This study compared the narratives presented by government officials’ to the people in Sweden and Australia regarding the Covid-19 Pandemic. Government officials form the first line of communication and set the scene for further communication, contributing to peoples understanding of reality. This study investigated the first layer of communication to the nation in a global crisis. Comparing and contrasting cross cultural narratives that addressed the same global phenomenon yielded new knowledge about how narratives are told and can set the foundation for further communication and meaning making in the public.This study investigated communication to the nation to discover if the narrative differ or share commonalities between Australia and Sweden -two countries with significantly different strategies to handling the Covid-19 outbreak to the purpose of gaining deeper knowledge of how narration from national leaders is shaped and inform public meaning making.Method: Narrative Content Analysis (Content analysis, Narrative Analysis, Grounded Theory)Theory: Narrative Theory

Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för hur förskollärare arbetar med att synliggöra de yngsta barnens lärprocesser och hur detta har betraktats i förskolan. Frågeställningarna som ligger till grund lyder; Hur beskriver förskollärarna den pedagogiska verksamhetens utformning och dokumentation med de yngsta barnen?         och Hur har arbetssättet kring att synliggöra de yngsta barnens lärprocesser förändrats över tid ur förskollärares perspektiv? Studiens empiri har samlats in genom tre förskollärares livsberättelser som tolkats och analyserats utifrån narrativ teori med en hermeneutisk ansats. En utgångspunkt är att det krävs förförståelse för att kunna få ny förståelse, vilket utifrån förskollärarnas beskrivningar har ökat vår förståelse för förskollärarprofessionens utveckling i relation till samhällets utveckling. Studiens resultat lyfter hur förskollärarna arbetar med att synliggöra de yngsta barnens lärprocesser där framförallt konkreta och fysiska föremål framkommer som betydelsefulla. Arbetssättet kring att synliggöra barns lärprocesser har förändrats från att det inte var en del av uppdraget till att förskollärarna idag dokumenterar, reflekterar och analyserar kring barns lärande.  Slutsatsen som dras är att med hjälp av de strategier som lyfts i studiens resultat, i relation till förståelsen för förskolans utveckling, kan förskollärare möjliggöra för att tolka, förstå och synliggöra de yngsta barnens lärande. / The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of how preschool teachers work to make visible the learning processes of the youngest children and how this has been viewed in preschool. The underlying questions are; How do preschool teachers describe the desgin and documenting with the youngest children? and How has the approach to making the youngest children's learning processes visible changed over time from the preschool teachers' perspective? The empirical data was collected through three preschool teachers' life stories, which were interpreted and analysed using narrative theory with a hermeneutic approach. A starting point is that prior understanding is required to gain new understanding, which based on the preschool teachers' descriptions has increased our understanding of the development of the preschool teaching profession in relation to the development of society. The results of the study highlight how preschool teachers work to make visible the learning processes of the youngest children, where concrete and physical objects in particular emerge as significant. The approach to making children's learning processes visible has changed from not being part of the mandate to preschool teachers now documenting, reflecting and analysing children's learning.  The conclusion drawn is that using the strategies highlighted in the study's findings, in relation to understanding preschool development, preschool teachers can enable the interpretation, understanding and visibility of the youngest children's learning.

Literary theory widely attests to the powerful role of characters as vehicles in producing meaning. Yet current narrative models focus almost exclusively on primary characters, neglecting supporting characters, who are capable of reshaping narrative emphases or revealing layers of story within the story. This project demonstrates the significance of supporting characters in biblical narratives by applying a narrative methodology drawn from cognitive narratology to the Jephthah story (Judg 10:6 12:7) in order to illuminate the distinct perspectives of each secondary character within its storyworld. The first chapter outlines a cognitive narrative methodology, which asserts that the purpose of narrative is not merely to convey a meaning, but for readers to experience and engage the story. Therefore, it focuses not on determining the meaning of the text, but embracing the power of stories to become transformative and meaningful experiences for the reader with multiple points of engagement (characters). Chapter two introduces the timecourse (causally related sequence of events) of the Jephthah cycle and then analyzes the initiating event perspective. This chapter establishes the situations and expectations between Yhwh and his people that echo in unique ways into the scenes that follow. Each chapter that follows re-reads the story of Jephthah (Judg 10:17 12:7) through the lens of a supporting character king, the daughter of Jephthah, and the Ephraimites person and perspective through their social role (social and historical expectations built into social models), mode of conduct (character assessment based on biblical and social norms), and disposition (the personality of that character determined through speech, action, or direct narration). Each chapter also assesses the tellability of the story (establishing their viable perspective within the text) and concludes by summarizing the perspective and engaging with it from my own subjective awareness. Using the Jephthah account, I demonstrate the complexity and depth of the many unnamed characters who engage with this morally ambiguous judge, suggesting that they are part of a pattern of outside, or other, voices in biblical narrative that have the power to transform readers.

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Most current studies of suffering are based upon an existential approach which focuses on suffering itself. Theodicy has mainly been concerned with people's attitudes and communication within themselves and with others about religious symbols and ideas. Particularly, this study examines the Korean attitude to suffering using its cultural dimension in a contextual hermeneutics. The researcher was interested in two notions: personal identity in its cultural dimension and the hermeneutics of suffering. The research questions addressed were as follows. a) How to define Korean personhood? b) What is cultural identity? c) How do people create personal identity? d) How does a person cope with suffering? The chief findings were as follows. a) A study of Korean self-understanding can be accomplished by exploring their lifeworld to describe and understand this people's language for daily communication, popular cultural myths, and spirituality. b) Cultural identity in this thesis means indigenous Korean self-understanding using the socio-cultural framework in its own terms and ideas. This self-knowledge mediates history, culture, and language. c) Personal identity is constructed by a narrative identity. d) Suffering can be coped with by communication with and through oneself, others, and God. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / Th.D. (Practical Theology)

Esta tese estuda a obra do escritor Thomas Bernhard, especialmente a partir de dois de seus romances, a saber Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984) e Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall. (1986). Pela mediação entre forma literária e forma social, pretende-se desvendar dinâmicas históricas inscritas na forma literária elaborada pelo escritor austríaco. Por um lado, o autor busca \"politizar a estética\" por meio de uma estética da provocação formal, com o que cita diretamente a sociedade e quebra as fronteiras bem delimitadas entre ficção e realidade. Por outro lado, dadas as condições históricas específicas da Áustria após a Segunda Guerra, e apoiando-se na formulação adorniana da arte como historiografia inconsciente de nosso tempo, Bernhard cria uma obra que procura ler a contrapelo (Benjamin) e atualizar esta rica tradição num momento propício, culminando em sua obra dos anos 80. / The present dissertation is a study of the work of Thomas Bernhard, based mainly in two of his novels, Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984), and Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall (1986). The intention is to uncover the historical dynamics inscribed in the literary form developed by the Austrian author through the mediation between literary and social form. On the one hand, Bernhard seeks to \"politicize the esthetics\", making use of an esthetics of formal provocation that makes direct references to real people of the Austrian society, effacing the sharp distinction between fiction and reality. On the other hand, in the specific context of the historical condition of Austria after the Second World War and based on Adorno\'s concept of art as the unconscious historiography of our time, Bernhard writings seek to renew this rich tradition in a way that is opposed to the traditionally accepted one (Benjamin) and to bring it up-to-date in a propicious context. The higher point of this achievement is the work he produced during the decade of 1980.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore the functions of narration in Amy Tan’s novel The Hundred Secret Senses. The dissertation is divided into three parts: 1 ‘Introduction’, 2 ‘Analysis’ and 3 ‘Conclusion’. After presenting the writings of Amy Tan and my chosen primary literature, I give a brief survey of terms, theories and previous research. Part 2 ‘Analysis’ is presented in an order that corresponds approximately to the chronology of the primary literature, and will be divided into three chapters: 2.1 ‘Explain, Build a Relationship and Reflect’, 2.2 ‘Influence Thinking and Behaviour’ and 2.3 ‘Remember, Unify and Transmit’. Chapter 2.1 has the first half of the novel as its main focus. It is organised mainly after the clarity of the narrator’s voice, i.e. if the narrator shows (e.g. ‘indirect explanation’) or tells (e.g. ‘explicit explanation’), and analyses how narration functions in order to ‘explain’, ‘build a relationship’ and ‘reflect’ on events and other things. Chapter 2.2 elaborates on the narration that takes place before and after the trip to China, an event that divides the novel into two halves. This chapter deals with the function of ‘influence’, which can be seen as a result of the narrator’s authority and is summarised in the section called ‘Steps of Influence’. Chapter 2.3 delves into the functions of narration most visible in the novel’s second half, which takes place in China. The functions of ‘remembrance’, ‘unification’ and ‘transmission’ have many sub-functions in common, which could perhaps be seen as a result of the blurred perspectives in the novel’s plot. Part 3 aims to summarise the results of the analysis. A theme that recurs through the analysis of functions is the relationship and balance of authority between the two characters/narrators. Sometimes a narrator’s authority, or a shift in this balance, is a prerequisite of a function of narration.

本研究旨在藉由2008年馬英九當選「中華民國第十二屆民選總統」後電視新聞相關報導內容的敘事分析，探討其試圖傳達的意義、形象，以了解電視新聞媒體對廣大閱聽眾「說了什麼」及「如何說」馬英九之神話故事，藉此歸納出新聞媒介「造神運動」的過程。 Barthes (1972)指出，神話系統可劃分為一級語言系統與隱含意識形態的二級神話系統。本研究循此從古代神話進而論述媒體神話、電視新聞神話於兩階層不同深度的意義，並根據Chatman (1978 )敘事理論和考量電視新聞之媒體特質將電視新聞神話第一層分為故事內容與敘事手法，以敘事分析之研究方法分析馬英九相關電視新聞。 研究結果發現，馬英九新聞故事多描述其個人形象塑造、兩岸與經濟政策、520就職典禮相關事宜及內閣人事等情節，並不時突顯其領導才能、公共議題與政見、政黨代表因素、政治風格、本土化特質、個性與個人背景等特色，且多報導其於公共流行文化領域之內容。其敘事手法則多以全景、長景與中景鏡頭拍攝，且記者多使用非干擾性旁白聲調述說新聞故事，而聽覺的後製效果應用較少。 資料分析亦顯示馬英九新聞故事暗示之意識形態可分為人民認為優秀總統應具備的條件與期許、兩岸關係爭議、親美思想以及新時代來臨等四類，此亦反映台灣社會價值觀、國際與政治情勢以及人民對新政府的期待。 / The research aims at exploring the meaning and individual image presented in Ma Ying-Jiu’s television reporting after his election of R.O.C president in 2008. By means of narrative analysis, the study is expected to understand the TV news media “what to tell” and “how to tell” the mythical news story of Ma Ying-Jiu, and to generalize the “Mythmaking Movement” process. As Barthes (1972) points out, myth is a second-order system constructed of linguistic system and ideological myth system. Based on the structure, this research discusses two orders of “myth” from ancient myth to media and television news myth respectively. Besides, with the concerns of television features, the linguistic system of TV news myth can be further divided into narrative “content” and “techniques” according to narrative theory proposed by Seymour Chatman. Results of this analysis indicate that, in terms of news plots, Ma Ying-Jiu’s TV news stories can be classified into the following categories such as individual image presentation, cross-Strait relations and economic policy, 520 inauguration ceremony and government personnel. For the role traits part, news stories are generally focused on Ma’s leadership, public issue, political party and style, localization, personality, and personal background. Even more, the sphere of public and popular is the most used setting in Ma’s news story according to this analysis. As for the technique, the full, long and medium shot and non-interrupted reporting tone are regularly used, while the other postproductions are not. In respect of ideology, Ma’s television reporting reflects four categories as follows: condition and expect of an outstanding president, cross-Strait controversy, pro-America thinking, and the coming of new epoch.

本研究自語言的想像和傳承起興，探討新聞報導時間的變化。主採敘事學觀點，輔以語言學相關概念綜論新聞文本時間敘事的特色，並進而論及其時間想像及歷史感。 文本取材自人民日報和聯合報共十一則報導，逐篇進行言說模式及窗口分析，其結果說明新聞報導的歷史感非只憑敘述過去事件，更須著重過去和現在素材的連接，不同的連接形式，即敘事時間次序、頻率、節奏的變化各有其意義，並以指示語及各種資訊狀態縫合文本時間的跳躍和變動。而文本中的可然世界(作者或故事人物的精神活動之敘述)則在時間交錯處編織出可供讀者掌握過去、現在、未來時間的各種想像。 / This study, originated from imagination and inheritance of language, aims at examining features of narrative time. Taken a narratologic perspective with concepts borrowed from linguistics, this research discusses the narrativity in news text and also further explores temporarity and sense of history in news. A total of 11 news stories selected from the People’s Daily (Beijing) and the United Daily News (Taipei) were then analyzed by using the methods of discourse analysis and window analysis respectively. The results showed that the sense of history in news was more than simple description of the past events. In fact, it (the sense of history) could only be emphasized by connecting materials of both the past and the present. Further, with different forms of time connection, such as frequency, order, and tempo, news texts could be understood with the use of deixis and information status despite time fluctuation and change. Finally the possible world delineated in any news text would construct the readers’ imagination and allow them to hold the past, the present and the future all together. Keywords: time imagination, narrative theory, deixis, information status, discursive structure, here and now