Through the collection and analysis of negotiations surrounding the gay magazine Destroyer, the intention of this paper is to identify norms of sexuality within a contemporary sex-radical discourse. These negotiations are collected from interviews with individuals whom, at the time of the inter-view, consider themselves or their politics sex-radical. In order to allow for a more general under-standing of the context in which these negotiations have come about, material about Swedish law is also included in this text, together with the interview material, and serves as a base for analysis through the application of Gayle Rubin’s theory on the hierarchical value system of sexuality. Following, are the main themes throughout the paper: The meaning of the context; Sexualized children; The possibility to (not) participate: differences of power; The decision whether or not to sell the publication and The position of the pedophile and crossgenerational love/sexuality within the LGBTQ community. Key words: sex radicalism, pornography, boy-love, kiddy porn, pedophilia, Destroyer, Gayle Rubin.

This thesis analyses the development towards a mass market pornographic press. Sweden (in addition to Denmark) is often described as a forerunner in this development when the so-called “porn wave” hit most of the Western world in the late 1960s. The “porn wave” was the starting point of the contemporary pornographic press, which put sexually explicit pictures on the international market. Denmark was the first country in the world to decriminalize pornographic pictures in 1969 and Sweden followed in 1971. While previous research in Sweden often blames decriminalisation for the growth of the pornographic market, this thesis shows that the “porn wave” preceded the alteration of the Freedom of the press act and thus calls for a more multifaceted analysis of the development. Very few studies have been made about the development from an underground exclusive market of explicit pornography to a legal mass market. This thesis, however, makes a survey of all the Swedish publishers of pornographic magazines, their length on the market, and the market conditions. By analysing the regulation of pornography prior to 1971 and the legal cases leading to prosecutions of the publishers, the strategies used to challenge the regulation are traced. Special attention is also paid to how the monopoly on distribution held by Pressbyrån, a company owned by the Swedish press, affected the pornographic press. By cooperating and starting their own distribution channels, the pornography publishers managed to challenge Pressbyrån’s regulations. Great emphasis is laid on the discursive construction of pornography in mass media and in the parliamentary debates. This thesis argues that the antagonisms between the pornographic press and its critics are central in understanding how pornography was perceived and that these debates have decisively impacted the market conditions. Sensation-seeking articles in the evening papers, and the politicians’ liberal attitudes towards the pornographic press, made the market seem more open and lucrative. The resistance towards the establishment of a mass market and explicit pornographic press was strong during the whole period – but these critics used quite varying arguments. By analysing these arguments, this thesis shows how the pornographic press touched on sensitive cultural norms regarding marriage, young people’s sexuality, homosexuality, gender and love. The second half of the 1960s was a turning point in the development of the pornographic press, the discursive construction of pornography and in the political strategies used to combat pornography. In just a few years, the pornographic press grew substantially and started to publish explicit pictures of intercourse. In that same period, the construction of pornography went from a conservatively Christian understanding to a sexually liberal – and later to a feminist understanding of its problems. The government introduced a “porn raid” against the magazines, prosecuted many of them, and then paradoxically decriminalized pornography in 1971. Theoretically, the conclusion is made that pornography has to be seen in its historical context and in relation to its special market conditions. Since pornography continually has been a contested commodity, its controversial status has resulted in special regulations, marketing difficulties and lack of income from advertisements.

The aim of this study is to analyse how pornography is used in the American comics X-Men, published by Marvel under the authorship of Chris Claremont. I have applied Butler and MacKinnons theories about pornography as a performative speech, to this special art form. I have also investigated how censorship has influenced the comics evolution and whether it has affected the way women and sexual and ethnical minorities are represented. To corroborate how these theories apply, I have analysed three main female fig-ures in The X-Men comics - Storm, Phoenix and Shadowcat - and I have tried to identify how they relate to existing stereotypes. The conclusion of this essay is that the women characters in X-Men break the existing stereo-types and create new implications. This reinforces Butler’s theory about the possibility to re-verse hate speech and diminishes MacKinnons perspective of pornography as an imperative.

The novel American Psycho was first published in 1991. It recieved harsh criticism and was viewed as a work of heterosexism, misogyny and pointless violence. Despite the criticism, the protagonist, a wealthy serial killer yuppie namned Patrick Bateman, fascinated the readers. He hides his monstrosity behind a façade of heteronormativity, but this essay shows that the norms in American Psycho are fragile. Batemans relationships are shallow, his identity is constructed out of traditional masculinitynorms and even though he’s homophobic there’s a homoerotic undertone in the text, as well as gothic patterns that give the novel a fair amount of queerness too. This analysis shows that the fear of AIDS, imprinted in the text, works as a representation for Bateman’s discrepancy concerning his sexuality. It brings to light that Bateman’s feelings towards two of his collegues are charachterized by homoerotic yearnings, and that shallow readings, where the text is not interpreted, allows the brutal violence to divert attention from the novel’s queer meaning. / Romanen American Psycho publicerades 1991. Den fick hård kritik och sågs som ett heterosexistiskt, misogynt verk fullt av meningslöst våld. Trots kritiken fascinerade protagonisten, den förmögna seriemördaryuppien Patrick Bateman, läsarna. Bateman döljer sin monstrositet bakom en heteronormativ fasad men den här uppsatsen visar att textens heteronorm är bräcklig. Batemans relationer är ytliga, identiteten är konstruerad från traditionella maskulinitetsnormer, han är homofobisk, även då gotiska, homoerotiska undertoner präglar texten. Analysen visar att AIDS-skräcken som präglar boken är synonym med Batemans sexualitetsdiskrepans, att hans känslor för två av hans kollegor är av homoerotisk karaktär, samt att i ytliga läsningar av romanen, där texten inte tolkas, gör det explicita våldet att läsarens uppmärksamhet avleds från romanens queera innebörd.

This study examines how the increased presence of pornographic influences in adolescents daily lives has affected their ability to act when exposed to pornographic materials. The aim of this study has been to investigate what strategies that adolescents use when tackling the pornographic presence in relation to the differing opinions voiced in the general society, in order to become pornwise. The data has been collected through focus groups with adolescents in the later years of high school and using Parker et al.s (1998) theoretical framework for navigation through a drug landscape. Drawing parallels to Parker et al.s (1998) study this study has retrieved four different strategies for becoming pornwise; the joker, the searcher, the moralist and the debater. The conclusion of this study shows that adolescents formulate several different strategies to tackle the pornographic presence and navigate through the pornographic landscape. In addition the results suggest that adolescents are in need of further tools from the adult- world such as, for example, improved sexual education in school and further support from parents, in order to feel comfortable in their navigation and becoming pornwise.

Bakgrund: Genomsnittsåldern för exponering av pornografi bedöms vara så låg som 10-års ålder. Ungdomar vänder sig till pornografi i brist på adekvat sex- och samlevnadsundervisning och konsumtion av pornografi kan leda till sexuellt riskbeteende. Barnmorskan har en vital roll i att främja sexuell hälsa såväl i enskilda samtal på ungdomsmottagningen som i skolan. Syfte: Att undersöka barnmorskors erfarenheter av att samtala om pornografi med ungdomar. Metod: I studien genomfördes intervjuer med sex barnmorskor verksamma på olika ungdomsmottagningar i sydvästra Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen gav upphov till fyra kategorier; Barnmorskan anpassar sitt förhållningssätt, Effekter av ungdomars konsumtion, Pornografi finns överallt och Barnmorskan berikar sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen. Konklusion: Barnmorskor erfar att samtal om pornografi är utmanande. Pornografiskt material bidrar till komplex kring fysiologiska och kroppsliga attribut hos ungdomar och medför att normer förskjuts och aktioner normaliseras, vilket resulterar i att ungdomar utför saker mot sin vilja. Pornografins förmåga att influera och de potentiella risker som konsumtion medför i samband med att ingen barnmorska per automatik diskuterar pornografi med ungdomar bör ses som ett observandum. Samtalet om pornografi kan därmed vara avgörande för att främja och stärka den sexuella hälsan bland ungdomar. / Background: The average age of exposure of pornography is estimated to be as low as 10 years. Adolescents turn to pornography due to a lack of adequate sex and cohabitation education, and consumption of pornography can lead to a sexual risk behaviour. The midwife has a vital role in promoting sexual health in individual conversations at the youth clinic as well as in school. Aim: To explore midwives’ experiences of talking to adolescents about pornography Method: The study were conducted by interviews with midwives working at various youth centers in southwestern Sweden. The data material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The analysis gave rise to four categories; The midwife adapts her approach, The effects of adolescents consumption, Pornography is everywhere and The midwife enriches sex and cohabitation education. Conclusion: Midwives find that talking about pornography is challenging. Pornographic material contributes to the complexity of physiological and physical attributes of adolescents and causes norms to be shifted and actions normalized, resulting in adolescents doing things against their will. Pornography’s ability to influence and the potential risks that consumption entails in connection with the fact that no midwife automatically discusses pornography with adolescents should be seen as an admonition. The conversation can therefore be crucial in promoting and strengthening the sexual health of adolescents.

Bakgrund: Många barn kommer i kontakt med pornografiskt material under sin uppväxt. Pornografi är lättillgängligt och kan påverka beteenden, kroppsideal och föreställningar av sexualitet. Det kan problematiseras utifrån hälsa, jämställdhetssynpunkt och Sexuell och Reproduktiv Hälsa och Rättigheter (SRHR). Arbetet med SRHR sker både inom skolan och hälso- och sjukvård. Det finns behov av att prata om pornografi inom det hälsofrämjande arbetet med barn, där skolsköterskan har en viktig roll. Motiv: Tydliga riktlinjer kring hur skolsköterskor bör adressera ämnet saknas. Genom att beskriva skolsköterskors uppfattning kring att prata om pornografi kan en djupare förståelse fås för de behov, utmaningar och möjligheter som finns och därmed kan en förståelse erhållas för hur arbetet kan utvecklas. Syfte: Beskriva skolsköterskors uppfattning av att prata om ämnet pornografi i sitt hälsofrämjande arbete. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio skolsköterskor inom grundskolan. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera den insamlade datan. Resultat: Skolsköterskorna upplevde det viktigt att prata om pornografi med barn. Att våga prata, vara lyhörd, respektfull och inge förtroende lyftes som viktiga egenskaper för att få barnen att känna sig bekväma i samtalen. Skolsköterskorna ville förmedla en medvetenhet kring ämnet, såsom kritiskt förhållningssätt samt förmedla en annan bild av sexualitet. Det fanns svårigheter i när och hur ämnet skulle börja pratas om. Ett behov av ökad kunskap i ämnet och förståelse för vad barnen möter lyftes. Det upplevdes finnas behov att prata om ämnet kontinuerligt, och samverkan med andra kunde utgöra antingen ett hinder eller en tillgång. Konklusion: Att prata om ämnet pornografi med barn är känsligt och komplext men sågs som viktigt utifrån professionen. Ämnet kan bemötas på olika sätt men det behövs mer kunskap, kontinuitet och god samverkan. Utformning av evidensbaserade arbetsmodeller för samtal om pornografi skulle kunna minska osäkerheten bland skolsköterskorna. / Background: Many children encounter pornography during their childhood. Pornography is easily accessible and may affect behaviours, body ideals and ideas in relation to sexuality. This can be problematised from a health, gender equality and SRHR (sexual and reproductive health and rights) perspective. The work with SRHR is carried out within schools and healthcare, where the school nurse plays an important role. Motive: There is an absence of guidelines on how school nurses should address pornography. By describing school nurses’ perceptions about talking about pornography, a deeper understanding about the existent needs, challenges and opportunities can emerge and enable an appreciation on how to improve the work. Aim: To describe school nurses’ perceptions regarding talking about pornography within their health promoting work. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with nine school nurses were conducted. The data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The school nurses expressed that it was important to talk about pornography with the children. Courage, confidence, being careful and respectful, was described as valuable qualities in making the children feel more comfortable when discussing pornography. The school nurses wanted to convey a critical approach to pornography, and reveal a different view of sexuality. However, determining when and how the subject should be brought up proved difficult. The school nurses expressed a need for increased knowledge and understanding regarding children's experiences online, as well as a need to address the subject regularly. Cooperation with other professionals in the school could either be an obstacle or an asset. Conclusion: Talking about pornography is complex and sensitive, but it was thought of as important within the profession. The subject can be addressed in different ways but an increased knowledge, continuity and cooperation is required. A formation of evidence based working models for talking about pornography could decrease insecurity among school nurses.

The present study aims to analyze the determining role of biology teachers and guardians in the discursive gap between children's sexuality, sexual curiosity and the sexual depiction of pornography. With an understanding of children's sexuality as holistic and dependent on many perspectives, the study highlights various factors that influence the child's knowledge about Sex and Reproductive Health in the biology subject. The study is an in-depth analysis-of various narratives presented by biology teachers and guardians regarding children’s sexuality and the teaching practice in Sex and Reproductive Health Education in Sweden. The critical discourse analysis is based on critical childhood theory and postconstructivism, which lays the framework for the study’s theoretical underpinnings. This means that an interpretation of respondents' linguistic communication permeates the study.The conclusion is that perceptions of the child's sexuality differ between biology teachers and the guardians, of which different opinions about the teaching content of Sex and Reproductive Health Education can be ascertained. All “important adults” (biology teachers and guardians) agree that pornography depicts a false image of sexual relationships, but when this is to be raised with the pupils, there are split perceptions. Another conclusion is that the determining role and values of teachers and guardians is an aspect that can influence what knowledge middle school pupils are given the opportunity to acquire. This may be significant when considering whether pupils gain sufficient knowledge about sexual relations, in school, in such way that the sexual depiction of pornography is not the only image of sexuality presented to them.

Tonåringar och unga vuxna befinner sig i ett ständigt sökande efter sig själva, med en önskan om att få passa in och en längtan efter villkorslös kärlek. Den eviga tron på att vara odödlig och ett inte alltid utvecklat konsekvenstänk, gör ungdomen sårbar och riskbeteendena kan därför bli många. I dagens samhälle florerar mängder av normer och förväntningar som påverkar ungdomar. Att på egen hand navigera och kritiskt granska omvärlden är svårt för både tonåringar och unga vuxna i allmänhet, men för de som inte fått med sig rätt verktyg och kunskaper i synnerhet, blir omgivningen ibland svårtolkad. Syftet med denna kvalitativa intervjustudie var att studera vilka typiska sexuella problem som är mest framträdande bland tonåringar och unga vuxna idag, samt att undersöka huruvida dessa problem är en konsekvens av negativ social påverkan. Med en socialpsykologisk ansats studerades detta genom teorier om social påverkan, sociala normer, konformitet och sexuella script. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med barnmorskor och kuratorer på ungdomsmottagningar samt skolsköterskor på gymnasium och högstadieskolor genomfördes. Resultaten visar att destruktiva sexuella normer leder till både psykiska och fysiska sexuella problem och kan vara en konsekvens av såväl enbristande sexualundervisning, en inte tillräckligt närvarande vuxenvärld, sociala medier och pornografi. / Adolescents and young adults are in a constant search for themselves, with a desire to fit in and a longing for unconditional love. The eternal belief in beeing immortal and ignoring consequences make young people vulnerable and exposed to various types of risk behaviors. In society today, a multitude of different norms abound affecting youth. For adolescents and young adults who have not yet acquired the right tools or knowledge, the environment becomes all the more difficult to interpret. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to investigatewhich typical sexual problems are most prominent among teenagers and young adults today, and to investigate whether these problems may be a consequence of negative social impact.With a social psychological approach, this is studied through theories of social influence, social norms, conformity and sexual scripts. Ten semi-structured interviews with midwives and councilors at youth clinics as well as school nurses at junior high schools and high schools were conducted. The results show that destructive sexual norms lead to both mental and physical sexual problems and can be a consequence of both a lack of sex education, an insufficiently present adult world, social media and pornography.

Introduktion: Pornografi har framställts och konsumerats långt tillbaka i historien. Digital informationsteknik har medfört att pornografi idag är mycket tillgänglig, även för ungdomar i tidiga tonåren som är vana vid att navigera i digitala miljöer. Tidigare forskning har visat att pojkar i genomsnitt är omkring 12 år när de aktivt söker pornografi för första gången. Pornografi är ett omdebatterat ämne, och särskilt ungas konsumtion. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka, sammanställa och beskriva hur unga 10–24 år påverkas av pornografi. Syftet tydliggjordes med frågeställningen “Vilka effekter har pornografi för ungas hälsa?”. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt, omfattande kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. Vid analys sammanställdes, kodades och kategoriseras insamlade data i olika teman. Resultat: Sex olika teman identifierades: Psykisk ohälsa, våldsamt beteende, sexuellt risktagande, genusnormativa maktförhållanden, kroppsideal samt inspirations- och kunskapskälla. Slutsats: Konsumtion av pornografi kan medföra effekter för ungas livsvillkor och hälsa på ett flertal olika sätt. Det finns indikationer om att pornografi kan påverka den psykiska hälsan hos unga konsumenter. Unga upplever att kroppsideal och hur de har sex influeras av pornografi. Pornografi kan ge upphov till ett våldsamt beteende och sexuellt risktagande samt bidra till att förstärka genusnormativa maktförhållanden där kvinnan underordnas mannen. / Introduction: Pornography has been produced and consumed since the prehistoric age. With digital information technology, pornography today is more accessible than ever, even for early teenagers who are accustomed to navigating digital environments. Previous research has shown that on average boys seek out pornography for the first time at the age of 12 years. Pornography is a debated topic, and especially the use of it by adolescents. Aim: The purpose of this literature review compile and describe how adolescents 10–24 years are affected by pornography. The aim was elucidated by the research question 'What effects does pornography have on adolescent’s health?' Method: A systematic literature review, comprehensive qualitative and quantitative studies. During analysis, collected data was compiled, coded and categorized into different themes. Results: Six themes were identified: Mental illness, Violent behavior, Sexual risk-taking, Gender normative power relationships, Body Ideals, and Source of inspiration and knowledge. Conclusion: Pornography consumption can affect adolescents living conditions and health in different ways. There are indications that pornography can affect the mental health of young consumers. Adolescent’s experience that body ideals and how they have sex are influenced by pornography. Pornography may result in violent behavior and sexual risk-taking, as well as contribute to strengthening gender-normative power relations in which the woman is subordinated to the man.