbal structure. This research aims to investigate the multimodal resources of the printed teaching material in all the curricular components of the first term at the Letras (Modern Arts) Course, distance learning, at the Technology, Science and Education Federal Institute of Paraíba, through the textual organization, the production and the reception conditions of the social developed actions, as a socialcommunicative tool. For this reason, the research took place in two fields of investigation: the textual analysis which observed the PTM under the perspective of the visual semiotics and had the conceptions of van Leeuwen (2005), at Introducing Social Semiotics as theoretical framework, and the syntactic analysis of the multimodal resources based on the metafunctions systematized by the Visual Design Grammar by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996[2006]); the textual production based in the production conditions presented by the Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) by Bronckart (1999[2009], 2006). To understand the PTM as a text genre, the SDI was also used to be especially related to the discussions of Bakhtin (2010 [1895-1975]) on the theme. These data analyses allowed understanding in a clearer possibility the relations between the constitution of the printed teaching material, not only in the verbal aspect but also in the non-verbal view, as well as the production and comprehension conditions of this genre in the teaching/learning process as an instrument which is able to create comprehensive and didactic communicative actions. / A educação a distância no Brasil é uma realidade crescente na formação superior, em especial, nos cursos de Licenciatura. Nessa modalidade de ensino, o material didático impresso conquista um espaço de maior relevância tendo em vista ser, talvez, a mais efetiva fonte de conhecimento, informação e interface entre o estudante e o professor, mesmo inserido em outras possibilidades de interação virtual. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho consiste na análise de uma das muitas frentes que o processo de produção, de circulação e de compreensão do material didático impresso possibilita, abordando questões relativas à categorização do material didático impresso como gênero textual, bem como à linguagem e à estrutura não verbal e verbal. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é investigar os recursos multimodais do material didático impresso de todos os componentes curriculares do primeiro período do curso de Licenciatura em Letras na modalidade a distância do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, a partir da organização textual, das condições de produção e recepção e das ações sociais desenvolvidas, como instrumento sociocomunicativo. Para isso, a pesquisa ocorreu em dois campos de investigação: o textual, que se ocupou de observar o MDI sob a perspectiva da semiótica visual, tendo como suporte teórico as concepções de van Leeuwen (2005) apresentadas no livro Introducing Social Semiotics e a análise sintática dos recursos multimodais com base nas metafunções sistematizadas pela Gramática do Design Visual de Kress e van Leeuwen (1996[2006]); a produção textual fundamentada nas condições de produção apresentadas pelo Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo-ISD por meio do que discute Bronckart (1999[2009], 2006). Para se ter o entendimento do MDI como gênero textual, recorremos, também, ao ISD com atenção especial ao que Bakhtin (2010 [1895- 1975]) discute sobre a temática. A análise desses dados possibilitou compreender melhor as relações entre a constituição do gênero material didático impresso, seja no aspecto verbal, seja no não verbal, e as condições de produção e compreensão desse gênero no processo de ensino e aprendizagem como instrumento capaz de criar ações comunicativas compreensíveis e didáticas.

Abstract In this thesis we aim to extend the current theories about a concept called persona. A persona is a model of a user, mostly based on qualitative research and made with such accuracy that it to some extent can be used as a replacement of a real user in a development process and as a communicative tool. We will present a way of constructing this persona without meeting the actual users and follow up with interviews from the organization using them. This will lead to a model over the process of introducing personas as a concept in an organization,previously not familiar with the concept. The model is adapted to also work for projects and organizations where the concept is already known. / Executive summary When developing and designing systems or products to be used directly by end users,it is important that these are developed with people in mind. One way to do this is to have close contact between the end user and the developer as can be seen in for example agile development methods. This is however not applicable at all times and therefore the developer need to get the information about the end user some other way. Often this is done by a spokesman or project manager for the ordering company who delivers the information to a project manager or spokesman for the systems development company who in turn make sure the developer get the relevant information. Of course this means that sometimes information that could be relevant is missed and sometimes even altered due to misunderstandings or even personal interest. One way to deal with this is to have a written description or model of the primary end user that is so correct and accurate that it to some extent could be used as a replacement of the real user. Especially effective is this when making design decisions and as a communicative tool to ensure a common and shared picture of the different needs of the users. Even if a description of the end user has been made, the view of the user is not always shared. This thesis will address the problem of creating this description of a user by using the concept of persona, first presented by Alan Cooper 1999 in his book “The Inmates are running the Asylum – Why High-Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity”. In our research we show that under certain circumstances, this can be done without actually meeting the real end users by interviewing and observing other people with very similar roles. Using this persona as a development tool requires introduction of the concept in the organization as well as introduction of the personas for the actual project. This research is summarized in a model that includes the different steps of creating a persona using several methods and also how to implement this tool in an organization or project. For each general step in the model there is a short description which includes the construction of personas and which activities to include in the introduction, either if personas is previously known or not. Appendix 10 in this thesis consists of a brief and more hands on guide of the process of creating personas and introducing the concept in an organization. This guide could serve as a quick introduction to the subject and could also be used at a later time to refresh some of the highlights in the process. / Sammanfattning Denna uppsats avser utöka befintliga teorier runt konceptet persona. En persona är en modell av en användare, baserad främst på kvalitativa studier, och utvecklad med sådan precision att den till vissa delar kan ersätta en riktig slutanvändare i en utvecklingsprocess samt som ett kommunikationsverktyg. Vi kommer att presentera ett sätt att utveckla denna persona utan att träffa den riktiga slutanvändaren och följa upp med intervjuer från organisationen som använder dem. Detta leder fram till en modell över processen med att utveckla personas samt införandet i en utvecklingsorganisation som tidigare inte har använt sig av konceptet. Modellen är anpassad för att fungera vid införande av persona även i projekt och organisationer där konceptet är känt sedan tidigare.

The older generation now have plenty of time for daily use of their computers. (1) Nordicom´s Mediabarometer from March 2014 shows that among daily users of the Internet, the age group 65-79 look for more information and digital companionship. On the average day in 2014 they spend 101 minutes on the Net, to be compared with 69 minutes in 2011, an increase of 68 %. Statistics available on the web in 2011 showed the 2009 figures relating to the interest of older adults in using (2) Facebook. Only 4 % of the Swedish users were in the interest group 65 plus, and there was no maximum age. The study intends to find out how potential Facebook users over 65 on sociala media perceive and use Facebook. • How, in wich way, does the older generation use Facebook? • With whom and why? • How use they their social interaction? • Covers Facebook user´s daily needs for information and communication on social media? To have my questions about Facebook answered, I had a questionnare compiled and laid it out on the Web, hoping for replies from potential users. SeniorNet in Sweden is an association of about 50 clubs across the country with 8 500 members. Through contact with SeniorNet in Stockholm area, who mediated my link to their area members, I received answers to my questions. The link to the questionnarie was available for about a month. Of the 90 induviduals who responded, 60 already used Facebook and 30 were not interested in using Facebook. Of the respondents most were woman; 58 woman (64 %) and 32 men (36 %) between 65 and 90. The most frequent use was watching on pictures and status resports of children and grandchildren, and also chatting with old friends and the family. Being able to get quick information about close relatives abroad in the event of natural disasters and not having to worry about them was very important. Being able to follow development of family members with pictures and status reports for those who were living abroad was also important. Availability and having quick answers from Facebook users was the most positive aspect, according to the study. / Den äldre generationen har nu gott om tid att använda datorn dagligen. [1] Nordicoms mediebarometer från mars 2014 visar att åldersgruppen 65-79 år söker mer information och digital gemenskap på nätet dagligen bland dem som använder internet. Användartiden på internet har ökat från 69 minuter 2011, till 101 minuter en genomsnittlig dag 2014, en ökning med 68 %. Statistik som fanns på webben 2011 visade 2009 års siffror, när det gällde äldre vuxnas intresse att använda [2] Facebook. Endast 4 % av Sveriges användare fanns med i intressegruppen 65 plus och det fanns inte någon maximiålder. Avsikten med studien är att få veta hur de som är potentiella användare av Facebook på sociala medier och är 65 plus uppfattar och använder Facebook. • Hur, på vilket vis använder den äldre generationen Facebook? • Med vem, vilka och varför? • Hur använder de sin sociala interaktion? • Täcker Facebook användarnas dagliga behov om information och kommunikation på sociala medier? För att få svar på mina frågor om Facebook lät jag sammanställa en enkät och lade ut den på webben för att få svar från potentiella användare. SeniorNet i Sverige har en sammanslutning av ett 50-tal klubbar i hela landet med 8 500 medlemmar. Genom kontakter med SeniorNet i Stockholms-området, som förmedlade min länk till sina medlemmar i deras områden fick jag svar på mina frågor. Länken med frågeformuläret fanns tillgängligt på webben i ungefär en månad. Av de 90 respondenterna jag fick respons från var 60 redan Facebookanvändare och 30 respondenter hade inte något som helst intresse av att använda Facebook. Det var mest kvinnliga användare 58 kvinnor (64 %) och 32 män (36 %) mellan 65-90 år, som svarade på enkäten. Mest frekvent var att titta på barn och barnbarns bilder och statusrapporter, men även att chatta med gamla vänner och inom familjerna. Att kunna få en snabb information av nära anhöriga utomlands i händelse av naturkatastrofer och att slippa oroa sig för dem var viktigt. Även att kunna följa utvecklingen av anhöriga med bilder och statusrapporter för dem som var bosatta utomlands. Tillgängligheten och att få snabba svar från användare på Facebook var den mest positiva aspekten enligt studien.

This master thesis is carried out in the field of “Human-Computer interaction”, more specifically the area “User-centered system design”. The focus has been on “usability” and useful graphical user interfaces. Current theories and definitions in the field have been considered. Literature studies contain well known authors and organisations in domains mentioned above; Jakob Nielsen, Donald A Norman and International Organization for Standardization ISO to mention some.  Another source for this work from which the theories and way of working have been used is the book “User-Centered System Design” written by Jan Gulliksen and Bengt Göransson.  The work started with a literature study followed by looking at methods to use. The next step was to do task and user analysis which followed by the development phase. The user has been given a central role in this project and, just as recommended, also been involved through the whole cycle. A useful method to get feedback from users, in addition to interviews and workshops, has been the “Heuristic Evaluation”.  The final result and conclusion shows that the user-centered system design is a powerful tool to adapt when designing and developing interactive user interface. / Detta examensarbete har utförts inom området för ”Människa-Datorinteraktion” mer specifikt ”Användarcentrerad Systemdesign”. Fokus har varit på ”användbarhet” och användbart grafiskt användargränssnitt. Aktuella teorier och definitioner har iakttagits. Litteraturstudien har omfattat välkända författare och organisationer i ovannämnda domäner; Jakob Nielsen, Donald A Norman och Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen ISO för att nämna några.  En annan källa vars teorier och arbetssätt har tillämpats i detta arbete är boken ”Användarcentrerad Systemdesign” av författarna Jan Gulliksen och Bengt Göransson.  Arbetet började med en litteraturstudie följd av val av lämplig metod. Nästa steg innebar att utföra uppgifts- och användaranalyser och därefter var det dags för utvecklingsfasen. Användaren har  haft en  central  roll  i  detta  projekt  och har,  precis  som  rekommenderat, involverats i samtliga  moment. En lämplig och nyttig metod för att få återkoppling från användarna, förutom intervjuer och workshop, har varit ”Heuristisk Utvärdering”.  Det slutliga resultatet och slutsatsen visar att användarcentrerad systemdesign är ett kraftfullt verktyg att nyttja när det kommer till design och utveckling av interaktivt användargränssnitt.

This thesis contains a usability evaluation of “Barnplay”, a Swedish video-on-demand service targeted at children. The objective of the study was to identify usability issues in the video service and to develop measures on improving the user interface, with special focus on adaptation to the broad target group of 3-11 year olds. The study was conducted by first mapping established practices in designs of VOD-services targeted at children, followed by interviews and usability tests with children between 2-11 concerning their use of “Barnplay”. Based on the initial data collection, a prototype was developed and then evaluated by usability testing and A/B-testing. The main conclusion of the study is the need of better individual adjustment of the video content selection to better appeal to different age segments within the target group. A design proposal, for a list of personal viewing history, was produced for displaying what the user recently had watched. / Detta examensarbete är en användbarhetsutvärdering av SVTs barnanpassade videotjänst, Barnplay. Arbetets mål är att identifiera användbarhetsproblem i videotjänsten och att ta fram åtgärder för att förbättra användargränssnittet, med särskilt fokus på anpassning till den breda målgruppen 3-11 år. Studien utfördes genom kartläggning av praxis vid design av VOD-tjänster riktade till barn, intervjuer och tester med barn mellan 2-11år kring deras användande av Barnplay. Utifrån den inledande datainsamlingen utarbetades en prototyp som utvärderades med användningstest samt A/B-test. Den viktigaste slutsatsen i studien var behovet av individuell anpassning av utbudet i videotjänsten för att bättre tilltala de olika ålderssegmenten inom målgruppen. Designförslaget som togs fram var en personlig historik-lista som visar de senast “tittade” titlarna.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is advancing by the day and AI is now a major part of our daily lives. As it evolves, new applications are being introduced and created to make the user's everyday life easier. The aim of our study is to review the potential for generative AI to act as a tool to support co-creation for designers in creative, exploratory processes. The methodology of the study was a qualitative investigation in the form of an experiment and a subsequent interview with five participants, comparing the experience of traditional individual idea generation with idea generation supported by a generative AI. The results show a generally positive attitude towards AI as a co-creation tool, especially for independent idea generation and in freelancing. It was found that users can be reminded of details that are easily overlooked. We also found that inconsistency can be used as a tool,even though it deviates from the general guidelines for AI systems that exist today. / Utvecklingen av Artificiell Intelligens (AI) går framåt för varje dag som går och AI utgör idag en stor del av vår vardag. I takt med utvecklingen introduceras nya användningsområden som skapas för att underlätta användarens vardag. Syftet med vår undersökning är att se över möjligheterna för generativ AI att fungera som ett verktyg för att stödja samskapande för designers i kreativa, explorativa processer. Metoden för studien var en kvalitativ undersökning i form av ett experiment och en efterföljande intervju med fem deltagare, där upplevelsen av traditionell individuell idégnerering jämförs med idégenerering med stöd frånen generativ AI. Resultatet visar en generell, positiv inställning till AI som ett samskapande verktyg för självständig idégenerering. Det framkom bland annat att användare kan bli påminda om detaljer som lätt annars förbises, samt att inkonsekvens kan användas som ett verktyg trots att det frångår de generella riktlinjer för AI-system som finns idag.