<p>Vårt samhälle idag präglas av ett ökat flöde av varor, tjänster och information och avståndet till världen runt omkring oss krymper. För organisationer innebär detta att kravet på effektivitet har blivit ett faktum och i samband med information kan begreppet strategisk kommunikation vara nyckeln till framgång. Vi som studerar medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap funderar ofta på vilka krav och förväntningar kommande arbetsgivare har på oss kommunikatörer som snart ska ut på arbetsmarknaden. Vi har också funderat på vilka arbetsgivare som bäst kommer att kunna möta vår strävan efter intressanta och utvecklande arbetsuppgifter. I den diskussion som just nu pågår har vi uppmärksammat att många ser organisationer inom den privata sektorn som mer attraktiva än organisationer inom den offentliga. Denna förutfattade mening gjorde oss intresserade av att undersöka om det finns några skillnader av upplevd yrkesstatus mellan kommunikatörer anställda inom de olika sektorerna. Är det någon skillnad och i så fall vilka faktorer är det som påverkar och orsakar dessa skillnader?</p><p>För att vi skulle kunna belysa och diskutera frågan om det fanns någon skillnad av upplevd yrkesstatus hos kommunikatörer i privat respektive offentlig sektor, valde vi att studera tillfredsställelse och stolthet i yrkesrollen. Ett mål för studien var även att ge förslag på åtgärder som kunde höja kommunikatörers yrkesstatus oavsett vad den är idag. Vi utgick från en kvalitativ ansats och genomförde åtta intervjuer med yrkesverksamma kommunikatörer inom de båda sektorerna.</p><p>Resultatet av studien visar att samtliga intervjupersoner upplever tillfredsställelse och stolthet i yrkesrollen men att faktorerna som påverkar denna upplevelse skiljer sig åt mellan de båda sektorerna. Inom den privata sektorn tenderar intervjupersonerna att sträva efter yttre bekräftelse medan intervjupersonerna inom den offentliga sektorn tenderar att sträva efter inre bekräftelse. I resultatet kan vi även skönja en förändring i klimatet inom den privata sektorn. Den tidigare så goda tillgången på resurser har minskat och har fått konsekvenser för intervjupersonerna. Kravet på lönsamhet gör att några organisationer inom denna sektor har koncentrerat och flyttat sina kommunikationsenheter till storstäder. Därmed har möjligheterna till personlig utveckling och till avancemang inom organisationen begränsats. En tolkning som vi gör utifrån diskussionen kring centralisering är även att den externa kommunikationen har prioriterats på bekostnad av den interna. För den som är intresserad ser vi här en möjlighet att bygga vidare på vår studie genom att undersöka hur kommunikatörens yrkesstatus har förändrats i organisationer som har centraliserat sina kommunikationsverksamheter.</p> / <p>Today’s communities are characterized by a torrent of goods, services and information and the world around us is getting smaller. That leaves consequences for organisations by demands on effectiveness and the concept strategic communication may be the key to success. We who are studying media and communication are often thinking about which demands and expectations our future employers have on us as communicators. Other thoughts we have around this are which employees that best can meet our endeavor after interesting and developing working tasks. We have noticed that the discussion about employees among students often includes that it is more interesting to work in the private sector than in the public sector. The discussion made us more curious about how the communicators working in respective sectors experienced their own professional status. We wondered if there was any differences, and if, which factors the possible differences was affected and caused by?</p><p>To be able to discuss and illustrate the question about differences in experienced professional status between communicators working in the public or private sector, we chose too study satisfaction and pride in the professional role. One further goal was to give proposals on measures that could raise communicator’s professional status irrespective of what it is today. We had a qualitative approach and we interviewed four professional communicators in each sector.</p><p>The result from our study shows that all of the interview persons experience satisfaction and pride in their professional role but the factors that affects the experience is different between the two sectors. The interviewed persons working in the private sector tend to strive against outer confirmation and the interviewed persons in the public sector tend instead to strive against inner confirmation. We can also discern a change in climate in the private sector. The organisations in the private sector are concentrating their communication units to big cities as a result of high demands on profitability. With that has the opportunities of individual development and the chance to advance within the organization been restricted. Our interpretations about concentrating the communication units to bigger cities are that we believe that the external communication will be prioritized on the expense of the internal communication. For those who are interested we here see an opportunity of further studies about the professional role and status of communicators that works in organisations that has concentrated their communications units and see if a difference can be seen.</p>

Cette thèse se propose d'explorer les enjeux politiques, esthétiques et éthiques du documentaire en Chine. À partir d'une recherche historique depuis la naissance du cinéma chinois en 1905 jusqu'à la fin de l'ère maoïste en 1976, nous montrons que le documentaire est progressivement assujetti aux politiques, soutenant la construction d'une Nation moderne. Ainsi, l'esthétique ne parvient pas à s'affranchir de la politique avant les réformes économiques des années 1980. À partir de cette période, nous analysons les stratégies adoptées par les cinéastes pour se libérer de leur carcan idéologique, en nous appuyant sur des enquêtes de terrain et des analyses filmiques. Si la télévision offre d'abord un cadre propice à une réévaluation du documentaire pour favoriser sa diffusion, nous montrons que le renforcement de la censure, après les manifestations de 1989, incite certains documentaristes à créer des circuits de production et de diffusion alternatifs au secteur audiovisuel. L'analyse consacrée au mode d'organisation de ce réseau met au jour les mécanismes de reconnaissance professionnelle qui amènent les cinéastes à développer leurs activités dans le secteur privé chinois, tout en cherchant à exister sur la scène internationale. Cette autonomie structurelle leur permet de concevoir une éthique visant à garantir leur proximité avec les personnes filmées, souvent issues des couches populaires. Mais en raison de l'ingérence des autorités chinoises, leurs films sont seulement diffusés dans des festivals bénéficiant d'une faible visibilité dans l'espace public. Du fait de leur inscription dans un espace marginalisé, fréquenté essentiellement par des artistes et des intellectuels, leur visée égalitariste se heurte à l'impossibilité de renouer avec le public chinois. Ce paradoxe suggère la difficulté d'établir un dialogue constructif entre les documentaristes et le public, tant que l’État chinois n'autorisera pas la formation d'une sphère réflexive, fonctionnant indépendamment des institutions politiques, permettant de réunir cinéastes, critiques et spectateurs en une communauté concrète. / This thesis proposes to explore the political, aesthetic and ethical issues of documentary in China. Based on a historical research from the birth of Chinese cinema in 1905 to the end of the Maoist era in 1976, I show that documentary was progressively subjected to politics, supporting the construction of a modern nation. Thus, aesthetics could not free itself from politics before the reform of the economic system in the 1980s. From that period onwards, I analyze the strategies adopted by filmmakers to free themselves from their ideological straitjacket, based on field surveys and film analyzes. While television has first enabled the re-evaluation of documentary to promote its diffusion, I show that the strengthening of censorship, following the student protests of 1989, has encouraged some documentary filmmakers to create production and diffusion channels independent from the audiovisual sector. The analysis of this network's organization mode reveals the mechanisms of professional recognition, that lead the filmmakers to develop their activities in the Chinese private sector, while seeking to exist on the international scene. This structural autonomy allows them to develop an ethics aimed at guaranteeing their proximity with the people filmed, who usually belong to the lower classes. However, the interference of the Chinese authorities only allows their films to be shown in festivals which have low visibility in the public space. As they are part of a marginalized space, frequented mainly by artists and intellectuals, their egalitarian aim is hampered by the impossibility of reconnecting with the Chinese audience. This paradox suggests the difficulty of establishing a constructive dialogue between documentary filmmakers and the audience, as long as the Chinese State does not allow the formation of a public sphere, functioning independently of political institutions, bringing together filmmakers, critics and audience members into a concrete community.

Städare kan anses vara ett yrke av låg status med fysiskt krävande arbetsuppgifter, låg lön och en utsatthet för kemikalier. Det är viktigt med motiverade städare framför allt inom vården eftersom god renhållning minskar smittspridning. Denna problematik gör att det är intressant att undersöka vad som motiverar städare och hur de upplever yrkets status. Syftet med studien är att utifrån städares upplevelser undersöka hur yrkesstatus påverkar deras motivation i arbetslivet samt om det finns skillnader i upplevd motivation beroende av ålder. Studien grundas i ett fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt och en kvalitativ undersökning har gjorts. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts på en heterogen grupp städare som arbetar i vårdlokaler. Tidigare forskning visar att städare anses ha låg status i samhället, minimala utvecklingsmöjligheter och låga ambitioner till att utvecklas. Motivationsnivån hos städare är dock viktig, då motiverade städare arbetar mer noggrant och på så vis kan minska smittspridning. Viktiga motivationsfaktorer som anges är lön, sociala relationer och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Tidigare studier har inte sett till städarnas ålder och inte heller deras egen upplevelse av yrkesstatus. Motivationsfaktorer som städarna i studien anger är viktiga för den upplevda motivationen är sociala relationer och feedback från chef och kunder. Upplevelsen av motivation skiljer sig beroende av städarens ålder. Yngre respondenter är mer benägna till att vilja utvecklas än de äldre. Samtliga upplever hög trivsel i sin yrkesroll och anser inte att yrkets status påverkar deras motivation i arbetet. / Cleaners can be considered a profession of low status with physically demanding duties, low wages and exposure to chemicals. Motivated cleaners are important, especially in health care, as good cleaning reduces the spread of infection. This problem makes it interesting to investigate what motivates cleaners and how they experiencing the status of the profession. The purpose of the study is to examine how status affects cleaners motivation in working life and whether there are differences in perceived motivation depending on age. The study is based on a phenomenological approach and a qualitative study has been conducted. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted on a heterogeneous group of cleaners working in health care. Previous research shows that cleaners are considered to have low status in society, minimal development opportunities and low ambitions to develop. However, the level of motivation in cleaners is important, as motivated cleaners work more carefully and thus can reduce the spread of infection. Important motivational factors that are mentioned are salary, social relationships and development opportunities. Previous studies have not examined the age of the cleaners, nor their own experience of professional status. Motivation factors that the cleaners in the study indicate are important for the perceived motivation are social relationships and feedback from the manager and customers. The experience of motivation differs depending on the age of the cleaner. Younger respondents are more likely to want to develop than the older ones. All of the cleaners experience high job satisfaction in their professional role and do not consider that the status of the profession affects their motivation at work.

Summary: This study aims to describe how social workers experience media and its significance in relation to the professional role and the professional status. The media holds a position of power since they choose what is published and thus have a significant influence on the public’s thoughts and opinions. Previous research shows that media reporting about the social service often consists of criticism of their work and actions. It also shows that negative coverage from media may have a negative impact on the status of social workers. The method in this study is qualitative and based on interviews from nine social workers, all of whom are active within the children and family-unit. The collected material is analyzed from the theoretical framework: profession theory and emotion sociology. Findings: The result given from the interviews shows that media coverage about the social services and social workers is predominantly negative. The social workers experience that the media coverage does not affect how they perceive their own professional status, but they feel that it affects how the public and clients view the status of social workers. The social workers also experience that the media coverage affects the client work since the social workers receives additional work and higher workload due to the preconceptions that clients bring into the meeting.

This study examines the impact of gender on the coping mechanisms employed to manage work-related stress. The aim of the investigation was to determine whether male and female professionals differ in terms of the coping mechanisms that they employ in managing work-related stress. In order to achieve this aim an assessment battery containing a Biographical Checklist, the Coping Checklist, the Hassles Scale and the Daily Uplifts Scale was distributed to a sample of professional men and women. The fmdings indicate that male and female professionals differ significantly in only two of the six coping mechanisms measured, namely social support and symptom management; that men and women do not differ significantly in terms of coping repertoire; and that women cope more effectively than their male counterparts with work-related· stress. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

This study examines the impact of gender on the coping mechanisms employed to manage work-related stress. The aim of the investigation was to determine whether male and female professionals differ in terms of the coping mechanisms that they employ in managing work-related stress. In order to achieve this aim an assessment battery containing a Biographical Checklist, the Coping Checklist, the Hassles Scale and the Daily Uplifts Scale was distributed to a sample of professional men and women. The fmdings indicate that male and female professionals differ significantly in only two of the six coping mechanisms measured, namely social support and symptom management; that men and women do not differ significantly in terms of coping repertoire; and that women cope more effectively than their male counterparts with work-related· stress. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The main purpose of this study is to understand the relation between work identity and digitalization. The study contributes to understanding how digitalization affects employees' attitudes towards their work when crucial parts of their duties, that links to their professional identity, are eliminated from their role. The study is based on seven semi structured interviews with employees within the real estate industry, which was chosen based on the fact that it is an industry in Sweden that is facing greater digitalisation. The study shows that social interactions in various forms and the financial gain  are mainly the reasons for why a broker chooses his/her profession, and are also when the professional identity is confirmed. In a more digitized industry, these two factors can be threatened and thus also the desire to practice their profession. / Syftet med denna studie är att förstå relationen mellan yrkesidentitet och digitalisering. Studien bidrar till att förstå hur digitaliseringen påverkar medarbetarnas attityder till sitt arbete när avgörande delar av deras arbetsuppgifter, kopplat till deras yrkesidentitet, tas bort från deras roll. Studien bygger på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med arbetstagare inom fastighetsbranschen, som valdes utifrån att det är en bransch i Sverige som står inför en större digitalisering. Studien visar att sociala interaktioner i olika former och den ekonomiska vinsten främst är orsaken till varför en mäklare väljer sitt yrke. Det är också utifrån dessa faktorer som yrkesidentiteten bekräftas. I en mer digitaliserad bransch kan dessa två faktorer utmanas och därmed också viljan att utöva sitt yrke.

This research is directed at the investigation of teacher education and the professional status of the teacher in the Northern Province. The literature study examined the essential characteristics of a profession and these were rephrased as criteria to evaluate to what. extent education . meets these criteria. Education is a profession although it does not fully meet the criteria of such traditional professions as law and medicine. A qualitative investigation was undertaken to determine how successfully teacher education is realised in the Northern Province. It was revealed that teacher education is not founded on a pedagogically justifiable theory. The status of the teacher is low. To redress this situation, continuous research and in-service education are recommended whereby the teachers' status and the standard of teacher education may be enhanced Culture needs recognition in the curricula that need to be changed to meet the demands of a changing society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

La thérapie par le plein air représente une alternative aux programmes d’intervention conventionnels pour jeunes antisociaux. Elle donne à ses participants l’occasion de modifier leurs pensées et leurs comportements dans un contexte d’expédition, à travers la participation à diverses activités de plein air. Ce faisant, ils développent leur répertoire d’habiletés personnelles et sociales, ce qui pourrait faciliter le désistement d’une conduite antisociale. Un devis expérimental prospectif, avec pré-test et post-tests à trois et six mois, a été utilisé afin d’évaluer l’effet de la durée d’une intervention de thérapie par le plein air sur le niveau d’antisocialité et l’insertion socio-professionnelle de jeunes contrevenants. De plus, l’effet potentiellement médiateur des progrès réalisés au chapitre des habiletés interpersonnelles et de la motivation d’accomplissement a été examiné. Un échantillon de 220 jeunes contrevenants a été observé, divisé aléatoirement selon deux conditions expérimentales, soit un programme de 8 à 10 jours et un programme de 17 à 20 jours. Il apparaît que la durée n’a pas d’effet direct significatif sur le niveau d’antisocialité et l’insertion socio-professionnelle des participants. En revanche, la durée du programme a un effet positif indirect sur le niveau d’antisocialité subséquent des participants, à travers l’amélioration des habiletés interpersonnelles et la motivation d’accomplissement des sujets. Aucune des variables mises en jeu n’a eu un impact significatif sur les progrès observés au niveau de l’insertion socio-professionnelle des sujets. La thérapie par le plein air semble favoriser le désistement d’une conduite antisociale en encourageant le développement de certaines habiletés personnelles qui font habituellement défaut chez les jeunes antisociaux. / Wilderness therapy is an alternative to more traditional interventions for antisocial youth. This expedition-based intervention requires participation in various outdoor activities, through which participants have the opportunity to modify thought patterns and behaviors. In doing so, they broaden their existing, and often poor, repertoire of personal and social skills, heightening the possibilities of desistence from an antisocial path. An experimental and prospective design, with pre-test and post-tests at three and six months, was used to evaluate the influence of the length of the program on the antisociality and socio-professional status of young offenders. The potential impact as mediators of interpersonal skills and accomplishment motivation was also observed. A sample of 220 young offenders was used, which was divided at random into two conditions; a program lasting between 8 to 10 days or one lasting between 17 and 20 days. Length of program had no direct and significant influence on the antisociality levels or the socio-professional status of the participants. However, length had a positive indirect effect on lowering the level of antisociality of the subjects, through the development of their interpersonal skills and accomplishment motivation. None of the variables had a significant impact on the socio-professional status progress noted for most subjects. Wilderness therapy appears to support young offenders in desisting from an antisocial pathway by facilitating the development of personal and social skills.

Née dans un contexte de mondialisation et d’ouverture des économies nationales à la concurrence, l’OHADA a pour principal objectif d’instaurer un climat de confiance propice aux investissements tant nationaux qu’internationaux. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le législateur s’est engagé dans un vaste chantier de modernisation et harmonisation du droit des affaires au sein des États membres. L’un des choix les plus complexes était celui des acteurs et professionnels chargés d’implémenter cette dynamique. Les intermédiaires de commerce ont ainsi été retenus, en lieu et place des auxiliaires de commerce, pour déployer la représentation commerciale au sein des États membres et en dehors des frontières de l’espace de l’OHADA. La présente réflexion, au regard de ce qui précède, a eu pour objectif de rechercher la cohérence entre le statut professionnel des acteurs et le régime juridique de l’activité de représentation commerciale en droit de l’OHADA. Il s’agissait également d’évaluer le degré de pertinence du dispositif juridique mis en place pour encadrer la profession d’intermédiaire de commerce. La diversité qui caractérise cette catégorie professionnelle dans la pratique imposait une démarche globale et prudente pour parvenir à la reconnaissance juridique de la catégorie professionnelle d’intermédiaire de commerce en droit de l’OHADA. Le contrat d’intermédiaire de commerce, bien que simplement annoncé, préconise d’importantes solutions théoriques et pratiques pour y parvenir. Dans ce contexte, la profession d’intermédiaire de commerce en droit de l’OHADA mérite d’être repensée. En effet, le foisonnement des statuts particuliers autour de la notion d’intermédiaire a contribué au renforcement de l’opacité de cette catégorie professionnelle. Il n’est pas toujours aisé de faire la distinction entre mandat, représentation, courtage, commission ou même agence commerciale. Ces notions renvoient à des réalités diverses, chacune se défendant une spécificité que la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont parfois contribué à renforcer. Et c’est pour démêler l’écheveau que nous avons suggéré quelques propositions. / Born within the context of modernisation and of exposing national economies to competition, OHADA has as principal objective to put in place a climate of confidence favourable to national as well as international investments. To attain this objective, the legislator has engaged in a vast domain of modernisation and harmonisation of business law within the member states. One of the most complex choices was that of actors and professionals in charge of putting in place this dynamic. Trade middlemen were thus retained, in the place of auxiliaries of commerce, to carry out commercial representation within the member states and beyond the frontiers of OHADA zone. This reflection, with regard to the preceding, has as objective to search for coherence between the professional status of actors and the legal regime of the activity of commercial representation in OHADA law. It equally had to evaluate the degree of pertinence of the legal device put in place to regulate the profession of business middlemen. The diversity which characterises this professional category in practice imposed a global and prudent step to arrive at the legal recognition of the professional category of trade middlemen in OHADA law. The contract of a business middleman, even as simple as it is, recommends many theoretical and practical solutions to arrive at it.Within this context, the profession of business middleman in OHADA law needs to be rethought. In effect, the abundant special status surrounding the notion of middleman has contributed to reinforce the opacity of this professional category. It is not always easy to make a distinction between a mandate, representation, brokerage, commission or even commercial agency. These notions are actually diverse, each having its specificity that legal literature and case law have contributed to reinforce. And it is to clear up these interlaces that we made some proposals.